Psychology and Sociology mcat princeton textbook

There are many psychological disorders: one is neurocognitive disorder - explain the characteristics of it

characterized by cognitive abnormalities or geeneral decline in memory, problem solving and or perception

What part of the brain links the nervous system and the endocrine system, and controls the pituitary gland?

hypothalamus

_______ part of the brain is repsonsible for homeostasis and behavior

hypothalamus

what part of teh brain is the primary link between the nervous system and the endocrine system?

hypothalamus

what is the absolute refractory period?

i tis when a neuron will not fire another action potential no matter how strong a membrane depolarization is induced

Psychic energy (in the psychoanalytic theory/ frued) is distributed into 3 personality components that function together. What are they?

id, ego, and superego

according to Rogers, in terms of humanistic psychology perspective: what does Rogers day personality is composed of?

ideal self- constructed out of your life experiences, expectation and things you admire and real self- person yo uare

According to Erikson, the founder of the pyschosocial development, what is the particular stage relevant to identity formation called, that takes place during adolescnece?

identity versus role confusion stage

Long term memory is split into what two types of memory?

implicit- nondeclarative memory that is memory without conscious recall explicit memory which is declarative memory that is memory with conscious recall

inclusive fitness is defined as an organism acting in a way to do what?

improving its genetic success by helping others with similar genes survive

what does sub-replacement fertility indicate about population size and why?

it indicates the population size will not be sustained because birth rate is less than death rate

what is the length of the postganglionic axon of the sympathetic system? whats the neurotransmitter involved?

long and norepinephrine

whats the objective of the "Measurement" in experimental design?

-make sure measurements are standardized -instruments are reliable

What is socialization and what does it focus on ?

a process which people learn to be proficient and functional members of society

according the social cognitive perspective, personality is formed by what?

a recipricoal interatcionamong behavioral, cognitive and environmental factors

There are many psychological disorders: one is personality disorder which has 3 clusters (A,B and C) what are the disorders within cluster c

avoidant, dependent, ocd

_______ part of the brain is repsonsible for movement

basal nuclei

what does psychoanalytic therapy attempt to help a paitent do?

become aware of his/her unconscious motives and to gain insight into emotional issues and conflicts thatare presenting difficulties

The behavioral component of emoition is? Explain it

behavior/action component- is the way in which you express your emotions through behavior

internal locus of control believes what?

believes that we are able to influecnce outcomes through our own efforts or actions

In the Conventional level of Kohlbergs stages of moral development: Stage 4 is authority and social-order maintaining oreitation which is what?

beyond a need for indiviudal approval which is where individuals feel a duty to uphold laws, rules and social conventions

There are many psychological disorders: one is bipolar related disorders - state some of the specific psychological disorders within this broad category-

bipolar 1 bipolar 2 disorder cyclothymic disorder

bipolar neruons mean what? wht do multipolar neurons mean?

bipolar neruons have one axon and one neruon multipolr have one axon and many neurons

the crude birth rate is the annual number of?

births per 1000 people in population

40. A researcher removes the adrenal glands from a rt and then supplements the rate with baseline levels of steroids for the remainder of its lifespan, which would be expected? -blunted sympathetic nervous system repsonse -slowing of age related neurodegeneration -enhancement of LTP

blunted sympathetic nervous system repsonse enhancement of LTP

symbolic interactions is a microlevel scale major sociological theory that attempts to view society as?

built up from everday interactions

What is an autocratic government controlled by?

by a single person or a small selective group with absolute decision making

according to teh conflict theory, society is separted into two cataegories, what are they?

capatilist and worjing class

who developed the humanistic theory?

carl rogers

who is the founder of the humanistic physcology perspective?

carl rogers

there are 3 major types of stressors, what are they?

catastrophes, significant life changes and daily hassels

The great majority of the neural cell body is found in _____- nervous syetm

central (brain and spinal cord)

The main anatomical division of the nervous system is between ?

central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (axons, dendrite and cell body)

_______ part of the brain is repsonsible for perception, skeletal, muscle movement, memory, attention , thought, language and consciousness

cerbral cortex

_______ part of the brain is repsonsible for movement coordination

cerebellum

The ___ plays a role in implicit memory while teh ______- plays a role in explicit

cerebellum, hippocampus

The spinal cord is connected to the brain and is protected by ___ and _____

cerebrospinal fluid and veterbral column

Which area is the largest part of the brain? what does it consist of?

cerebrum which consist of the central hemispheres plus the inner core of white matter connecting the coretex to the other part of the forebrain (the diacephalon)

what does the defense mechanism, sublimation (in ego defense mechanism) do?

channeling aggressive or sexual energy into positive constructuive activitie slike art

There are many psychological disorders: one is feeding and eating disorder - explain the characteristics of it

characterized by abnormal eating patterns

what is teh relati9ve refractory period?

when a neuron can be induced to transmit an action potential but the depolarization required is greater than normal because the mebrane is hyperpolarized

what is the social facilitation effect?

when people perform better when other people are present

What is the primary difference between neurotansmitters and hormones?

neurotrans are signaling chemicals of the nervous system horomones are considred the isgnaling chemicals of endocirne system

29. Which type of memory does not affect behavior consciously and can be measured only indirectly? Why? nondeclarative declartive episodic explicit

nondec- because it is implicit memory in which is a form of memory that isnt conscious

what does reliability mean in terms of experimental deisgn of measuring results?

reliability means that they produce stable and consistent results

Nonassociative learning occurs when an organism is ?

repeatedly exposed to one type of stimulus

what is the general function of teh parasympathetic system?

rest and digest; store energy

what does the defense mechanism, regression (in ego defense mechanism) do?

reverts to an earlier, less sophisticated behavior ( as a child one reverts back to wetting the bed)

what is the primary funciton of the nuerotransmitter, dopamine

reward, mood, pleasure, smooth motor funcitons, focus, attention

which of the 4 major sociological theorys that explain society, explain the primary way that societies evolve through collective decision making

social constructionalism and symbolic interaction

15. when being in a group causes an increase in concern over evaluation _____ happens. When it causes a decrease ____ happens.

social facilitation social loafing

One of the four main forms of herbert blummer's collectiev behavior explanation using a social phsycolgy approach: Explain social movements

social movement is defined as the collective behavior with the intention of promoting change

10. Social institutions include all but which? -social networks -families -schools -churches

social networks

which of the four major sociological theories that explain society, analyze the effects of mass media and contend its mass media to become main mechanisms of our social institutions that transmit culture and authority

social ocnstructionilism

One of the "6 agents of socialization" that influence our lives and the development of culture over time: Explain Workplace

teh workplace influences behaviors through written codes and rules as well as through informal norms

All social interactions take place within social stuctures that are composed of 5 factors, what are they?

statuses social roles groups social networks organizations

shoratge of neruotransmitter gaba can lead to?

stress, anxiety, adhd and paic disorder

what is the primary funciton of the hormone, coritsol

stress, sympathetic nervbous system and response

a lower value of p suggests a ____ relationship

stronger

There are many psychological disorders: one is depressive disorders - state description of this broad category-

tehy are characteried by a disturbance in mood or affect

socialism includes a system where what?

system where resources and production are collectively owed; the goods and services are for direct use instead of profit

the information passage from neurons between one part of the body to another take place in the form of what?

takes the form of electrochemical impulses known as action potential

One of the five major world religions: Explain buddism, what does it teach?

teaches overcoming cravings for phsycial and material pleasures through mediattaion

what does urbanization refer to?

teh growth of urban areas (from rural to urban migration) as a result of global change

There are several steps to a good experimental design: 4. Randomly sample population

teh sampling of recruitig people for the study must be random and should be equally likely for any member of society

what is the hypothalmaus? function?

