Psychology

The theory that suggests that biological aging is due to the fact that normal cells cannot divide indefinitely is called:

Cellular Clock Theory

For optimum health at any age, dietary guidelines encourage people to avoid a number of substances that cause nutritional concern. What is one thing not listed in the book as a substance that causes nutritional concern?

Coffee in any form or dosage.

Henry has a lot of great stories about his life and his family, but he also has a broad and deep knowledge of history and geography. This is an example of which kind of intelligence?

Crystallized Intelligence

Which term is defined as, "a disease in which the body does not control the amount of glucose in the blood?"

Diabetes Mellitus

Who experimented with rats to demonstrate that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement?

Edward C. Tolman

Who developed the psychosocial theory of development?

Erik Erikson

You are really attracted to that person over there, and the more you get to know them, the more you like them. What factor is NOT contributing to your attraction?

Financial stability

According to Erikson, what is the conflict during middle age?

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Who defined stress as, "the response of the body to any demand, whether it is caused by, or results in, pleasant or unpleasant conditions"?

Hans Selye

What is amplitude?

Height of a wave

Asking a homosexual the question, "When did you know you were gay?" but not asking a heterosexual "When did you know you were straight?" is an example of what?

Heteronormative Culture

According to the National Vital Statistics System on Mortality (Figure 9.2), which group in the US in 2017 had the longest life expectancy by sex and ethnicity?

Hispanic Females

Who wrote Psychology and Industrial Efficiency?

Hugo Münsterberg

"A retrospective accounting of one's life to date; how much one embraces life as having been well lived, as opposed to regretting missed opportunities,"is descriptive of which of Erikson's stages?

Integrity vs. Despair

What are the characteristics of emerging adulthood, according to Arnett (2001)?

It is the age of identity exploration, instability, self-focus, possibilities, and feeling in-between.

Who identified psychological disorders as a harmful dysfunction?

Jerome C. Wakefield

Who proposed the locus of control concept?

Julian Rotter

According to the Mayo Clinic, which is NOT a risk factor for heart disease?

Laughing until you drop

After her husband died, Dr. Mork noticed her young son was struggling with anxiety, stomach aches, sleep disturbances, and school difficulties, among other red flags. What would you have recommended she do for her son?

Locate a professional who can help him talk through his grief.

________ involves the storage of information for long periods of time, whereas ________ is a cognitive system with a limited capacity that is responsible for temporarily holding information available for processing and most sensitive to decline in old age.

Long-term memory; Working memory

A cluster of several cardiometabolic risk factors, including large waist circumference, high blood pressure, and elevated triglycerides, LDL, and blood glucose levels, which can lead to diabetes and heart disease. This is called:

Metabolic Syndrome

Who started the feminist revolution in psychology?

Naomi Weisstein

Scott had been fighting lung cancer, and treatments had stopped working. His wife noticed some physical changes a few weeks prior to his death. Which was unlikely one of the physical signs weeks before he died?

Noisy breathing, called the "death rattle"

The United States Department of Labor maintains a database of previously compiled job analyses for different jobs and occupations. What is the database called?

O*Net

Emily is overwhelmed by the stress of final exams. She cries and worries a lot. To address this, she has carved out extra time in the two weeks leading up to finals to spend more time studying. This is which type of coping strategy?

Problem-focused coping

Lillian Gilbreth, a psychologist who conducted early research in the area of industrial psychology, conducted her research at ________ University.

Purdue

According to the CDC's National Violent Death Reporting System, which is not a common reason given for suicide?

Religious affiliation

Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence?

Robert Sternberg

Who developed psychoanalysis?

Sigmund Freud

Which of the following describes the Yerkes-Dodson law?

Simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high, yet complex tasks are performed best when arousal levels are low.

Sylvia and Scott are fighting, and the police are called. Scott explains that the violence that occurred between them was due to a heated argument that turned violent. This would be considered

Situational couple violence

When the nurse held Payton shortly after birth, she told Payton's mother, "This little girl is going to be a strong, active, stubborn woman some day." The nurse was speaking about Payton's:

Temperament

Neuroticism

The tendency to experience negative emotions, such as anger, anxiety, or depression; sometimes called "emotional instability",

Extraversion

The tendency to experience positive emotions and to seek out stimulation and the company of others

Which of the following is the description used by developmental psychologists to categorize the "oldest old"?

