Psychology 9

a general ability

Charles Spearman expressed the belief that intelligence was BEST characterized as:

standardization.

Defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group is known as:

reliability, validity

Mary's bathroom scale always overstates people's actual weight by exactly six pounds. The scale has high _____ and low _____.

prototype

Matching new items to a(n) _____ provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into existing mental categories.

phoneme

Native German speakers pronounce the English word "that" as "dat." This demonstrates their difficulty pronouncing an English:

intrinsic motivation

Shadrah, a manager at a call center, is trying to foster creativity in the workplace. In her efforts, she should try to increase the _____ of her employees.

nouns

Whatever the language, when children begin to speak, they tend to use mostly:

framing

When attempting to persuade others, it is better to focus on the positive rather than the negative. This is a characteristic of:

factor analysis

Which is a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test?

availability heuristic

A few days before flying to San Francisco, Jim watched a documentary about the 1906 earthquake that devastated the city. Even though the chance of getting caught in an earthquake while in San Francisco was relatively minor, Jim decided to cancel his trip. This BEST illustrates:

aptitude test; achievement test

A(n) _____ measures a person's capacity to learn, whereas a(n) _____ measures what a person has already learned.

mental practice

According to the text, the University of Tennessee's women's basketball team won the championship game due to hard work, which included:

crystallized intelligence

As people age, they tend to gain vocabulary and knowledge. These gains are connected to increases in:

one-word

At about 15 months of age, most children are in the _____ stage of speech development.

two-word

At about 24 months of age, the _____ stage of language development typically begins.

aphasia

Because of an automobile accident, June suffered damage to her left hemisphere in Broca's area. June is MOST likely to experience:

linguistic determinism

Benjamin Lee Whorf's controversial hypothesis, called ______________ ______________, suggested that we cannot think about things unless we have words for those concepts or ideas.

conceptual skills

Bill, a young man with an IQ of 65, has relatively good interpersonal skills and is able take care of his own personal grooming needs. However, he has difficulty with reading and counting money. If he is to live independently, Bill would probably have MOST difficulty with:

spatial ability

Boys tend to outscore girls on which of the following?

gray, white

Brain scans reveal that identical twins have very similar _____ and _____ matter volume.

frontal, temporal

Broca's area is to the _____ lobe as Wernicke's area is to the _____ lobe.

consider the opposite point of view

Charles Lord conducted an experiment in which he was able to lessen the effects of belief perseverance by getting subjects to:

better on math aptitude and achievement tests, and they spend MORE time studying.

Compared to North American students, Asian students perform:

attention to

Compared to those who speak only one language, bilinguals are better able to inhibit their _____ irrelevant stimuli.

divergent thinking

Convergent thinking is to a single correct answer as _____ is to multiple correct answers.

venturesome personality

Creativity is characterized by expertise, imagination, intrinsic motivation, and a _______ _______ in a creative environment.

standardization

Defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group is known as _____.

cultural

Differences in tool use, along with differing communication and hunting styles, are the chimpanzee version of _____ diversity.

reflected in any of several specific abilities.

Howard Gardner proposed that intelligence is:

mental age

IQ is simply a person's _____ divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100 to eliminate the decimal point.

125

If 4-year-old Edie responds to the Stanford-Binet with the proficiency of an average 5-year-old child, she would record an IQ of:

mental set

Roberto is a new scientist at a big pharmaceuticals company. The more seasoned scientists are struggling to devise a new medicine for a minor illness. However, Roberto is able to develop the medicine using a new technique. The more experienced scientists, who were relying on techniques they'd used in the past, struggled because of:

tends to trigger images of males but NOT females for both children and adults.