( in the diencephalon of the forebrain) it contains cneters of controlling emotions and autonmic functions as has a major role in hormone production and release

what is the thalmaus ? whats its function

( in the diencephalon of the forebrain) it functions to contain and relay processing centers for sensory information

what is the limmbic system of the brain conpomosed of? what does it funciton in?

(amygalda, cingulate gyrus and hippocampus) it is important in memory and emotion

as one of three most powerful influences on an individuals developement of self concept: explain the two types of locus of control

(can be internal or external) internal locus of control believes that we are able to influecnce outcomes through our own efforts or actions external locus of control perceives outcomes as controlled by outside forces

what does the sympathetic nervous system do in response to stress in flight or flight situations?

(fight/flight) which responds to acute stress to release stress horome epinephrineand norepinephrine into blood stream from adrenal glands

what is ecclesia? what is it classified as?

*it is one of the 4 forms of religious organizations* -it is a dominant religious organization that incudes most members of society and is recognized as nation or official religion and tolerates no other religion

28. Parkisons Disease involves which of the following and explain why: - overstimulation of dopamine producing -cell death in the basal ganglia and substantia nigra -neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques in the brain

- true: cell death in the basal ganglia and substantia nigra because parkinsons is primarily caused by cell death of neurons in the basal ganglia and substantita nigra which are the neruons responsible for producing and inhibiting dopamine and movement -not overstimulation of dopamine producing because parkinson's is the result of dopamine producing neurons in the brain; it uses acetylcholine for primary muscle movement -not neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques in the brain because are characteristics of alzeihmers not parkinsons

what are 3 effective ways to manage stress?

-aerobic exercise -biofeedback/relaxation -social support

Of the two parts of the forebrain (diencephalon and telechealphon) The telencephalon includes two hemispheres (left and right) what does the right hemisphere do?

-controls motor funcitons of teh left side of body - involved in visual spatial reasoning and music

what are the four main forms of collectvie behavior in regards to herbert blummers collective behavior, social phsycolgy approach?

-crowd -public -masses -social movements

whats the objective of the "operationalize variable" in experimental design?

-determine ind and dep variables -specify exactly what is meant by each -make sure the dep vriable is measureable and quan

whats the objective of the "select the population" in experimental design?

-determine the populations of interest -consider groups that are too problematic to sample

electrical synpases occur when? chemical synpases occur where?

-electrical synpases occur when cytoplasms of two cells are joine by gap junctions in which an action potential will spread directly for one cell to another -chemical synpases occur at the ends of axons where they meet their target cells

Of the four major sociological theories that explain society: -functionalism -conflict theory -symbolic interactionism -social constructionism Which are macro level theories

-functionalism -conflict theory

what are the four major sociologocial theories that explain society:

-functionalism -conflict theory -symbolic interactionism -social constructionism

There are many psychological disorders: one is neurodevelopmental disorder - name the disorders wihtin it-

-intellectural disability -adhd -autism spectrum disorder

Of the two parts of the forebrain (diencephalon and telechealphon): The telencephalon includes two hemispheres (left and right)- what does the left hemisphere do?

-it controls motor functions of the right side of thebody - reponsible for speech

whats the objective of the "Random sampling" in experimental design?

-make sure all members in society are represented -each member has equal chance of selected

What are the three factors that can influence persuasion?

-message characteristics: feuatures of a message itself such as logic -source characteristics: feautrues and knowledge of a person who is delivering a message -target characteristics: person reciving the message have personal characteristics that influence how well the message is percieved

whats the objective of the "random assignment" in experimental design?

-people picked have an equally likely ability to be assigned to treatment/control -consider matching potential extraneous variables that have been preselected

what are examples of pull factors that may attract people to an area and pull them in?

-positive opportunities for economic, political or religious freedom and success

whats the objective of the "divide into groups" in experimental design?

-select experimental/ control groups -homogenize the two groups -isolate the treatment by controlling possible extraneous variables

what are the three most powerful influences on an individuals developement of self concept?

-self-efficacy -locus of control -self-esteem

There are many psychological disorders: One is anxiety disorder -state some of the specific psychological disorders within this broad category-

-separation anxiety disorder -phobias -socialanxiety -panic disorder -generalized anxiety disorder

There are many psychological disorders: one is somatic symptom disorder - state some of the specific psychological disorders within this broad category-

-somatic symptom disorder -illness anxiety disorder -conversion disorder -facitious disorder

38. Ach is stimulatory to which of the following and why: -skeletal muscle -postganglionic neurons -cardiac muscle

-stimulates SKELETAL MUSCLE because it causes contraction -postganglionic neurons is stimulated because the release of ach from preganglionic nerves to postganglionic neurons triggers action potential - cardiac muscle is NOT because ach inhibits it and reduces heart rate

There are 3 predominant theories that attempt to explain how the 3 components of emotion (cognitive, behavioral, physiological components) are interconnected: One is cannon bard theory - explain

-suggest that after a stimulus, the physiological response and experience of emotion occur stimultaneously and independent of each other stimulus > both physio response and emotion

When cultural norms cannot explain behavior, the core components of diagnosis for the PSYCHIOLOGICAL DISORDER are?

-symptom quantity and severity -impact on functioning

whats the objective of the "Test the hypothesis" in experimental design?

-use statistics to check for sig difference -assign a pre-established threshold at which the null hypothsis will be rejected

how much of world population practice judahism/ are jews?

0.22%

according to freud, which of the stages within the 5 psychosexual stges that attempt to explain the maturation of sexual energy throughout ones life, is repsonsible for adult personality?

1-3 (oral, anal and phallic stages)

what are the 4 main periods of immigration into the US?

1. 17th and 18th centuries 2. mid-19th century 3. ealy 20th century 4. late 20th century (post 1965 to present)

what are the two routes for cognitive persuasion?