They are frail and in need of care

Which of the following is the description used by developmental psychologists to describe the functional age of the "young old"?

They live independently and are healthy and active

Who argued that the notion of mental illness was invented by society (and the mental health establishment) to stigmatize and subjugate people whose behavior violates accepted social and legal norms?

Thomas Szasz

What does the normative approach ask regarding the lifespan?

What is normal development?

TJ didn't go to college right after high school because he wasn't sure what he wanted to do. He took a gap year that turned into seven years. He doesn't work right now, and he spends most of his time in his mom's basement playing video games and sketching his favorite characters. The authors of the book might call him a:

a NEET (Never employed, nor in education or training)

Selye (1946) developed a model of the stress response called the General Adaptation Syndrome that contains a three-phase model of stress. Which is NOT one of the three phases?

a crisis phase

Sexual orientation refers to:

a person's emotional and sexual attraction to a particular gender.

Which concept refers to the persistent difference in grades, test scores, and graduation rates that exist among students of different ethnicities, races, and sexes?

achievement gap

________ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals.

action potential

What is the strongest predictor of rape and sexual assault on college campuses?

alcohol

The ________ wave is characteristic of stage 1 sleep.

alpha

The ________ is involved in our experience of emotion and tying emotional meaning to our memories.

amygdala

A stressor is likely to be appraised as a threat when someone ________.

anticipates that it could lead to some kind of harm, loss, or other negative consequence

________ disorders are characterized by excessive, persistent fear and apprehension and by related disturbances in behavior.

anxiety

According to the textbook, _____________ refers to having no sexual attraction to any sex/gender.

asexuality

Which childhood disorder is characterized by deficits in social interaction and communication and repetitive patterns of behavior or interests?

autism spectrum disorder

The concept of perceived control refers to ________.

beliefs about the capacity to influence and shape outcomes in our lives

The brain contains ________ of interconnected neurons and glia.

billions

________ individuals experience emotional and erotic attractions to both same-sexed individuals and opposite-sexed individuals.

bisexual

Inattentional ________ refers to the failure to notice something that is completely visible due to a lack of attention.

blindness

Sarah has been working as a nurse for more than twenty years. Lately. she feels exhausted, cynical, and ineffective in her job. She has low motivation to go in to work anymore. Sarah might be suffering from:

burnout

The visible spectrum refers to the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we ________.

can see

Etiology is another word for ________.

causes

Which group is play therapy often used to treat?

children

The ________ rhythm is the biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours.

circadian

Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events?

classical conditioning

What is comorbidity?

co-occurrence of two disorders

The ________ refers to the common psychological tendencies that have been passed down from one generation to the next.

collective unconscious

________ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences.

concepts

________ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar.

congruence

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement.

continuous

________ means that there is a relationship between two or more variables.

correlation

Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions?

correlational

Exposure therapy is a ________ technique.

counterconditioning

________intelligence is marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation.

creative

Which of the following summarizes the stages of loss from Kubler-Ross' model in the order that this model presents them?

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity.

depressant

Ethics need to be considered when ________ scientific research.

designing, conducting, and reviewing

Seventy-three year old Larry has contemplated his life and realizes he is dissatisfied. He realizes that missed opportunities have passed, like staying in contact with his children and being an involved grandparent. When he thinks of his accomplishments, he cannot say that he has accomplished what he wished. According to the theory of psychoanalyst Erik Erikson, Larry is experiencing ________.

despair

Specific normative events are also called ________.

developmental milestones

The ________ model suggests that people with a predisposition for a disorder are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with adverse environmental or psychological events.

diathesis-stress

Raymond Cattell was a psychologist who ________.

divided intelligence into two components

________ is a neurotransmitter involved in mood, reward, addiction, and motor behavior.

dopamine

When does one likely reach their peak in physiological development?

early adulthood

The ________ personality is anxious, self-conscious, artistic, thoughtful, quiet, and private.

ectomorph

ECT stands for ________.

electroconvulsive therapy

The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission is responsible for ________.

enforcing federal laws that make it illegal to discriminate against a job applicant

What is a performance appraisal?

evaluating an employee's success at performing the duties of the job

Changes in behavior and cognitive processes over time are studied by ________.

evolutionary psychologists

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?

