Psychology and Human Relations
The _________________ ________ personality trait refers to differences in the motivations that energize behavior, varying from a promotion orientation (seeking out new opportunities) to a prevention orientation (avoiding negative outcomes).
regulatory focus
What is meant by, "most new research is designed to 'replicate'"?
replication is the process of repeating previous research, which forms the basis of all scientific inquiry
High __________________ means having a positive attitude toward oneself and one's capabilities.
self-esteem
the idea that we could determine personality from people's body types was known as _______________.
somatology
Psychasthenia differs from paranoia in that psychasthenia is measured in worry, anxiety, tension, doubts, and obsessiveness, whereas paranoia is measured by levels of __________, ___________________, and ________________.
trust, suspiciousness, sensitivity
Define: metacognition
"thinking about thinking;" your awareness of yourself as a learner and your ability to regulate your own learning
Is this basic or applied research: College students are surveyed to determine the average amount of alcohol that is consumed weekly, so that an alcohol awareness program can be developed.
Applied: it may provide important information to help students become aware of the use of alcohol among their peers that may have implications for their everyday life.
What are the 5 distinct skills of metacognition?
1.) Assess the task 2.) Evaluate your strengths and weaknesses 3.) Plan an approach 4.) Apply strategies and monitor your performance 5.) Reflect and adjust if needed
research that investigates issues that have implications for everyday life and provides solutions to everyday problems is called:
Applied research
Is this basic or applied research: A comparison of driving behavior and people who have various levels of alcohol to no alcohol in their bloodstreams.
Applied: because it may provide important information to improve the safety of people while driving.
Hysteria is a subscale of the MMPI that is measured in:
Awareness of problems and vulnerabilities
research that answers fundamental questions about behavior is called:
Basic research
Is this basic or applied research: Various areas of the brain are studied to determine which areas are most affected by drinking alcohol.
Basic: it is only researching fundamental answers about brain behavior in different parts of the brain when affected by alcohol.
Is this basic or applied research: Mice are given a new drug to determine if there are any effects on their nervous system.
Basic: it is only researching fundamental answers about how a drug affects the nervous system of mice.
Is this basic or applied research: The effects of electronic multi-tasking are studied by recording brain activity in the cerebral cortex.
Basic: it is only researching fundamental answers about how electronic multi-tasking affects brain activity in the cerebral cortex of individuals.
What are the two acronyms given in the OLI reading to help us remember the five dimensions (sometimes known as the "Big Five"): agreeableness, conscientiousness, extroversion, neuroticism, and openness to experience?
CANOE and OCEAN (agreeableness, conscientiousness, extroversion, neuroticism, and openness to experience)
A psychologist would like to study the effects of premarital education on marital quality. By premarital education, the psychologist means attendance at a four-week premarital course and by marital quality, he means marital happiness for at least 10 years. Marital quality meaning marital happiness for at least 10 years is a(n) ________ variable.
Conceptual: Even though marital quality has been defined with more specificity in that it means marital happiness for at least 10 years, you recognize that this definition is still not measurable. As written, the variable, "happiness for 10 years," cannot be represented by a number.
A researcher is interested in the ability of a certain psychotherapy to reduce a client's anxiety. By anxiety, the therapist means the emotional feelings of worry, tension and dread that a person frequently experiences. As stated, anxiety is the emotional feelings of worry, tension and dread that a person frequently experiences is a(n) __________ variable.
Conceptual: The therapist's explanation of anxiety continues to characterize anxiety as a conceptual variable because as stated it is not specific or measurable.
True or False: It's only necessary for biologists and psychologists use the scientific method.
False; All scientists (whether they are physicists, chemists, biologists, sociologists, or psychologists) are engaged in the basic processes of collecting data and drawing conclusions about those data.
True or false: Personality is an individual's fluctuating patterns of feeling, thinking, and behaving
False; Personality is an individual's 'consistent' patterns of feeling, thinking, and behaving
True or False: The American Psychological Association has clear ethical guidelines governing the treatment of humans in psychological research, but it does not have similar guidelines governing the use of animals in research.
False; The APA's guidelines on conducting research on animals are called the American Psychological Association's Guidelines on Humane Care and Use of Animals in Research.
True or False: The use of deception in psychology experiments has been banned by the American Psychological Association.
False; The American Psychological Association has not banned the use of deception in psychology experiments, but it requires that researchers to explicitly consider how their research might be conducted without the use of deception.