1. central in which people are persuaded by the content of the argument/ deep processing (lasting change in persuasion) 2. perpheral in which functions when people focus on the superficial characteristic/ secondary characteristics of a message and they are more attracted to the cummicators length, orator of speech or expertise (short term persuasion)

what are the five major world religions?

1. christianity 2. islam 3. hinduism 4. buddism 5. judaism

what are 3 most important theories that explain how motivation affects human behavior?

1. drive reduction theory 2. incentive theory 3. maslows heirachy of needs

What are the "6 agents of socialization" that influence our lives and the development of culture over time

1. family 2. school 3. peer groups 4. workplace 5. religion/ govt 6. mass medica/technology

what is a social dysfunctionation?

a prcoess that has undesirable consequences and may actually reduce the stability of society

There are continuous and interminnent (some reinforcers occur and some are not that occur) in operant conditioning. What are the 4 most important intermittent schedules?

1. fixed ratio 2. varibale ratio 3. fixed interval 4. variable interval ^ all are schedules

what are the 6 factors that can influence conformity:

1. group size- doesnt have to be very large 2.unanimity-if everyone agrees with one view 3. cohesion-swayed to agree with opinions of others 4. status- higher status people are dominant 5. accountability 6. no prior commitment- people tend to stick to a commitment they made publicly

What are the two reasons for the occurence of group polarization?

1. informational influene 2. normative influence

There are 3 predominant theories that attempt to explain how the 3 components of emotion (cognitive, behavioral, physiological components) are interconnected. What are they?

1. james lange theory 2. cannon bard theory 3. schachter singer theory

What are the 3 components of Emotion?

1. physiological (body) 2. behavior (action) 3. cognitive (mind)

Families tend to serve what five functions?

1. reproduction and monitoring sexual behavior 2. protection 3. socialization (passing down norms and vaues of society) 4. affection and companionship 5. social staus (social position based on family background and reputation)

Which of eriksons 8 psychological stages/conflicts are within freuds genital psychosexual stage (which is the 5th within the 5 psycosexual stages)? what age groups does this consider?

12-18 years old: identity vs role confusion 18-35 years old: intimacy vs isolation 35-60 years old: generativity vs stagnation 60+ years old: integrity vs despair

how much of the world practice hinduism?

14%

How many levels are there of Kohlbergs stages of moral development? How many stages within those levels?

3 levels with 2 stages in each level so 6 stages

attitudes have 3 components, what are they?

ABC affect (feelings) behavioral inclinations/tendencies cognition (beliefs)

Conitinuous reinforcemnet in operant conditioning can result in rapid behavior of _______ or _______.

Acquisition or extinction

ependndymal cells are located in which nervous system? whats their primary function?

CNS produce and circulate cerebriospinal fluid

oligodendrocytes are located in which nervous system? whats their primary function?

CNS form myelin and increase speed of conduction of ap along axon

microglia are located in which nervous system? whats their primary function?

CNS remove dead cells and debris

astrocytes are located in which nervous system? whats their primary function?

CNS guide neural development, regulate synaptic communication via regulation of neurotransmitter levels

who first coined the term general intelligence and what did he believe that intelligence could be measured by?

Charles spearman he believed intelligence could be quantified through cognitive tests

In the Conventional level of Kohlbergs stages of moral development: -what does it say that morality is judged by? -what ages is this typical of? -what stages are within this level?

Conventional level: -morality is judged by comparing actions to a societys views and expectations -typical of adolescents and adults -Stage 3: interpersonal accord and conformity and Stage 4: authority and social order maintaining orientation

One of the four main forms of herbert blummer's collectiev behavior explanation using a social phsycolgy approach: Explain crowd

Crowd is defined as a group that shares a purpose

22. Suppose that in a premodernist society, a lower-classs woman tries to join a conversation among a group of upper class men. As a result, the men riducule her. This scenario portrays which? Explain. (prejudice/ discrimination) against (in/out) group

DISCRIM AGAINST OUT GROUP because discrimination is the mistreatment of others based on their precieved differences in characteristic and social position and out group because they do not identify themseves as being in the same group as her based on their status and gender

39. symptoms of alzhimers disease include all but which: -disorientation -forgetfulness -mood swings -slow, uncoordinated fine movements

DOES NOT EFFECT mOVEMENT so it does not have anything to do with: slow, uncoordinated fine movements

what is industrilization a proess of?

a process in which societies transform from agraian to industrial in nature

to cope/treat with anxiety, according to freud, all people develop what mechanism? what does that do?

EGO DEFENSE MECHANISM in which unconsciously denies or distorts reality

30. what are the three main stages of memory, accordig to the information processing perspective?

ENCODING STORAGE RETRIVEAL

1. Due to scheudling and logistical limitations, researchers conducting a study could only conduct the study on tues and thursdays between 7pm and 9pm. They were therefore limited to individuals who were available to particpate during this time. This setup would have created issues in: _______ validity and why?

EXTERNAL VALIDITY due to election criteria becasue the scheduling is the issue

What is the serial position effect? What is it associated with?

Encoding information This is the effect of when omeone attenpts to memorize a series and teh working memory is limited

what is the primacy/ recency effect; what is it associated with?

Encoding information it is the immediate recall conditon that an individual is more likely to recall the first and last items on a list in as series

Who is responsible for the pyschosocial theory of physcology? What does it focus on

Erik Erikson it focuses on the stages of identity development in which identity formation resulting from different life stages in which a series of crises or conflicts help to define and shape identity

37. in the human visual pathway, what cell type comprimises the bundle of fibers called the optic nerve?

GANGLION CELLS becaus ethe axons of ganglion cells in the retina make up t he optic nerve and carry the visual info to the brian

who developed the idea of Social Behaviorismand what is that theory?

George Herbert Mead and it is the theory that the mind and self emerge through the process of communicating iwth others

38: Cortisol has a direct inhibitory effect on: -posterior pathway -hypothalamus -adrenal cortex -glycogen mobilization

HYPOTHALMUS because it regulates the release of cortisol via negative feedback

who proposed the multiple theory of intelligence that breaks intelligence into 8 categories? what are those categories?

Howard Gardner 1. logical 2. linguistic 3. spatial 4. muscial 5. kinesthetic 6. naturalist 7. intrapersonal 8. interpersonal

beliefs can be defined as?

convictions in which people are held

23. According to george mead, he explains the final step in forming a self through the ability of seeing oneself. He uses the I and Me aspects. I is the _____ Me is the _____

I is the oberver and Me is the one being observed

_______ part of the brain is repsonsible for connection

corpus callosum

who is closely identified with conflict theory

Karl Marx

21. Evidence among ethnic groups show that coverage rates are converging, what does that suggest is also increasing? and why? -assimilation -multiculturalism -ethnocentrism -cultural relativity

MULTICULARISM because convergent coverage rates among ethnicities suggest that society is becoming more equitable to the distribution of health care access which is closest to multiculturaism which is the phenomonenon of different cultures living in the same society cohesively

important aims of attachment were discovered through studies conducted by ______ and the impact of deprivation was conducted through studies by ____-

Mary ainsworth harry harlow

what process does buddhism emphasize? what does that do?

