Psychology

_____ immunity involves endocrine and cellular processes that recognize specific antigens and then reproduce specialized cells or circulating proteins to fight the antigens.

Acquired

What is one thing the GAS does not consider that some psychologists think is a factor in describing the human stress response?

An individual's personal appraisal of the stressful event

The Type behavior pattern is a cluster of behaviors involving hostility and competitiveness which has a negative impact on health.

A

______ is attempting to separate oneself from an emotional experience

Distancing

____ is the idea that, unless we are being provoked by something, we are existing in a baseline state

Homeostasis

is cigarette smoke that is breathed in by people who are near the actual cigarette smoker, and it is a health threat to those who inhale it passively.

Blank 1: Secondhand Blank 2: smoke

The two basic lines of defense of the immune system are immunity and immunity.

Blank 1: acquired Blank 2: natural

The hypothesis states that social support is beneficial to mental and physical health whether or not the person is under stress.

Blank 1: direct Blank 2: effects

The is a generalized, nonspecific set of changes in the body, composed of three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

Blank 1: general or G Blank 2: adaptation or A Blank 3: syndrome or S

The approach focuses on the behaviors in which people engage, such as diet, exercise, or substance abuse, that may make them more susceptible to illness or may enhance health.

Blank 1: health Blank 2: behavior

The model explains how the stress response leads to an increased likelihood of illness or disease.

Blank 1: physiological Blank 2: reactivity

Nicotine actives the system, increasing heart rate and blood pressure.

Blank 1: sympathetic Blank 2: nervous

______ are hormones that control autonomic nervous system activation.

Catecholamines

immunity occurs when T cells fight antigens by way of a variety of cellular processes.

Cellular

_____ stimulates the pituitary gland to release ACTH.

Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)

_____ is/are released by the adrenal glands to breakdown complex molecules in order to release energy during prolonged stress.

Cortisol

At what stage of the general adaptation syndrome do negative consequences occur when coping is inadequate?

Exhaustion

Stress increases eating, and, in turn, eating reduces stress reactivity in the

HPA axis

Which of the following is NOT a function or side effect of cortisol?

Increases heart rate, rate of respiration, and blood pressure in support of rapid action

is the process in which tissues are restored following injury.

Inflammation

Which of the following is NOT true with regard to the effects of alcohol?

It stimulates, or speeds up, central nervous system functioning, which is why it can elevate mood and lower inhibitions.

______ is the process in which a white blood cell engulfs a substance and digests it or moves it to a place where it will be destroyed

Phagocytosis

Coping with stress and trying to find ways to deal with a stressor describes what level of the GAS?

Resistance

What are the negative health ramifications of remaining in "emergency" mode for long periods of time?

Sustained increases in blood pressure and heart rate may damage the cardiovascular system.

_____ is a way of responding to challenge or stress, characterized by hostility, impatience, competitiveness, and time urgency.

The Type A behavior pattern

What is the definition of reappraisal?

The emotion regulation strategy of reevaluation of a situation in light of new information or additional thought.

If a person experiences extremely stressful situations early in life, epigenetic process can modify genes in such a way that the likelihood of developing certain psychological disorders is increased.

True

What is the effect of being able to anticipate a stressor?

We show a less severe physiological response.

According to accounts of the physiology of stress, when does recovery from stress occur?

When all systems return to normal and homeostasis is restored

In Cohen et al's research on stress and the common cold, what proved key in determining which people would develop a cold?

a person's perception of stress

The ______ sit(s) atop the kidney and releases stress hormones to include catecholamines and glucocorticoids.

adrenal glands

The - system is a major neuroendocrine pathway that activates sympathetic neurons which then tell the adrenal gland to release norepinephrine.

adrenal-medullary

The _____ is a major neuroendocrine pathway that activates sympathetic neurons which then tell the adrenal gland to release norepinephrine.

adrenal-medullary system

Which of the following are the two major neuroendocrine pathways stimulated by the hypothalamus during an emotional event?

adrenal-medullary system HPA Axis

During what stage of the GAS does the sustained release of cortisol move from being helpful to being harmful in the long run?