What does OLI stand for?
Online Learning Initiative
What is leadership, and what are trait theories of leadership?
Leadership is the ability to direct or inspire others to achieve goals. Trait theories of leadership are theories based on the idea that some people are simply "natural leaders" because they possess personality characteristics that make them effective.
_______ is the most widely administered personality test in the world
MBTI (Myers-Briggs Type Indicator)
A psychologist would like to study the effects of premarital education on marital quality. By premarital education, the psychologist means attendance at a four-week premarital course and by marital quality, he means marital happiness for at least 10 years. Premarital education meaning attendance at a four-week premarital course is a(n) ____________ variable.
Operational: Premarital education is specific and measurable by its operational definition of attendance at a four-week premarital course. It can be measured in that a couple either attended the four-week premarital course or did not attend it.
A researcher is interested in the ability of a certain psychotherapy to reduce a client's anxiety. By anxiety, the therapist means the client's reported level of anxiety on a 10-point scale. The variable, anxiety, is a(n) __________ variable.
Operational: because a person's level of anxiety can be represented by a number obtained on a 10-point self-rating scale.
Protecting the identity and information collected from individual participants in a research study refers to maintaining ___________.
Privacy; Ethically researchers must protect the privacy of the participants by keeping their identity anonymous.
What is psychology?
Psychology encompasses a broad range of topics involving both normal and abnormal aspects of the mind, behavior, development, interpersonal relationships, and biological systems.
_______________ leaders are leaders who are enthusiastic, committed, and self-confident; who tend to talk about the importance of group goals at a broad level; and who make personal sacrifices for the group. a.) charismatic b.) transactional c.) transformational
a - charismatic
According to which model are there five fundamental underlying trait dimensions that are stable across time, cross-culturally shared, and explain a substantial proportion of behavior?
The Five-Factor (Big Five) Model of Personality
What's the name of the the test that is a projective measure of personality in which the respondent indicates his or her thoughts about a series of 10 symmetrical inkblots?
The Rorschach Inkblot Test
What's the name of the test that is a projective measure of personality in which the respondent is asked to create stories about sketches of ambiguous situations, most of them of people, either alone or with others?
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
What is the main advantage and disadvantage of projective tests?
The advantage of projective tests is that they are less direct, allowing people to avoid using their defense mechanisms and therefore show their "true" personality. The projective tests often fail to distinguish between people with psychological disorders and those without or to correlate with other measures of personality or with behavior.
A study is conducted to determine whether the desire to learn or having higher academic skills has a greater impact on achieving a college degree. This type of study is an example of _______ research.
This is an example of applied research because the results of this research will provide information that will help others to know which personal attribute is more important for earning a college degree.
If you conduct a study on areas of the brain most affected by the smoking of marijuana, it would be called _______ research.
This is an example of basic research that is answering fundamental questions about the effects of smoking marijuana on different parts of the brain. This type of study will not directly have implications for affecting one's everyday life.
When college students are enrolled in a course in which participation in psychological research is part of the course requirements, students must be given the choice of an alternative activity to fulfill the course requirements. Is this statement supported by an ethical standard?
Yes; This statement is supported by the ethical standard called free choice. The purpose of free choice in research is to guarantee that participants; in this case, college students, have free choice regarding whether they wish to participate in the research study or perform other activities.
One of the four important characteristics of a good theory is that it is __________, meaning that the variables of the study can be adequately measured and the relationships between the variables that are predicted by the theory can be shown through research to be incorrect. a.) falsifiable b.) parsimonious
a - While both of these answers are important characteristics of a good theory, the definition of falsifiable means that the variables of the study can be adequately measured and the relationships between the variables that are predicted by the theory can be shown through research to be incorrect.
Which personality trait is best described by this: A cluster of traits including conventionalism, superstition, toughness, and exaggerated concerns with sexuality. a.) authoritarianism b.) individualism/collectivism c.) internal vs. external locus for control
a - authoritarianism (for example, authoritarians are more likely to be prejudiced, to conform to leaders, and to display rigid behaviors)
Psychologists must address concerns about the ethics of their research because human participants ______________. a.) may experience some stress, harm, or inconvenience b.) cannot be subjected to shock of any kind c.) may not withdraw from the research once they start
a - According to the American Psychological Association's guidelines on ethical research, psychologists may induce stress, anxiety, or negative moods in their participants, expose them to weak electrical shocks, or convince them to behave in ways that violate their moral standards.