extinction

________ motivation arises from external factors or rewards.

extrinsic

A novice refers to someone with specialized skills and knowledge that pertain to a particular topic or activity. In contrast, an expert is someone who has limited experiences with a particular task.

false

Compared to other adults, older adults need significantly fewer hours of sleep per night.

false

For humans, the lifespan is currently 72 years and the global life expectancy for those born in 2019 is between 120 and 125 years.

false

High school friendships are one of the longest-lasting bonds in people's lives.

false

Jeff is in his 40s. He divorces his wife, gets a younger girlfriend, and buys a sportscar. He is very likely having a midlife crisis, because all men experience this in middle adulthood.

false

Men cannot be victims of domestic violence.

false

Substance abuse is not a concern in older adulthood.

false

The American obesity crisis is not reflected worldwide.

false

The climacteric, or the midlife transition when fertility declines, is biologically based and not impacted by the environment.

false

Joey and Candace meet and are really attracted to each other. They both believe sex should be reserved for marriage, so they get married very quickly. They end up in a state of _____________ love.

fatuous

The facial ________ hypothesis states that facial expressions are capable of influencing our emotions.

feedback

William James was the ________.

first American psychologist

When Melissa is throwing pots on her pottery wheel, she loses a sense of herself. She is fully open to the process and is so absorbed in the activity that she isn't easily distracted, doesn't feel hungry, and isn't easily fatigued. This is an example of:

flow

What is confirmation bias?

focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs

Hertz is a measure of ________.

frequency

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for?

functional fixedness

If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________.

increases

The ________is also known as the anvil.

incus

A(an) ________ complex refers to the feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to the standards of others or of society.

inferiority

What is episodic memory?

information about events we have personally experienced

Yvonne is 75 year-old active retiree and has decided to volunteer part-time at a day care for her church. Although she is physically fit for her age, she faces challenges in retaining information. Given her age, the most challenging information for Yvonne to remember is ________.

information presented quickly and orally, such as complicated instructions

What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons?

instincts

During the therapist's first meeting with the client, called ________, the therapist gathers specific information to address the client's immediate needs.

intake

Which term describes the degree to which individuals enjoy their job?

job satisfaction

Family members, primarily women, often perform a valuable function in keeping other family members informed about the well-being of other family members. This creating, maintaining and monitoring function informs other family members when others need emotional and physical support. This has come to be known in the academic literature as ________.

kinkeeping

What is semantic memory?

knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

David is retiring from the company after thirty years. His boss, Sandra, is worried that the person she is training to replace him may not be able to. She has shown him all the systems, and introduced him to customers and clients. The new person is proficient in all of those systems (more so probably than David), and he is extremely personable. "Why am I so worried?" wonders Sandra. The answer has something to do with tacit knowledge, which is ________.

knowledge that is pragmatic or practical and learned through experience rather than explicitly taught. It increases with age.

Which of the following defines antisocial personality disorder?

lack of regard for others' rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds

Which term describes a communication system that uses systematic rules to organize words to transmit information from one individual to another?

language

Behaviorists study ________.

learned behavior

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

The satiety hormone is called ________.

leptin

Which term refers to the vocabulary of a language?

lexicon

In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and ________ memory.

long-term

________ research studies the same groups of participants over time.

longitudinal

A theta wave is a type of

low frequency, low amplitude brain wave

The relaxation response technique is a stress reduction technique that combines elements of relaxation and ________.

meditation

What hormone does the pineal gland release?

melatonin

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________.

memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?

memory

A(an) ________ involves approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past, but it is clearly no longer working.

mental set

According to the textbook, what is the age-span of "Late Adulthood"?

mid-sixties to death

The ________ is located deep within the brain, and it includes structures such as the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area.

midbrain

As of 2016, which generation is the largest generation in the labor force?

millenials

________ skills refer to our ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects.

motor

Exactly when fluid intelligence begins to decrease is an object of some debate in the academic literature. Some date it from the late 20s, others somewhat later, around the mid 40s. There are of course differences between individual persons. Assuming Jim is in his late 50s, what kind of cognitive information will he likely process in slower fashion that when he was 20?

new or novel information

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning.

observational

If Sandra is 82 years old, which terminology would demographers use to describe her?

old old

In late adulthood, the ________, are considered the group likely to experience some health problems and some difficulties with daily activities.

old old

Self-efficacy is ________.