Meditation to teach overcomings for physical and mental pleasures

One of the five major world religions: Judaism believes ?

Monothestic (one God) believes that God formed a covenant with abraham and sarah and if certain rules are followed/ ten commandemnets then God would bring paradise to earth

16. According to Emile Durkheims functionalism: Does funcitonalism encourage people to actively change the status quo of society for their own benefit? explain.

NO it does the opposite instead of encouraging it, it discourages people to actively change the status quo of society for their own benefit it emphasizes the idea of stability through the universal agreement to abide by the norms of society

schwann cells are located in which nervous system? whats their primary function?

PNS they form myelin and increase speed of condution of ap along axon

In the Post Conventional level of Kohlbergs stages of moral development: -what does it say that morality is judged by? -what ages is this typical of? -what stages are within this level?

Post Conventional level (third level): -morality is judged by internal ethical guidelines; rules viewed as useful but malleable guidelines -many people dont reach this abstract level of moral reasoning -Stage 5: Social Contract orientation and Stage 6: universal eithical principles

Kohlbergs stages of moral development: The first level of moral reasoning is Preconventional- -What does it explain mortality is judged by in this level? -What age group does this level include? -What are the two stages within it?

Preconvential: -morality is judged by direct consequences to the self (no internalization of right and wrong) -typical of children - Stage 1: obedience and punishment orientation and Stage 2: self interest oreintation

Social psychologist believe that there is a relationship between attitude and behavior when/ then explain: When social influences are ______.

Reduced: compared to attitudes which are more internal, external behvaior is more suspectible to to social infleunces

There are several steps to a good experimental design: 2. Operationalize the independent and dependent varaibles

The independent variable is the variable that is manipulated by the research team the dependent variable is the variable that is measured

what is the shape of correlation between performance and emotional arousal? explain it

U shaped in which people perform best when they are moderately aroused (yerkes dodson law) in which emotional arousal cant be too low or too high to perform good

What part of experimental design focuses on randomized block technique? what is that technique?

Used in randomly assigning people to groups it is a technique that researchers evaluate where participants fall along the variables they wish to equalize across experimental and control groups and they are randomly assigned to groups similar along varibales of interest

18. Our employ quits a job to take a similar position at another firm. Her subordinate is promoted to replace her in the position. An employee excercises (vertical/ horizontal) mobility to replace another employee who has excerised (vertical / horizontal) mobility Explain

VERTICAL/ HORIZONTAL: An employee excercises vertical mobility to replace another employee who has excerised horizontal mobility because: the employee who left is leaving for a similar position which is horizontal mobility and shifting to. anew position and not making a signifcant change in salary

what national goverment does state capitalism refer to?

a capitalist nation in which there is some government involvement in the means of production

the kin in kinship refers to ?

a cultural group rather than biological one so you do not have to live together)

values can be defined as?

a cultures standard for evaulating what is good and bad

what does asexuality refer to

a lack of sexual attraction

what is the nonexperimental sdeisgn: ethnogeogrpahic study?

a long qualitative method in which researchers immerse themselves completely in the lives, cuktures or way of life pf the people they are studying

What type of memory storage is Echoic memory and what is it?

a memory for sound (A TYPE OF SENSORY MEMORY)

(one of the four major sociological theories that attempt to explain society) Functionalism is what?

a paradigm that conceptualizes society as a living organism with many different interdepenent parts

Which part of pschology beliefs is cognitive pschyology apart of, what does it focus on?

a part of behaviorism in which researchers began to focus on the brain, thoughts and their effects on how people navigate world

what is classical conditioning (which is a form of conditioning practiced in behavirism in which the development of a personality occurs)

a persons acquires a certain response to a stimulus after that stimulus is repeatedly paried wit ha second, different stimuli already produced desired effect

what is a monarchic government controlled by?

a single perosn or a selective small group, who inherit their leadership role

deindividuation is a situation that is what?

a situation such as a stimulation that provides a high degree of arousal and a low sense of responsibility, people may act in a way that makes them lose their sense of restraint and their individual identity in exchange for identity with a group (lack of awareness and results in a disconnection of behavior from attitudes)

Social psychologist believe that there is a relationship between behavior influences attitudes: One is Role -playing

a social role is a script for how to act (zimbardos prison study in which he put randomstudents to mock prisoners and guards into a prison and they started acting as their roles)

according to the functionalist theory: what does a society attempt to return to?

a state of dynamic equillbirium

what is the nonexperimental study: survey describes as

a survey uses a series of questions to allow participants to self report behaviors or tendencies

what is demographic transition a theory of? explain it.

a theory of population change in which invovles the transition from overall higher to overall lower birth and death rates as a result of a countries development from preindustrial to industrial framework for both social and ecomonic chanegs

The telencephalon (one of the two parts of the forebrain) includes two hemispheres (left and right): what are they connected by

a thick bundle of axons called corpus callosum

18. Each of the following is consistent with the socioeconomic gradient in health except: -a state university makes a push to accept more students from its immediate vicinity and this leads to improved health measyres in the neighboorhood -teachers are found to have higher life expectancy than a collection of blue collar workers, despite similar median incomes and income distributions -an african american mle living in a wealthy community is more likely to have better health outcomes despite a low income -a wealthy buisness owner in a poor neighboorhood is shielded against detrimental effects despite low health care outcomes in her community EXPLAIN WHY

a wealthy buisness owner in a poor neighboorhood is shielded against detrimental effects despite low health care outcomes in her community because socioeconmic gradients in helath implies an increase in health outcomes but that example above does not.. it is likely to show negative consequences from. apoor environment

Freud suggested that sexual energy is present from infancy and matures through 5 psycosexual stages and Erikson extended it with 8 stages and conflicts: teh sixth stage/conflict is intimacy vs isolation, explain it

a young adult faces this and is a person does not form intimate relationships in this stage then he or she may beocme isolated

f the 3 most important theories that explain how motivation affects human behavior: one is maslows heirachy of needs which suggests? what are each of the five steps within that pyramid and an explanation?

abraham maslow tries to explain human behavior by creating the 5 step triangular pyramid (from the bottom/basic needs to the top of pyramid/ higher level needs) bottom is: 1. PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS: need to maintain internal homeostasis/ reproduce 2. SAFETY NEEDS: need to feel safe and protected and establish routine 3. LOVE AND BELONGINGNESS: need to recieve love and affection and trust to avoid feeling lonely 4. ESTEEM NEEDS: need to achieve self esteen amd indepenence and respect form others 5. SELF ACTULAIZATION: need to realize ones full potential and find meaning beyond ones self

what is the primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathtic branch of the automic peripheral nervous system?