A precise definition of how a variable in a study will be observed and measured is called a(n): a.) operational definition b.) case study c.) experimental design d.) conceptual variable
a - An operational definition is a conceptual variable that has been turned into a clear and precise variable that can be measured in a research study.
_______________ are what scientists use when they want to study a specific research question and make specific predictions about outcomes. a.) hypothesis b.) theory
a - Hypotheses are specific predictions that are used in scientific research.
______________ is a test used around the world to identify personality and psychological disorders. a.) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory b.) The Barnum Inventory c.) Factor Disorder Analysis Inventory d.) Schematic Extreme Range Identification
a - Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was developed by creating a list of more than 1,000 true-false questions and choosing those that best differentiated patients with different psychological disorders from other people.
Which of the following statements concerning using animals in research is correct? a.) Pain and suffering of animals are allowed but only when necessary. b.) There are guidelines that prevent the killing of animals.
a - Pain and suffering of animals are allowed under scientific guidelines when an alternative procedure is unavailable and the goal is justified by its prospective scientific, educational, or applied value.
The _______________ physique is characterized by softness and roundness, with higher levels of body fat, the _______________ physique is more muscular and athletic, and the ________________ physique is thin and lightly muscled. a.) endomorph, mesomorph, ectomorph b.) ectomorph, mesomorph, endomorph c.) endomorph, ectomorph, mesomorph
a - Somatology attempted to assess personality characteristics based on people's body type. The endomorph physique is characterized by softness and roundness, with higher levels of body fat, the mesomorph physique is more muscular and athletic, and the ectomorph physique is thin and lightly muscled.
Dr. Sherman is a clinical psychologist who wants to assess the extent to which a client is suffering from depression, delusions, and other mental health problems. Dr. Sherman is most likely to use the ____________________. a.) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory b.) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator c.) Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire d.) Thematic Apperception Test
a - The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), revised as the MMPI-2, is the most extensively researched and widely used personality test, which is used to screen for and diagnose psychiatric problems and disorders.
A hypothesis states, "Preschool education improves high school graduation." Which of the following would be an operational definition? a.) attendance at a preschool for 2 years b.) attending preschool at age 4
a - The conceptual variable of preschool education has been operationally defined as attendance at a preschool for 2 years. This is a measurable variable.
You observe that the use of cell phones while driving a car has increased and vehicle accidents seem to be increasing. Which step of the scientific method is this? a.) Informal Observations/Practical Problems b.) Step 1: Research Question c.) Step 2: Empirical Study d.) Step 3: Data Analysis e.) Step 4: Conclusions f.) Step 5: Research Literature
a - The researcher must first identify a practical problem through informal observations and a lack of information on something that needs more evidence or solutions by conducting a thorough review of the scientific literature.
Existing theories ______________________. a.) evolve, change, can be expanded, modified and even replaced b.) remain stable over time until they become laws c.) are able to account for all behavior in all cases
a - Theories can only make accurate predictions in some situations for some people and that is why theories are constantly evolving, changing, expanding, being modified and replaced with newer theories.
A researcher hires a new lab assistant to temporarily assume his daily experiments and care of his laboratory animals while he is out of town. He does not have time to train the new lab assistant but believes that the animals will be okay for several weeks during his absence. Having this new lab assistant temporarily perform the experimental duties and care for the lab animals in the absence of the researcher is in __________________. a.) violation because the researcher did not train the lab assistant on how to perform the research methods, care for, maintain or handle the lab animals b.) violation because the researcher assumed that the lab assistant already knew how to care for and handle the lab animals c.) compliance because the researcher is only going to be gone for a couple of weeks
a - This is a violation because the APA Guidelines state that researchers must ensure that all assistants who handle animals received instruction in the research methods and care, maintenance, and handling of the lab animals and that the lab assistant receive supervision in performing these duties.
Which factor of the Five-Factor Model of Personality does this description serve: A general appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, unusual ideas, imagination, curiosity, and variety of experience a.) openness to experience b.) agreeableness c.) conscientiousness d.) extroversion e.) neuroticism
a - openness to experience (for example, individuals who are highly open to experience tend to have distinctive and unconventional decorations in their home. They are also likely to have books on a wide variety of topics, a diverse music collection, and works of art on display)
Abstract ideas that form the basis of a research hypothesis are called ________________. a.) tentative observations/information collection b.) conceptual variables c.) operational definitions d.) experimental designs
b - A hypothesis contains two or more variables that are abstract ideas called conceptual variables.