our level of confidence in our own abilities

What are the 2012 estimated annual earnings for someone with a doctorate specializing in industrial-organizational psychology?

over $110,000

When Lacy is diagnosed with a terminal illness, her doctor recommends that she receive ______________ care, which helps her with pain relief, support, and comfort throughout her illness and treatment.

pallitataive

________ is one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role.

parasomnia

An archetype is a ________.

pattern that exists in our collective unconscious across cultures and societies

________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.

physical

Which type of death is characterized by the failure of vital organs, often resulting in difficulty with eating and breathing?

physiological

According to the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion, emotions consist of two factors: ________.

physiological and cognitive

Optimism is a tendency toward a ________.

positive outlook and positive expectations

Which kind of psychology seeks to identify and promote those qualities that lead to happy, fulfilled, and contented lives?

positive psychology

Sleepwalking is also referred to as ________.

somnambulism

What is vertigo?

spinning sensation

Jacquelyn feels deeply connected to God. She spends time in morning devotions, prays often throughout the day, and uses her faith to guide her attitudes around compassion, love, and forgiveness. The authors of the book would say Jacquelyn is _____________.

spiritual

Eloise has always worked jobs in child care and hospitality. She has not had a raise or a promotion in any of her jobs. This might be described as:

sticky floors

What kind of family therapy involves the therapist guiding the therapy session and developing treatment plans for each family member's specific problem?

strategic

Which concept describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories?

suggestibility

The space between two neurons is called the ________.

synapse

At age 60, Sanda begins to be more aware of her sarcopenia, which she hopes to postpone with frequent exercise. What is sarcopenia?

the general loss of mass and function as part of the aging process

Jackson a black man who is promoted to a position that is commonly abandoned after a year or two because the job is too challenging, support is nonexistent, and the risk of failure is high. This is an example of:

the glass cliff

Scientific knowledge is advanced through a process known as ________.

the scientific method

One interesting finding from the World Health Organization is the three most common noncommunicable diseases responsible for deaths were heart disease, stroke, and COPD. What is one common factor attributable to all three killers, as well as lung cancer and chronic lung diseases?

tobacco use

Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts?

top-down

A segment of the oldest-old are centenarians, that is, 100 and older, and some are also referred to as supercentarians, those 110 and older.

true

Accidents, known as unintentional injury, become the leading cause of death throughout childhood and into middle adulthood.

true

According to the textbook, college is worth the time and financial investment. In fact, those in America with the most advanced degrees earn the highest income and have the lowest unemployment.

true

Channing is constantly worried his girlfriend doesn't love him anymore. This is an example of Attachment-related anxiety.

true

Current research indicates that at least 1 in 10, or approximately 4.3 million, older Americans are affected by at least one form of elder abuse per year. Perpetrators of elder abuse are typically family members and include spouses/partners and older children.

true

Despite women holding 49.3% of the jobs in recent years, they are paid only 78 cents for every $1.00 a man earns.

true

Parenting is bidirectional, which means not only do parents affect their children's behaviors, but children influence their parents' behaviors.

true

The death of a child, at any age, is the most distressing and long-lasting of all griefs.

true

The fraternal birth order effect indicates that the probability of a boy identifying as gay increases for each older brother born to the same mother.

true

The negative attitudes people have about those in late adulthood are examples of ageism, or prejudice based on age. This includes self-fulfilling prophecy, or the belief in one's ability results in actions that make it come true, and stereotype threat, where one's performance on tasks suffer because they worry they will confirm the stereotypes.

true

What is procedural memory?

type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

Honeybees can see light in the ________ range of the electromagnetic spectrum.

ultraviolet

When was psychology accepted as an academic discipline?

1800s

When did the term stress enter scientific literature?

1930s

Openness to experience

A general appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, unusual ideas, imagination, curiosity, and variety of experience,

What is the APA?

A professional association in the United States for clinical and research psychologists

Agreeableness

A tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic toward others; reflects individual differences in general concern for social harmony,

Conscientiousness

A tendency to show self- discipline, act dutifully, and aim for achievement,

Who developed social-cognitive theory?

Albert Bandura

Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when ________.

An individual's airway becomes blocked during sleep.

Because we have developed certain response tendencies, ________ believed that we demonstrate consistent behavior patterns.

B. F. Skinner

Which is not a cause for obesity in young adulthood?