ach

Alzihemers diseases invovles an inability to manufacture enough of the neurotrasnmitter ________, which results in neuronal death on which part of the brain?

ach, hippocampu

what are the two main categories of social movements and explain them? (social movement is one of the four main forms that describe herbert blummer's collective behavior)

active movements attempts to foster social change expressive movements attempts to foster individual change

According to Erikson, the founder of the pyschosocial development, the particular stage relevant to identity formation takes place during?

adolescense (ages 12-20 roughly)

Population growth studies primarly credit?

advances in agricultural production and medicine innovation

psychological disorders are said to affect our economy by impacting ______ when they go untreated

affect our economy by impacting our social welfare and criminal justice systems

21. If one of the members of a group of monkeys warns the others of a coming attack bya lion by making a lot of noise and jumping up and down, thus drawing the lions attention. This can best be described as an act of: -social isolation -exclusive fitness -role playing -altruism explain

altruism because the monkey behaves in a way to benefit the group even at potential cost for itself

Nervous system disorders that are also correlated to neurophysiological changes?

alzihemers, parkinsons, depression and schizophrenia

In regards to operant conditioning to mold behvaior: _____ part of the brain is imporatnt in negative conditioning, while ______ is important n positive

amygdla in neg, hippocampus in positive

bureauracy is a term used to describe? Who highlighted the importance of bureauracy?

an administrative body and the process by which this body accomplishes work tasks Max Weber

what is food desert refer to?

an area typically high in populated lower income urban environmen twhere healthy fresh food is difficult to find

what branches does a parilimentary government include?

an executive and legislative branch that are interconnected

There are many psychological disorders: one is personality disorder which has 3 clusters (A,B and C) what are the disorders within cluster b

anitsocial, bodelrine, histronic, narcissistic

what is the infant mortality rate refer to?

annual number of deaths per 1000 infants under one year of age

There are many psychological disorders: one is feeding and eating disorder - explain the disorders of it

anorexxia nervosa bulimia nervosa pica binge eating disorder

Patients with damage to the hippocampus can develop which forms of memory dysfunction? what are they?

anterograde amnesia which is the inability to encode new memories retrograde amnesia whichi s an inability to recall information information that was previously encoded

latent functions are what?

are consequences of a structure that are not officially sanctioned

what are two types of aristhatic goverments?

aristocracies and meritocracies

the prevailing explanation for the social facilitation effect is credited to what phenomenon

arousal

What are riots and what are they associated with?

associated with the theory of Collective Behavior it is a form of crowd behavior where there is no specific end and is a result of general dissatisfaction with social conditions

what does the defense mechanism, rationalization (in ego defense mechanism) do?

attempting to explain/ rationalize ones bad behavior

what are speicific social behaviors between members of the same society include which four factors?

attraction aggression attachment social support

Parenting styles fall into which 3 categories

authoritarian permissive authoritative

Which of eriksons 8 psychological stages/conflicts are within freuds anal psychosexual stage (which is the second within the 5 psycosexual stages)? what age groups does this consider?

autonomy vs shame/doubt (1-3 years old)

There are many psychological disorders: one is personality disorder - state description of this broad category-

characterized by enduring maladaptive patterns of behavior and cognition that depart from social norms

There are many psychological disorders: one is dissocaive disorders - state desciption ofbroad category-

chararterized by disruptions in memory, awareness, identity or perception

whats the largest single faith in the world ? how much of teh world practices this major religion?

christianity (30% of globe)

what is the primary funciton of the nuerotransmitter, melatonin

cicrdian rhytm, sleepiness and sleep initiation

the behavioral component of social cognitive perspective includes what type of conditioning

classical and operant conditioning as well as observational learning

according to behaviorism, learning and the development of personality occurs through 2 forms of conditioning, what are they?

classical conditioning and operant conditioning

what is the ganglia of the sympathetic system?

close to cord and far from tagret

The social congitive theory incoprorates what three elements?

cognition learning social influence

what does the cognitive system do physiologically in repsonse to stressors?

cognitive system intiated by hypothalamus to realse corticotropin relaesing hormone that stimulates the pituitary glad to release cortisol hormone into blood stream that shifts body from using sugar/glucose as energy into using fat as energy source

Fashions, rumors and social movements are examples of _______

collective behavior

How did spencer generate the theory of functionalism

compared the body to society - jsu tas organs do, society work together to keep the body functioning and regulated and they work togetehr to keep the entire society functioing and regulated

In regards to conformity and obedience: what are three factors that behavior may be motivated by social influences?

compliance identification internalization

Population decline studies are concerned primarily with what factor?

concerned with great reduction in population because of catastrophes (like epidemics and massacares, widespread social changes)

Between the three factors that influence our decision of our attributed behavior on internal or external causes: what is the difference between consistency, distinctiveness and consensus?

consistency attribution is most likely caused by internal but in distinctiveness and consensus attribution is most likely caused by external factors

What are the three factors that influence our decision of our attributed behavior on internal or external causes?

consistency, distinctiveness and consensus

What is the process where short term memory is converted to long term, called?

consolidation

a control group in terms of experimental design, is used to act as ______

control group acts as the point of reference/comparison

what is an meriocracy (an example of a aristhatic goverment) ruled by?

cpontrolled by meritorious (like those with social contributions)

what is the location of greganglionic soma of the parasympathetic system?

craniosacral = brainstem/ cranial and sacaral spinal cord

what is a related study to longitudinal studies (as a non experimenta ldesign)?

cross sectional study

the rate of population change is the difference between?

crude birth and crude death rates

17. The lousiana basin in wany ways represents a subculture of american society where french language and cukture has had a significant impact on the norms and rituals. The famous mardi gras festival is an exmaple of an imported cultural ritual which ahs come to dominate much of the worlds associates at the expense of other traditions and norms. Which term describes this scenario? cultural lag cultural transmission cultural diffusion culture shock

cultural diffusion

what is the difference between cultural diffusion and cultural trasnmission?

cultural diffusion is the spread of cultural beliefs, values, norms from one culture to another cultural transmission is the spread of cultural values within the same culture

both social constructionilism and symbolic interactions share the belief that society is subject to __________

cultural meaning making and collective definition-building

whos theory does sociobiology apply to, primarily?

darwins principle of natural selection to social behavior because sociobiology is the study of how biology and evolution have affected human social behavior

the crude death rate is the annual number of?

deaths per 1000 people in population

There are many psychological disorders: one is schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders - state some of the specific psychological disorders within this broad category-

delusional brief pschotic schizophreniform disorder schizophrenia schizoaffective disorder

Population studies are interested in what?

demographic shifts

shortage of dopamine can lead to

depressionm lethargic state

the conflict theory is __________ to teh functionalist theory of sociological perspective

diametrically opposed

what are the two examples of autocratic government?