A hypothesis states a ________________. a.) broad idea to be tested b.) relationship between two or more variables c.) summary of several research findings d.)
b - A hypothesis states a relationship between two or more variables, and it also states a specific direction of the relationship.
The Big Five dimensions also accurately predict behavior. For instance, a pattern of high conscientiousness, ________ neuroticism, and high agreeableness predicts successful job performance. a.) high b.) low
b - A pattern of high conscientiousness, LOW neuroticism, and high agreeableness predicts successful job performance (remember: people with neuroticism are likely to say/feel things like, "I am not usually relaxed"; "I get upset easily", or; "I am easily disturbed").
Which of the following sequences best reflects the order of events in a typical experimental session? a.) Informed consent, debriefing, experiment b.) Informed consent, experiment, debriefing c.) Debriefing, experiment, informed consent
b - A written informed consent form, which explains the research procedures and informs the participant of his or her rights during the study, must be obtained from the participant before he or she begins any experimental procedures. Then after the experiment, the participant must be carefully debriefed, explaining the underlying research hypothesis and the purpose of the experimental procedures in detail and answering any questions.
Before a university researcher can test his or her hypotheses by collecting data, a(n) _______ must provide ethical oversight. a.) University Funding Committee b.) Institutional Review Board
b - Every university that conducts research using federal funds must have an Institutional Review Board or IRB as required by the U.S. Department of Heath and Human Services. The purpose of the IRB is to determine whether the research meets the DHHS ethical and cost-benefit ratio regulations for research.
Which of the following have been discredited by contemporary psychologists--physiognomy, somatology, phrenology. a.) all of these have been discredited by contemporary psychologists b.) somatology and phrenology c.) phrenology only d.) physiognomy and somatology
b - In contrast to phrenology and somatology, for which no research support has been found, contemporary research has found that people are able to detect some aspects of a person's character
A scientific literature review reveals that engaging in a simple verbal task impairs performance on a perceptual or motor task carried out at the same time, but research does not exist on the specific effects of cell phone use while driving. As the researcher, you wonder if using a cell phone has a negative effect on driving ability. Which step of the scientific method is this? a.) Informal Observations/Practical Problems b.) Step 1: Research Question c.) Step 2: Empirical Study d.) Step 3: Data Analysis e.) Step 4: Conclusions f.) Step 5: Research Literature
b - Once a problem or a need for further research has been identified by researching the scientific literature, the scientist will need to formulate a research question or questions and state the hypothesis or hypotheses. In this example, the hypothesis is that cell phone usage while driving will have a negative effect on one's ability to drive.
When a research study repeats, adds to, or modifies previous research findings, it is designed to ______________. a.) replace b.) replicate
b - Replication is the process of repeating previous research by adding to or modifying previous research findings. This process forms the basis of all scientific inquiry.
A study that is based on systematic collection and analysis of data from careful observation, measurement and experimentation is said to be a(n) _________ study. a.) unbiased b.) empirical study
b - That is the definition of an empirical study.
Gina was informed by a professional palm reader: "You generally communicate openly with others, but you have certain dark secrets that even your closest friends could never guess." The fact that Gina was impressed by the palm reader's insight into her personality best illustrates ________________. a.) situational influences on personality b.) the Barnum effect c.) content validity d.) factor analysis
b - The Barnum effect is the tendency for people to believe descriptions of themselves that supposedly are about them but are general enough to apply to almost anyone. This can explain why Gina was impressed with the palm reader's insight into her personality.
As part of a research project, Jasmine was given the same psychological test three times at two-month intervals by three different therapists. Her results on the tests were all very different. It is most likely that she was given the ____________________. a.) California Personality Inventory b.) Thematic Apperception Test c.) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory d.) Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire
b - The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective measure, and as such, is likely to yield inconsistent results. If the same person takes a projective test on two or more separate occasions, very different results may be found. The fact that Jasmine's test results were all very different indicates that the test she took had low reliability, and therefore was probably a projective test such as the TAT.
When researchers create questions to investigate, generate evidence and draw conclusions, they are guided by a set of assumptions, rules, and procedures used to conduct research. This process is called the _________. a.) ethical guidelines b.) scientific method
b - The scientific method is a set of assumptions, rules, and procedures that researcher use to conduct research that answers their questions and generates evidence with which to draw conclusions about their research.