Several studies have indicated that the generic pronoun "he":

that it has formed concepts

Shanti has a cockatiel that he has trained to discriminate between pictures of cows and horses. Shanti shows him a picture of a cow and the bird pecks at a cow symbol on the cage. Shanti shows him a picture of a horse and the bird pecks at a horse symbol. The bird is demonstrating:

savant syndrome

Some people who score below average on intelligence tests have an "island of brilliance", which refers to some incredible ability, such as heightened musical memory. This condition is known as:

insight

The sudden realization that one has solved a problem is called _____.

mental set

The tendency to approach a problem in one particular way that has often been successful in the past is known as:

overconfidence

The tendency to be more confident than correct is known as:

Benjamin Wharf

The theorist associated with the linguistic determination hypothesis was _____.

babbling

The vocal sounds NOT included in one's native language first begin to disappear from usage towards the END of the _____ stage of language development.

framing

The way an issue is posed or how an issue is presented can significantly affect decisions and judgments; this is known as:

Lewis Terman

The widely used American revision of Alfred Binet's original intelligence test was developed by _____.

heuristic

To solve a problem, one often makes use of a simple thinking strategy, called a(n) _____, which allows one to make judgments and solve problems efficiently.

c.

What is a difference between the models developed by Sternberg and Gardner? a. One focused on behavior, the other focused on mental processes. b. One focused on academic intelligence, the other on emotional intelligence. c. The main difference is the number or types of intelligences: three versus eight, respectively.

communications

If your dog barks at a stranger at the front door, does this qualify as language? What if the dog yips in a telltale way to let you know she needs to go out? Answer: These are definitely _____________. But if language consists of words and the grammatical rules we use to combine them to communicate meaning, few scientists would label a dog's barking and yipping as language.

receptive language; productive language

In language development, _____ is the ability to comprehend speech, whereas _____ is the ability to produce speech.

were slightly distracted

In research studies in which subjects were asked to make a choice regarding a complex problem, the BEST decision was made by those who:

process

In studies, improved academic performance was more closely associated with visualizing effective studying by visualizing receiving an A. The former is known as _____ simulation.

Wernicke's area

In which brain area would a lesion MOST likely result in a disruption of language comprehension and expression?

bilingual people; in one of their two languages

Linguistic determinism suggests that _____ think differently when they are speaking _____.

comparing

Modern intelligence tests calculate an IQ score by: _____________ a participant's score against the average score of other participants of the same age.

universal

Noam Chomsky argued that all human languages have the same grammatical building blocks, such as nouns and verbs, subjects and objects, and negations and questions. Because of this _____ grammar, people readily learn the specific grammar of whatever language they experience.

critical

Our brain's ______ period for language learning is in childhood, when we can absorb language structure almost effortlessly. As we move past that stage in our brain's development, our ability to learn a new language diminishes dramatically.- making it harder to learn language as an adult

morphemes

Prefixes and suffixes are examples of:

framing

Presenting an issue in a specific way that affects one's judgment and decision-making is known as _____.

overconfidence

Prompt and clear feedback regarding one's performance on a psychology practice test is MOST likely to inhibit:

triarchic

Robert Sternberg's theory of intelligence is known as the _____ theory.

intuition

A(n) _____ is an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought.

creative intelligence

According to Sternberg, _____ is demonstrated in reacting adaptively to novel situations and generating novel ideas.

practical intelligence

According to Sternberg, _____ is often required for everyday tasks, which are frequently ill-defined, with multiple solutions.

correct

According to the concept of belief perseverance, when faced with evidence supporting a person's point of view on a controversial issue, that person would tend to assume the evidence is _____.

general intelligence (g) factor

Aidan is a bright young man who scored well on both the reading and mathematics sections of the SAT. His reasoning abilities are fantastic and he is an excellent map reader. According to Charles Spearman, what is likely underlying these abilities?

identify students with special needs in order to better educate them.

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon originally wanted to measure the intelligence of French schoolchildren in order to:

left

Aphasia is usually caused by damage to the _____ hemisphere of the brain.

concept

Apples, oranges, and pears all belong to the same _____ of FRUIT.

convergent thinking

Aptitude tests, such as the SAT, demand a single correct answer. They require:

MORE

As adopted children get older, their intelligence test scores tend to become: _____ like their biological parents as compared to their adoptive parents.

spatial

Feng et al. (2007) found that playing action video games boosts _____ abilities.

simplify thinking

Forming concepts is useful because concepts:

longitudinal

Research studies that retest the same group of people throughout their lives are classified as _____ studies.

70

Sonja was administered an intelligence test to determine the level of her mental functioning. Her overall Wechsler score was 2 standard deviations below the norm. Therefore, her score was _____.

cross-sectional

Studies in which researchers test and compare people of various ages at ONE point in time are known as _____ studies.