dictatorships and fascist governments

the forebrain includes ___ and ___

diencephalon and telencephalon

democractic governements include two types of democracies, what are they?

direct democracies and representative democracies

wht is the difference between prejudice and discrimination?

discrimination is is the mistreatment of others based on their precieved differences in characteristic and social position prejudice leads to discrimination and is the positive/neg attitude that people have about another group based on their own perception of them

prevalence rate measures the number ofindividuals experiencing what?

disease

____ activation of the frontal lobes may be responsible for negative signs of schizophernia

hypoactivation

what ar ethe two types of attribution theories? whats the differnce between those two?

dispositional attribution- individuals attribute behavior through internal causes and situational attribution- individuals attribute behavior through external causes

There are many psychological disorders: one is dissociativedisorders - state some of the specific psychological disorders within this broad category-

dissociate identity disordr -dissociative amnesia -depersonalization/ derelaizatin disorder

What neurotransmitter is overactive in people with schizophernia?

dopamine

according to the psycoanaltyic theory, the existence of the unconscious is inferred from behaviors such as?

dreams, slips of tongue, free associations and posthypnotic suggestions

shortage of neurotrans, ach can lead to ?

dysfunction of gi tract and paralysis

which of the four main periods of immigration into the united states involves the great depression?

early 20th century

what the 4 forms of religious organizations?

ecclesia, church, sect and cult/new religious movement

(one of the four major sociological theories that attempt to explain society) Social constructism can be ______ level

either macro or micro level

what is a democratic government consisting of?

elected leadders in which the public has some degree pf political deicison making power through direct decisions or representations

when an action potential reaaches the end of an axon at a synapse, teh signal is transformed from a ___ to a _____. whats the process called?

electric signal to a chemical signal in a process called synaptic trasnmission

What re the traits of cluster B personality disorders

emotional, dramatic, attention seeking, intense

during the 17th and 18th century, what groups migrated into us?

english colonist

in an egalitarian family, men and women are treated equal/unequally?

equally

what is the primary funciton of the nuerotransmitter, ACH

excitation of neuromuscular junctions and parasympathetic nervous system

what are the two sensory recpetors are which two recpetors?

exeterorecpetors detect stimuli from outside world interorecpetors which repond to internal stimuli

what is the goal of cognitive behavioral therapy?

exitinction of neg self thoughts and relearning of undesired thoughts to make it more healthier thinking and self talk

to be sure that ethical considerations/ standards are met for testing in experiments: what must be cleared?

experiments must be cleared by an independent internal commision and must include experimental protocol in which particpants are told why the experiment is being conducted and why (after its done)

what is the nonexperimental study: what does biographical study explore?

exploration of all of the events and circumstances in an ind life

what does impression management mean in terms of behavior?

expressing parts of one self depending on the person recieving the end of the interaction (dr talk like baby when talking to a baby paitent)

a sample that is not a representative of a population it is a threat to (internal/external) validity

external

Is (internal/external) validity is a limitation of the ethnographic study? Why?

external because only one culture is sampled

what is involuntary migration/ forced migration a result of? external or internal factors?

external factors that pose a threat to the individual within their intial environment are are often a form of social control like ethnic cleansing

The five factor model desribes five major personalities: Name all 5

extroversion, neurocitism, openness to experience, aggreablenes, and conscientiousness

what is the ganglia of the para- sympathetic system?

far form cord, close to target

what is the activation period for neurotransmitters? what is the activation period for hormonesz?

fast longer

shortages in neurotransmitter glutamate can lead to

fatigue and low concnetrtauin and energy

what type of governement divides central govt, fed govt, constituent govt, state/political/local govt ?

federalist govt

what is the general function of teh sympathetic system?

fight or flight and mobilizes energy

There are several steps to a good experimental design: 1. Select a population

first thing researchers do they must agree on the population of interest

Kohlbergs stages of moral development: The first level is named what? The second level named what? The third level named what?

first- preconventional level seocnd is ocnventional level third is postconventional level

what is the primary funciton of the nuerotransmitter, epinephrine/ adrenaline and norepinerphrin/ noradrenaline

flight or flight repsonse and in the sympathetic nervous sytem activatuon

Raymond cattel proposed the two types of intelligence (fluid and crystal), explain them!

fluid is the ability to think on your feet and solve novel problems cyrstallized is the ability to recall and apply already learned information

31. which is scan most suited for measuring changes in brain activity that reuire the highest possible spatial resolution? ct pet eeg fMRI

fmri

11. Joy lives in a neighborhood where 40% of the population is obese. Almost half of the adults in her neighborhood are unemployed and rely on food stamps. There are no grocery stores within a ten block radius of where joy lvies, but there are many fast food chains. The economic and social situations in Joys neighborhood could be described as which: -food desert -absolute poverty -relative poverty

food desert and relative poverty

what are the two ways that NORMS can be classified as: Define each

formal- generally written down laws informal- generally understood but are less precise and often carry no specific punishment

cultural assimilation occurs when a person does what?

forskaes their own culture to adopt another cultture

Who first proposed the theory of general intelligence? what does he argue?

francis galton that intelligence is genetically determined

what does the migration of suburbanization refer to the movement between?

from urban to suburban areas

what four lobes is the cerebral cortex of teh forebrain divided into ?

frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes

What is conversion disorder characterized by?

functional impairment of a limb or sensory ability with no apparent physical cause

(sex or gender) is thought to be influenced by nature and nuture

gender since its the social characteristic based on behavioral role expectations (not the biological characteristic which is permenant aka sex)

12. A study finds that lower income hispanic women from a specific urban community located near a factory are more than twice as likely to develop a rare form of cancer than women in the general population. This finding could be potentially attributed to all of the following except and why: -class dependent health care disparities -environmental injustice -gender-dependent health care disparities -ethnicity dependent health care disparities

gender-dependent health care disparities because they highlight the differences in treatmen tand outcome between men and women it doesnt compare genders

federalist goverments are what?

govt taht has a governing representative head that shares thepower with consistuent groups

What are the two types of nonassociative learning?

habituation- which is an action that is performed reapeatedly until it becomes automatic sensitization which is when tehre is an increase in reponsiveness due to either a repeated application of a stimulus or particularly adversive nonstimulus

who is credited to the functionalism theory?

herbert spenser

The brain has 3 subdivisions what are the?

hindbrain midbrain forebrain

brain strutcures involved in memory are ____-, _______ and _____

hippocampus, cerebellum and amygdala

A control group within an experimental design must be ______ to the experimental group

homogenous (the same throughout) and is similar to the experimental group except for the variable of interest/ treatment

sociobiology is the study of ?

how biology and evolution have affected human social behavior

attribution theory attempts to explain what?

how individuals view behavior, both our own behvaior and behavior of others

what is sociology the study of?