Which factor of the Five-Factor Model of Personality does this description serve: A tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic toward others; reflects individual differences in general concern for social harmony. a.) openness to experience b.) agreeableness c.) conscientiousness d.) extroversion e.) neuroticism
b - agreeableness (for example, agreeable individuals value getting along with others. They are generally considerate, friendly, generous, helpful, and willing to compromise their interests with those of others)
Social ______________ is measured by people orientation. a.) intervention b.) introversion c.) initiation d.) inhibition
b - introversion
Perhaps traits are ________ in the heads of the people who are doing the judging than they are in the behaviors of the people being observed. a.) less b.) more
b - more
Which personality trait is best described by this: The motivation to engage in extreme and risky behaviors. a.) need for cognition b.) sensation seeking c.) need for achievement
b - sensation seeking (for example, sensation seekers are more likely to engage in risky behaviors such as extreme and risky sports, substance abuse, unsafe sex, and crime)
________________ leaders are more regular leaders, who work with their subordinates to help them understand what is required of them and to get the job done. a.) charismatic b.) transactional c.) transformational
b - transactional
The Big Five does not capture moral ______________, although this variable is important in many theories of personality.
behavior
Cattell used a statistical procedure known as ___________ ___________ to analyze the correlations among traits and to identify the most important ones. On the basis of his research, he identified what he called "_________" (more important) and "__________" (less important) traits. a.) trait analysis, surface, source b.) trait analysis, source, surface c.) factor analysis, source, surface d.) factor analysis, surface, source
c - Cattell used a statistical procedure known as factor analysis to analyze the correlations among traits and to identify the most important ones. On the basis of his research, he identified what he called "source" (more important) and "surface" (less important) traits
Researchers can justify the use of deception in an experiment because _____________. a.) there is informed consent b.) research is more important than people c.) it may be necessary for the experiment to work
c - Deception is justified if the study wouldn't work any other way. The American Psychological Association's code of ethical research allows researchers to use deception, only when other alternatives have been explored.
Eysenck proposed that people who are _______________ (i.e., who enjoy socializing with others) have lower levels of naturally occurring arousal than do ________________ (who are less likely to enjoy being with others). a.) social, antisocial b.) care-free, anxious c.) extroverted, introverts
c - Eysenck proposed that people who are extroverted have lower levels of naturally occurring arousal than do introverts.
Anesthetized healthy pigs receive a heart transplant with a new artificial (mechanical) heart that researchers believe will be safe on humans. This research use of pigs is in __________________________. a.) compliance because the APA Guidelines state that researchers may use privation on animals when an alternative procedure is unavailable and the goal is to improve human health and save lives b.) compliance because the APA Guidelines state that researchers may perform surgical procedures under appropriate anesthesia and follow techniques to avoid infection and minimize pain during and after surgery c.) Both answers above are correct.
c - In this scenario the research use of pigs is in compliance because of the anesthetized surgical procedures and care to avoid infection & pain and because the goal of the pig's surgically implanted mechanical heart is to test its performance and use to improve human health and save lives.
Doug considers John to be a very honest person. In fact, in a psychology class in which the consistency of traits was being discussed, Doug cited his friend as an example of consistency. It may be that Doug is overestimating John's consistency because Doug ________________. a.) is not very intelligent b.) is externally-oriented c.) judges John's behavior in the same type of situation each time d.) is not particularly honest himself
c - One of the primary reasons why we tend to perceive consistent traits in others is because we often do not have the opportunity to observe other people's behavior in a variety of situations.
Dr. Morris is interested in assessing the personality characteristics of ectomorphs, mesomorphs, and endomorphs. Identify the theory that forms the basis for Dr. Morris's approach to assessing personality a.) Phrenology b.) Physiognomy c.) Somatology
c - Somatology attempted to assess personality characteristics based on people's body type. The endomorph physique is characterized by softness and roundness, with higher levels of body fat, the mesomorph physique is more muscular and athletic, and the ectomorph physique is thin and lightly muscled.
A researcher kills experimental mice by drowning them at the completion of the study. Drowning mice at the completion of the study is in __________________. a.) compliance of the APA Guidelines because the researcher has been trained to handle animals b.) compliance of the APA Guidelines because the animals can not be used in future research and therefore their life needs to be terminated c.) violation of the APA Guidelines because a drowning death is slow and painful and not an acceptable procedure for termination of an animal's life
c - The APA Guidelines state that, when appropriate, an animal's life may be terminated with efforts to minimize pain and discomfort.