alarm

The ____ phase of the GAS occurs when an organism initially encounters a stressor.

alarm

Place the phases of the general adaptation syndrome in order, with the first placed at the top of the list.

alarm ,resistance, exhaustion

Today, has largely replaced homeostasis in our understanding of how the brain regulates the body's response to challenges from the environment.

allostasis

Today, has largely replaced homeostasis in our understanding of how the brain regulates the body's response to challenges from the environment.

allostasis

Which of the following interact to create a range of changes in bodily systems as a result of stress?

autonomic nervous system the endocrine system the brain

The _____ hypothesis states that social support works as a barrier only under certain conditions, such as a highly stressful life.

buffering

The hypothesis states that social support works as a barrier only under certain conditions, such as a highly stressful life.

buffering

The autonomic nervous system responds to stress in ways that affect the system and respiratory system.

circulatory

The consumption of foods such as whole grains and leafy green vegetables may help prevent against cancers of the and .

colon and rectum

Efforts to deal with or stress or emotions are called _____ strategies

coping

The _____ hypothesis states that social support is beneficial to mental and physical health whether or not the person is under stress.

direct effects

The autonomic nervous system, the system, and the brain interact to create a range of changes in bodily systems due to stress.

endocrine

With repeated exposure to a stressor, animals enter the stage of the GAS.

exhaustion

In terms of susceptibility to the common cold, perceived stress matters far less than actual exposure to stressors; perceived low socioeconomic status matters far less than actual socioeconomic status.

false

According to Hans Selye, all stress causes a generalized, nonspecific set of changes in the body, called the _______.

general adaptation syndrome

he broad field of psychology that investigates the psychological factors related to wellness and illness, including the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of medical problems is called psychology.

health

The broad field of psychology that investigates the psychological factors related to wellness and illness, including the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of medical problems is called

health psychology.

Exercise promotes neurogenesis in the of the brain.

hippocampus

The HPA axis is a major neuroendocrine pathway involved during a stress response. As part of the HPA axis, the _____ releases CRF which stimulates the pituitary gland to release ACTH, which in turn stimulates the adrenal gland to release cortisol.

hypothalamus

With , susceptibility to disease is increased because the body's ability to fight invading pathogens or its ability to kill potentially cancerous cells, or both, is reduced.

immunosuppression

After you cut your finger, blood vessels at the injured area contract and dilate to increase blood flow to the area, creating warmth and redness. The dilated vessels then release chemicals and damaged cells release enzymes to destroy invading microorganisms. This is an example of

inflammation

The ____ refers to the world of tiny organisms that live inside us.

microbiome

involves both paying attention to the present moment and being aware that everything that may arise in one's own mind will eventually fade away.

mindfulness meditation

is a process of natural immunity, in which a white blood cell engulfs a substance and digests it or moves it to a place where it will be destroyed.

phagocytosis

The CRF stimulates the to release ACTH.

pituitary

The ______ is an explanation for how the stress response leads to an increased likelihood of illness or disease.

psychological reactivity model

The field of _____ studies the relationships among the brain, thought, feeling, endocrine changes, and immune system functioning.

psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

The science of how physiological factors relate to changes in the immune system is called _____.

psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

The , view of stress holds that stress is a particular relationship between people and the situations in which they find themselves.

relational

is a personality trait that means being more flexible and able to bounce back from difficult situations

resilience

The _____ view of stress has focused on the physiological changes that occur when someone encounters an excessively challenging situation.

response

When a person eats in response to stress, the stress related physiological activity decreases and the

reward pathways are stimulated producing a positive feeling now associated with eating.

Epigenetic modifications to genes that influence the transport of _____ in synapses can significantly increase the risk of development of depression or anxiety disorders later in life.

serotonin

There are common effects on the body when an individual is exposed to stress. They are referred to as

the general adaptation syndrome.

Sustained increases in blood pressure and heart rate may damage the cardiovascular system.

true

The development of antibiotics has helped reduce the severity of many diseases, but they are ineffective on viruses.

true