how indiviudals interact with, shape and are shaped by the society in which they live

Kinship is referred to as

how we think we are related

symbolic interctions believe that the principle of meaning relies on

human behavior

what does the humanistic theory focus on?

in contrast to psychoanalytic theory, thehumanistic theory focuses on healthy personality development in which humans are seen as having good and free will ratehr than having their behaviors determined in early life

Freud suggested that sexual energy is present from infancy and matures through 5 psycosexual stages and Erikson extended it with 8 stages and conflicts: texplain the eight stage/conflict which is integrity vs despair

in later life if a person looks back with regrets and alack of personal worth then they may feel hopeless/guilty

The reflexes/ autonomic behaviors that are learned by infants orginate where?

in the central nervous system

what is the medulla? whats its function

in the hindbrian it is the are athat connects to teh spinal cord it functions to relay info between areas of brain and regulates vital autonomic functions (ex; blood pressure) as well as digestive functions (vommiting)

Freud suggested that sexual energy is present from infancy and matures through 5 psycosexual stages and Erikson extended it with 8 stages and conflicts: identity vs role confusion is teh fifth stage/ conflict, explain it

in this stage it occurs in adolescnce and if an adolescent doesnt test limits and clarify his or her identity, goals and life meaning then that person will develop role ocnfusion

what is the "Identity Vs Role Confusion" stage and how does it relate to eriksons identity development theory (a pyscocial approach to pyschology)?

in thsistage, adolescents try to figure out who they are and form basic identites that they will build on throughout the rest of their lives

during the absolute refractory period, voltage gates are active or inactive

inactive

of the 3 most important theories that explain how motivation affects human behavior: one is incentive thoery which suggests?

incentives are external stimuli in which helps induce or discourage certain behaviors

the cognitive component of social cognitive perspective includes what?

includes the mental process involved in observational learning as well as consciuous cognitive process such as self-efficacy beliefs

What is the effect (according to Rogers in the humanistic pyhsology approach) when you fall short of your ideal self?

incongruity

socioeconomic results in an ________ in health outcomes

increase (positive)

35. A demyelinating disorder, such as multiple sclerosisis would cause all but which of the following adn why: -reduction of white matter in cns -increased salatory conduction -slower propagation of signals along axon -deficiency of sensation

increased salatory conduction because a decrease in myelin sheath would decrease that not increase it

where is hinduism (one of the 5 major world religions) developed in?

india

what does a value of 0 of peasron correlation do?

indicates no correlation between two variables, there is no linear correlation

In the Conventional level of Kohlbergs stages of moral development: Stage 3 is interpersonal accord and conformity which is what?

individuals focus on the approval and disapproval of others and try to be "good" by living up to expectations

In the Preconvential level of Kohlbergs stages of moral development: Stage 2 is self interest oreintation which is what?

individuals focus on the behavior that will be in their best interest with limited interest in the needs of others

In the Preconvential level of Kohlbergs stages of moral development: Stage 1 is obedience and punishment oreintation which is what?

individuals focus on the direct consequences to themselves and their actions

In the Post- Conventional level of Kohlbergs stages of moral development: Stage 5 is social contract oreintation which explains what?

individuals see laws as social contracts to be changed when they do not fully promote the general welfare

Which of eriksons 8 psychological stages/conflicts are within freuds latency psychosexual stage (which is the 4th within the 5 psycosexual stages)? what age groups does this consider?

industry vs inferiority (ages 6-12)

What does the superego personality component of the pscyoanalytic theory (by Freud) inhibit? which does personality component does it influence? (between ego and id)

inhibit id influence ego

shortage of melatonin can lead to

insomnia

what are the 4 main factors that influence motivation?

instincts drives/ neg feedback systems arousal needs

a lack of a control group is a threat to (internal/external) validity

internal

What is voluntary migration a result of (internal or extrenal) factors? example?

internal factor suchs as a personal decision

5. Attritution/subjects dropping out of a study before its completion is a threat to (internal/external) validity. Why?

internal validity because it introduces a potential cofounding variable

Which of eriksons 8 psychological stages/conflicts are within freuds phallic psychosexual stage (which is the third within the 5 psycosexual stages)? what age groups does this consider?

intiative vs guilt (3-6 years)

what is the cerebellum in charge of

involved in learning skills and condiitoned associations/ implicit memory

The cognitive/ mind component of emoition is what?

involves apprasial or interpretation of your situation

what is internal migration a result of?

involves migration t0o another region of the same nation

what does the non experimental study: logtidtudinal study?

involves the intervallic measurements of a dependent variable over a long time frame which allows researchers to have a high accuracy when observing for change

What type of memory storage is Ionic memory and what is it?

ionic memory is brief photographic memory for visual information A TYPE OF SENSORY MEMORY

Quantitative data is used to conduct what? what do they test?

statisitical analysis that test research hypothesis

What re the traits of cluster A personality disorders

irrational, withdrawn, cold, suspicious

Prejudice in a sociological perspective definition is?

is an attitude and it refers to the thoughts, attitudes and feelings somoene holds about a group that are not based on actual experience (prejudgement)

The independent variable is the varaible that?

is manipulated by the research team

the dependent varaible is the evariable that?

is measured

what is absolute poverty?

is the inability to meet a bare minimum of basic necessities including: clean drinking water, food, housing, reliable access to health care

One of the "6 agents of socialization" that influence our lives and the development of culture over time: Explain Family

is the lifelong socialization process that is driven by family and tehse first relationships help influence how an individual will interact in future reationships

discrimination in a sociological perspective definition is?

is when prejudice involves a certain way of acting toward a group (discirmination is normally towards tradiitons, policies, ideas and practices)

what is teh second largest religion in world?

islam (20-25%)

what does polygamy refer to (in regards to family extension)

it allows an individual to have multpile wives or husbands stimultaneously

what does gesalt psychology assert?

it asserts that when humans percieve an object, rtaher than seeing lines, objects, colors and shadows, they percieve the whole not just individual parts

what is a pearson correlation?

it assigns anumber from -1 to 1 to a pair of variables

One of the "6 agents of socialization" that influence our lives and the development of culture over time: Explain Peer groups

it becomes more signficant as a child grows older, -fashion, style, drug/alchohol use, speech, gender role identity is all affected by peers

Freud suggested that sexual energy is present from infacy and matures through 5 psycosexual stages: the fifth/ genital stage is what?

it begins in adolescnce and it is when sexual themes resurface and a persons life/ sexual energy feuls activities such as friendships, arts, sports and careers

what is the emotional outcome/response to stress?

it can be correlated with medical wysmptoms and development of anxiety or depression

what is the white matter within the cerebrum do?

it connects the cerebral cortex to the dicephalon of the forebrain also is coposed of myelinated axons

what does the concept of collective behavior discovered by the sociologist, HERBERT BLUMER, attempt to explain?

