Psychology

Which of the following statements is true?

Researchers have found support for the existence of both human and animal insight learning.

Application of operant conditioning techniques called ------ has been used to help children with autism.

applied behavior analysis

Reflexive learning related to -------- while learning related to voluntary behaviors is known asa ------.

classical conditioning: operant conditioning

After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear of rats, Watson wanted to see how he would react to a white rabbit, cotton wool, and a Santa Claus mask. He was studying whether or not ________ had occurred.

stimulus generalization

When a stimulus is removed from a person or animal resulting in a decrease in the probability of response, it is known as ________.

negative punishment

Sal's dog loves to go on a walk and starts spinning in circles and wagging his tail in excitement when his lead is clipped onto his collar. Eventually Sal begins to notice that his dog starts to act excited when he puts on his tennis shoes before a walk. His dog's behavior of spinning in circles and wagging his tail when Sal puts his shoes is a -------.

conditioned response

Dr. Sardis provides his students with extra credit points every time they speak in class to encourage class participation. Dr. Sardis is using----

positive reinforcement

Phil wants to train his parrot to kick a ball into a soccer net. Which of the following should he do?

Begin by reinforcing when the parrot goes near the ball.

------ is an operant-conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced.

Shaping

John Watson offered a live, white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind his head by striking a steel bar with a hammer. The white rat served as the ________ in his study.

conditioned stimulus

You put a dollar in a soda machine and rewarded with a bottle of root beer. When you put in another dollar, you get another soda. Assuming the machine has a limitless supply of root beer, which kind of reinforcement schedule does this machine operate on?

continuous reinforcement

You spend days wandering aimlessly around a park with many different paths that end at different parts of the park. One day when you arrive at the park, you get a call on your cell phone from your cousin whom you haven't seen for years, and she says she is waiting for you in a particular section of the park. Even though the paths are complicated and twisted, you manage to find the shortest route to your cousin. Tolman would explain your efficient passage through the park as an example of ________.

formation of a cognitive map

John has been working on a math problem late at night without success and he falls asleep. Upon awakening, he suddenly realizes how to answer the problem. The scenario best illustrates ----- learning.

insight

Learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change is called ________.

latent learning

Of the following ---- would serve as a primary reinforcer for most people.

money

After watching her father slide through pictures on his smartphone using his index finger, Laura, a 5 year old, learns to use her index finger to slide the screen on his smartphone. Laura acquired this behavior through ----

observational learning

In Pavlov's studies, he was able to condition dogs to salivate in response to specific tones while not salivating to other similar tones. This is called ------

stimulus discrimination

A reinforcer is a consequence that ----- a behavior, while a punisher is a consequence that ---- a behavior.

strengthens; weakens

Watson's experiment with Little Albert demonstrated that fears might be __________.

based on classical conditioning

Bill hates to clean up after dinner. One night, he volunteers to bathe the dog before cleaning up. When he finishes with the dog and returns to the kitchen, his wife has cleaned everything up for him. Which of the following statements is most likely true?

Bill's wife has negatively reinforced him for bathing the dog.

You decide to condition your dog to salivate to the sound of a metronome. You give the dog a biscuit, and then a second later you sound the metronome. You do this several times, but no conditioning seems to occur. This is probably because ------

the metronome should have been sounded before the dog ate the biscuit

In a conditioning experiment, a sound is paired with a brief puff of air to the eye of the rabbit. After several pairings, the rabbit ultimately blinks its eye when it hears the sound. Which of the following is true?

The puff of air serves as the unconditioned stimulus

Cheryl is trying to teach her son to do the laundry by watching her. According to observational learning theory, to be effective what must occur?

Her son must be motivated to learn how to do the laundry.

Reinforcement given for a response emitted after each hour and a half (eg, 10am, 11:30am, 1pm) is most likely a ------- schedule.

fixed-interval

Al must build 25 radios before he receives $20. What schedule of reinforcement is being used?

A fixed-ratio schedule

Dad is watching a home improvement show about how to install a new sink. He really wants to do it and watches the show intently. He knows that his wife will reward him when he is done. However, when he tests the new sink, water spurts everywhere. Taking the new sink apart, he finds that he has left out the crucial washers in the faucet assembly even though this was emphasized in the TV show. What part of Bandura's theory of the necessary components of observational learning is most likely the reason for this disaster?

Memory

Which type of learning occurs when we observe how other people act?

Observational Learning

What type of neurons fire if a monkey observes another monkey engaging in an action?

Observational learning

In order to get her 3nd grade students to memorize the poems written on the chalkboard, Mrs. Thyberg gives the students stickers for each poem they can recite from memory. After earning 5 stickers, a student gets to pick a prize out of the goody box. Mrs. Thyberg is using (a) __________ to modify the children's behaviors.

a token economy

-------classical conditioning, operant conditioning requires the organism to voluntarily produce the -----.

unlike: response