Stanford-Binet.

The American revision of Alfred Binet's original intelligence test was called the:

40

The English language has about _____ phonemes.

babbling

The first stage of speech development is the _____ stage.

cognition

The mental process of forming concepts is an example of:

mental age

The original intelligence test developed by Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon set out to measure performance in terms of _____, which refers to the chronological age that typically corresponds to a given level of performance.

validity

The scientific meaning of bias hinges on a test's _____.

phonemes

The smallest distinctive sounds of any language are:

novel

To be considered creative, an idea must be both valuable and:

mental rotation

During a _____ test, one must speedily rotate three-dimensional objects in one's mind.

concept

Events, ideas, objects, or people that are grouped together form a(n):

chromosomes

Heritability refers to the extent to which differences among people are attributed to _____.

Two morphemes-cat and s, and four phonemes-c, a, t, and s

How many morphemes are in the word cats? How many phonemes?

receptive, productive

What is the difference between receptive and productive language, and when do children normally hit these milestones in language development? Answer: Infants normally start developing _________ language skills (ability to understand what is said to and about them) around 4 months of age. Then, starting with babbling at 4 months and beyond, infants normally start building ___________ language skills (ability to produce sounds and eventually words).

behaviors

What was the basic disagreement in B. F. Skinner's and Noam Chomsky's explanations of language development? Answer: Skinner believed humans learn language as we learn other __________-through association, imitation, and reinforcement. Chomsky maintained that all languages share a universal grammar, and humans are biologically predisposed to learn the grammar rules of language.

d.

Which statement regarding gesture-based communication is FALSE? a. When gestures and speech convey the same information, humans understand faster and more accurately. b. Chimpanzees' use of sign language builds upon their natural use of gestures. c. Human language appears to have evolved from gestured communications. d. Gestures do not typically accompany spontaneous speech, except in persons who are deaf.

Broca's

_____ area controls the muscle movements involved in speech.

cognition

_____ is/are the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

language

_____ refers to a verbal or signed expression of complex grammar.

syntax

_____ refers to the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.

practical

_____ skills include daily personal care, occupational skill, and travel and health care.

conceptual

_____ skills include language, literacy, and concepts of money, time, and numbers.

conceptual

_____ skills include language, literacy, and concepts of money, time, and numbers. It is one of the secondary criteria for intellectual disability.

social

_____ skills refer to one of the secondary criteria for intellectual disability. These include interpersonal skills, social responsibility, and the ability to follow basic rules and laws and avoid being victimized.

aptitude

_____ tests measure one's ability to learn.

expertise

_____, or a well-developed base of knowledge, furnishes the ideas, images, and phrases used as mental building blocks.

Mental practice

_______ _______ uses visual imagery to mentally rehearse future behaviors, activating some of the same brain areas used during the actual behaviors. Visualizing the details of the process is more effective than visualizing only your end goal.

Broca's area; Wernicke's area

______________ ______________ is the part of the brain that, if damaged, might impair your ability to speak words. If you damage ______________ ______________, you might impair your ability to understand language.

1. b, 2. c, 3. e, 4. d, 5. a, 6. f, 7. h, 8. i, 9. g, 10. j.

• Match the process or strategy listed below (1-10) with the descriptions. 1. Algorithm 2. Intuition 3. Insight 4. Heuristics 5. Fixation 6. Confirmation bias 7. Overconfidence 8. Framing 9. Belief perseverance 10. Creativity a. Inability to view problems from a new angle; focuses thinking but hinders creative problem solving. b. Methodical rule or procedure that guarantees the solution but requires time and effort. c. Fast, automatic, effortless feelings and thoughts based on our experience; huge and adaptive but can lead us to overfeel and underthink. d. Simple thinking shortcuts that allow us to act quickly and efficiently but put us at risk for errors. e. Sudden Aha! reaction that provides instant realization of the solution. f. Tendency to search for support for our own views and ignore contradictory evidence. g. Ignoring evidence that proves our beliefs are wrong; closes our mind to new ideas. h. Overestimating the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments; allows us to be happy and to make decisions easily, but puts us at risk for errors. i. Wording a question or statement so that it evokes a desired response; can influence others' decisions and produce a misleading result. j. The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.