The scientific method is the set of _________________, __________, and ________________ scientists use to conduct research. a.) information, graphs, technology b.) observations, tests, laboratories c.) assumptions, rules, procedures
c - The scientific method proscribes how scientists collect and analyze data, how they draw conclusions from data, and how they share data with others.
In a carefully controlled laboratory setting and on the road, you observe, record and measure people's driving performance while using a cell phone and their driving performance while not using a cell phone. Which step of the scientific method is this? a.) Informal Observations/Practical Problems b.) Step 1: Research Question c.) Step 2: Empirical Study d.) Step 3: Data Analysis e.) Step 4: Conclusions f.) Step 5: Research Literature
c - The second step in the Scientific Method is to conduct an empirical study which is a carefully designed study that will provide clear data to be collected.
An experimental drug to stop the progression of the HIV virus has shown promising results in mice. Now, the HIV virus is injected into monkeys who then receive the same experimental drug for further testing in the hopes of finding a cure for the virus in humans. This research use of monkeys being infected with the HIV virus to test a promising experimental drug is in ______________________. a.) violation because it is inappropriate for animals' lives to be terminated b.) compliance because researchers make reasonable efforts to minimize the illness and pain of animal subjects c.) compliance because such a procedure is used only when an alternative procedure is unavailable and the goal is justified by its prospective scientific and applied value to human beings
c - This scenario complies with the APA Guidelines on use of animals in research because of its potential value for finding a cure for the HIV virus which will improve human health.
Which factor of the Five-Factor Model of Personality does this description serve: A tendency to show self-discipline, act dutifully, and aim for achievement. a.) openness to experience b.) agreeableness c.) conscientiousness d.) extroversion e.) neuroticism
c - conscientiousness (for example, individuals who are conscientious have a preference for planned rather than spontaneous behavior)
Psychopathic _________ is a subscale of the MMPI that is measured in conflict, struggle, anger, and respect for society's rules. a.) alternations b.) fluctuation c.) deviate
c - deviate
_______________ measures are measures of personality in which unstructured stimuli, such as inkblots, drawings of social situations, or incomplete sentences, are shown to participants, who are asked to freely list what comes to mind as they think about the stimuli. a.) protective b.) projectile c.) projective
c - projective
Which personality trait is best described by this: The tendency to introspect and examine one's inner self and feelings. a.) self-esteem b.) regulatory focus c.) self-consciousness
c - self-consciousness (for example, people high in self-consciousness spend more time preparing their hair and makeup before they leave the house)
_____________ leaders have a vision of where the group is going, and attempt to stimulate and inspire their workers to move beyond their present status and to create a new and better future. a.) charismatic b.) transactional c.) transformational
c - transformational
Hypochondriasis is a subscale of the MMPI that is measured in:
concern with bodily symptoms
The trait dimension of need for achievement relates to the Big Five variable of ____________________, and self-esteem relates to low _______________.
conscientiousness, neuroticism
What are the two Greek words that make "psychology," and what do they mean?
psyche, meaning "life/mind/spirit," and logica, meaning "the study of..."
about 4,500 traitlike words were organized by Allport into three levels according to their importance. He called them "___________ traits" (the most important traits), "_____________ traits" (the basic and most useful traits), and "_____________ traits" (the less obvious and less consistent ones) a.) superior, central, basic b.) superior, basic, obscure c.) cardinal, secondary, obscure d.) cardinal, central, secondary
d - "cardinal traits" (the most important traits), "central traits" (the basic and most useful traits), and "secondary traits" (the less obvious and less consistent ones)
Ben is usually animated and talkative when he is with his girlfriend, but he is often quiet and reserved at home. He actively participates in many classroom discussions but frequently seems reluctant to talk with friends at the campus coffee shop. According to Walter Mischel, Ben's behavior should lead us to question the importance of _____________. a.) unconditional positive regard b.) self-efficacy c.) defense mechanisms d.) personality traits
d - Mischel argued that individuals do not behave consistently due to the demands of various situations. He proposed that behavior is influenced both by environmental factors (situation variables), and by internal personal factors (person variables).
Which of the following is an example of a projective psychological test? a.) Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire b.) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory c.) Thematic Apperception Test d.) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
d - Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
Personalities are characterized in terms of _____________, which are relatively enduring characteristics that influence our behavior across many situations. a.) Individualism b.) loci c.) emotional regulation d.) traits
d - Personality traits help explain consistencies in behavior and are most commonly measured by administering personality tests on which people self-report about their own characteristics.