Celery consumption

________ dysphoria is a diagnostic category in DSM-5 for individuals who do not identify with the cultural expectations associated with their biological sex.

gender

Natasha is an older female comic. She signs up to perform in shows, but is usually left off the line-up, despite really favorable responses from audiences when she does perform. This difficulty getting a spot in the line-up might be due to:

gender discrimination

When invisible barriers are put in place to keep women and minorities from rising to higher positions, regardless of qualifications, this is called the:

glass ceiling

The myelin sheath consists of a ________.

glial cell

Which treatment modality involves 5-10 people with the same issue or concern meeting together with a trained clinician?

group therapy

The Center for Investigating Healthy Minds conducts rigorous academic research on ________.

healthy aspects of the mind, such as kindness, forgiveness, compassion, and mindfulness

What is the goal of humanistic therapy?

helping people become more self-aware and accepting of themselves

Drive theory states that deviations from ________ create physiological needs that result in psychological drive states that direct behavior to meet the need.

homeostasis

Which term describes the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system?

homeostasis

The endocrine system consists of a series of glands that produce chemical substances known as ________.

hormones

What triggers the secondary appraisal of a stressor?

how a threat is perceived

Industrial-organizational psychology is a branch of psychology that studies ________.

how human behavior and psychology affect work and how they are affected by work

What is described by the concept of perception?

how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced

Which concept describes traits that are fundamental to one's personal identity (e.g., skin color and hair texture) that an employer cannot use to discriminate in hiring?

immutable characteristic

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective test ________.

in which people are presented with ambiguous images

In ________ thinking, decisions are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts.

postformal

Shevanne is 63 years old and complains that high-pitched sounds, such as "s" or "th" are hard to distinguish and conversations are difficult to understand, particularly when there is background noise. Some sounds seem overly loud and annoying. Her doctor tells her that she is suffering from an age related hearing loss due to damage of the cochlea in her inner ear. Her doctor has diagnosed her with the second most common illness in aged people. Which is it ? Select one:

presbycusis

Harold is having trouble reading small print, seeing objects that are up close, and is having headaches and eyestrain. This might be due to:

presbyopia.

Deinstitutionalization refers to the ________.

process of closing large asylums

What is Abraham Maslow best known for?

proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior

________ development involves emotions, personality, and social relationships.

psychosocial

Cultural competence is a therapist's understanding of, and attention to, ________.

race, culture, and ethnicity in providing treatment

The ________ extends through the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain.

reticular formation

A(an) ________ is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts

schema

________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information.

schemata

Which psychological disorder is characterized by major disturbances in thought, perception, and behavior?

schizophrenia

________ is a subtype of depression in which a person experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder only during a particular time of year.

seasonal pattern

Barbara is having a lot of joint issues. She has been overweight her entire adult life; now her hips ache and her knees hurt when she walks. As a result, she is developing a more and more sedentary lifestyle. Her difficulties at age 55 may be the result of:

secondary aging.

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?

sensory

Which theory asserts that each individual has an ideal body weight that is resistant to change?

set point

The ________ response cycle includes four phases including excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

sexual

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

shaping

According to Baddeley and Hitch, ________.

short-term memory itself has different forms

Congenital deafness refers to deafness ________.

since birth

What is the most common lifestyle for people in their early 20s?

singlehood

Which state is marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest while awake?

sleep

Essie has been diagnosed with stage 4 pancreatic cancer, and is nearing the end. Her adult children have withdrawn from her; they talk about her as though she's not there, and make decisions about her without even consulting her first. What is this an example of?

social death

Maria is a manager of a local shoe store. She is a married mom of four, she takes care of her aging parents, coaches her daughter's volleyball team, teaches Sunday School, and is a member of the PTA. The concept used to describe the number of social roles she has is called:

social integration

Guidance, encouragement, acceptance, emotional comfort, and tangible assistance are all examples of ________.

social support

Which process involves observing a model being punished and then becoming less likely to imitate the model's behavior?

vicarious punishment

________ encoding is the encoding of images.

visual

Demographers use which terminology to describe people between the ages of 65 and 74 years?

young old

Jessie is 73 years old. He lives with his wife, he enjoys hiking and cycling, he spends time with friends on weekends, and exercising regularly. He is active in his church and volunteers with two separate organizations. He would likely be categorized as ____________.

young-old

A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge.

zygote