Most of Janet's friends and co-workers would describe her as being quiet and reserved. Research suggests that Janet is likely to perceive herself __________________. a.) less accurately than her friends and co-workers perceive her b.) in the same manner as her friends and co-workers perceive her c.) as being even more quiet and reserved than her friends and co-workers perceive her d.) as quiet and reserved and as warm and talkative depending on the situation
d - Research has shown that, compared to others, people tend to perceive their own behavior as more variable depending on the situation.
The __________ effect refers to the observation that people tend to believe in descriptions of their personality that supposedly are descriptive of them but could in fact describe almost anyone. a.) Dalton b.) Jone's c.) Barner d.) Barnum e.) Founder
d - The Barnum Effect (for example, the Barnum effect helps us understand why many people believe in astrology, horoscopes, fortune-telling, palm reading, tarot card reading, and even some personality tests)
Both types of driving performances are statistically compared to find significant differences in one's ability to drive while using a cell phone. Which step of the scientific method is this? a.) Informal Observations/Practical Problems b.) Step 1: Research Question c.) Step 2: Empirical Study d.) Step 3: Data Analysis e.) Step 4: Conclusions f.) Step 5: Research Literature
d - The third step in the Scientific Method is to organize and analyze the results data that has been collected from the study.
Which factor of the Five-Factor Model of Personality does this description serve: The tendency to experience positive emotions and to seek out stimulation and the company of others. a.) openness to experience b.) agreeableness c.) conscientiousness d.) extroversion e.) neuroticism
d - extroversion (for example, extroverts enjoy being with people. In groups they like to talk, assert themselves, and draw attention to themselves)
Based on the results, you conclude that one's ability to detect road hazards, reaction time, and control of the vehicle are all impaired by cell phone use. Which step of the scientific method is this? a.) Informal Observations/Practical Problems b.) Step 1: Research Question c.) Step 2: Empirical Study d.) Step 3: Data Analysis e.) Step 4: Conclusions f.) Step 5: Research Literature
e - The fourth step in the Scientific Method is to make conclusions about the data results of the research study, state any implication of the results to relationships or everyday life, and to make recommendations for future research.
Which factor of the Five-Factor Model of Personality does this description serve: The tendency to experience negative emotions, such as anger, anxiety, or depression; sometimes called "emotional instability." a.) openness to experience b.) agreeableness c.) conscientiousness d.) extroversion e.) neuroticism
e - neuroticism (for example, those who score high in neuroticism are more likely to interpret ordinary situations as threatening and minor frustrations as hopelessly difficult. They may have trouble thinking clearly, making decisions, and coping effectively with stress)
You write a scientific article describing the literature review, test procedures, results and conclusions of your study for publication. Which step of the scientific method is this? a.) Informal Observations/Practical Problems b.) Step 1: Research Question c.) Step 2: Empirical Study d.) Step 3: Data Analysis e.) Step 4: Conclusions f.) Step 5: Research Literature
f - The last step of the 5-step scientific method is that the researcher writes an article detailing the literature research and background, design, results and conclusion of the study and submits the article for publication in a scientific journal for other researchers to use.
An important tool for ensuring that research is ethical is the use of a written _________ form.
informed consent; The written informed consent form, which must be completed by the participant before the research session begins, is to explain the research procedures and inform the participant of his or her rights during the study.
What are schemas?
knowledge representation; people use their knowledge representation (schemas) about people to help them interpret the world around them and that these schemas color their judgments of others' personalities.
In terms of personality traits, people with higher internal _______ of ___________ are happier, less depressed, and healthier in comparison to those with an external _______ of ___________.
locus of control
What's the difference between the traits, need for cognition, and, need for achievement?
need for achievement is described as the desire to make significant accomplishments by mastering skills or meeting high standards, and need for cognition is described as the extent to which people engage in and enjoy effortful cognitive activities
measured variables consist of ______________ that represent the conceptual variables.
numbers
the idea that we could measure personality by assessing the patterns of bumps on people's skulls was taken seriously in the Victorian Age, and was known as _________________.
phrenology
the idea that it is possible to assess personality from facial characteristics is known as ________________.
physiognomy
What is an empirical study?
the results of verifiable evidence from a systematic collection and analysis of data that has been objectively observed, measured, and undergone experimentation.