it describes the actions of people operating as a collective group

Sigmund frued (coined with classical pscyoanlatyic theory) states that there are two institutional drives that motive human behavior: one is death instinct, explain what it focuses on to drive behavior

it drives aggresive behavior fueled by an unconscious wish to die or to hurt oneself or others

what does symbolic interactionalism sociological theory examines the relationship of?

it examines the relationship between an individual and society by focuisng on the exchange of information through language and symbols in one-on-one interactions

what does the cognitive dissonance theory attempt to explain?

it explains that we feel tension/ dissonance whenever we hold two thoughts or beliefs that are incompatible or when attitudes/beliefs dont match and in order to reduce that tension feeling, we make our views ofthe world match how we feel or what we have done (it attempts to explain why self-justification is a powerful influencer on attitude modification)

what does a nonexperimental deisgn: correlational study do

it explores the relationship between two quantitative variables

what does conflict theory focus on? (it is one of teh major sociological theory that attempt to explain society)

it focuses on large sclae structures and their effects on individuals

what is social cognition?

it i sthe ability of the brain to store and process info regarding social preception which is responsible for our judgements and impressions of otehrs

why does a larger sample size increase the power of the experiment?

it increases the ability to pick up an effect if there is one

Psychic energy (in the psychoanalytic theory/ frued) is distributed into 3 personality components that function together: one is superego, explain superego

it inhibits id and influences ego to follow moralistic and idealistic goals rather thn just realistic goals it strives for a higher purpose seeks to gain feelings of pride self love and stay away from feelings of inferiority or punishment

There are many psychological disorders: one is obsessive compuslive and delated disorder - state the description of this broad category-

it involves a pattern of obsessive thoughts or urges that are coupled with maladaptive behavioral compulsions

what is mass hysteria and what is it associated with?

it is a concept within Collective Behavior it is a diagnostic label that refer to the collective dellusion of some threats that spread through emotions

what is the nonexperimental study: case study?

it is a deep analysis of a single case or example

what is a direct democracy?

it is a democratic govt in which in the govt there is direct public participation

what is biofeedback ? (explain it in terms of stress management and how it helps)

it is a mean of relxation by reconding and feeding back info about autonomic responses in attempt to train the indiviudal to control involuntary responses

What is learned helplessness? Which locus of control is learned helplessness related to ?

it is a phenomonenon that shows that in areas there is no control so the lack of action may persist external locus of control in which external locus of control has a controlled outcome by only outside forces

what is the process chunking?

it is a process in which information is attempted to be remembered and is organized into discrete groups of data

what is church defined as (as a type of form of religius organizations)? what do their memberships tend to occur?

it is a religious organization that is well integrated into the larger society -membershop tends to occur by birth but most churchses allow people to attend

wat is a physiological disorde described as?

it is a set of behavioral and or psychological symptoms that are not in keeping with cultural norms and that are severe enough to cause signficant person distress and or significant impairment of social, occupational or personal functioning

what is an unconditioned stimulus?

it is a stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response ( it is a bilogical reaction not a learned one)

taste aversion is a tenent of which conditioning method (classical or operant and why)

it is a strong long lasting association between taste or smell and illness and it is CLASSICAL becuase it develops fast and leaves slowly

what is a cross sectional study?

it is a study that has data collected or a survey of a population or sample at a speicific time

what is a permissive parenting style

it is a style of parenting in which parents allow their children to lead the show and have few demands and are very responsive and loving toward their children

what is the social cognitive theory?

it is a theory of behavior change that emphasizes the interactions between people and the environment -how we interpret and respond to external events

What is nomadism?

it is a traditonal method of continuous travel in seacrh of natural resources as a method of sustenance such as hunting and gathering

What is a fad? what does it associate with?

it is an aspect of Collective Behavior it is known as a craze which is something that experiences a rapid incline in reputation and remains popular among a large population for a brief period of time and then experiences a rapid decline in reputation

There are many psychological disorders: one is schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders - state a description of this broad category-

it is characterized by a loss of contact with reality which can include positive symptoms such as delusions and negative symptoms such as a flattened affect/ monotone vocsql expression

There are many psychological disorders: one is neurodevelopmental disorder - explain the characteristics of it

it is characterized by development defiicts varying from speciifc learning impairments to global impairments of social skills

What is the basal nuclei composed of? what doe sit function in?

it is composed of gray matter within the cerebral hemispheres and serves to function in voluntary motor control abd procedural learning related to habits

what doe sthe gray matter of the forebrain in the cerebrum composed of?

it is composed of somas

what is relative poverty?

it is defined as the inability to meet the average standard of living within a society due to the fact that neighborhood are unemployed

what is represntative democracy?

it is democratic govt in which there is a direct public particpiation through of represntatives

what is a cult/ new religious movement (it is one of the 4 forms of religious organizations), a religious organziation that does what ? what are examples?

it is far outside of the societal norms and often involves a diff lifestyle ex: davidians and heavens gate

what is the pons? function?

it is in the hindbrain section and functions to connect the brain stem and the cerebellum which ocntrols some autonomic functions and coordinates movement as well as controls balance and antigravity pressure

What is the amygdala for

it is involed in associating memories with emoitons

here are four lobes in the cerebral cortex of the forebrain divided into: what is the function of the parietal cortex

it is involved in general sensatons such as touch, temperature, pressure, vibration and gustation/taste -it also recieves input from mechanorecptors and proprioceptors

what is rational legal authority? whats an example of it?

it is the legal rules and regulations that are stipulated in a document consitituion

Psychic energy (in the psychoanalytic theory/ frued) is distributed into 3 personality components that function together: one is Id, explain id

it is largely unconsious source of energy and instincts that seeks to reduce tension or pain and gain pleasure

Autonomic behaviors/ reflexes for infants: One is sucking reflex (explain)

it is linked with rooting which is the repsonse to anything touching the roof of the babys mouth it will begin to suck

one of the 5 major world religions: explain islam

it is monothesthic (one God/ allah)

In regards to conformity and obedience, there are three factors that behavior may be motivated by social influences: Explain what internalization behavior is motivated by

it is motivated by self values and beliefs (milgram's shocking others experiment, didnt want to hurt someone else because its wrong)

In regards to conformity and obedience, there are three factors that behavior may be motivated by social influences: Explain what compliant behavior is motivated by

it is motivated by the desire to want to seek reward/ avoid punishment

In regards to conformity and obedience, there are three factors that behavior may be motivated by social influences: Explain what identification behavior is motivated by

it is motivated by wanting to be like someone else (aschs experiment of lines)

what is the hippocampus in charge of

it is necessary for encoding new explicit memories

7. Which of the following is not demonstrated in the brain on a schizophrenic? -enlarged ventricles -small hippocampus -abnormal levelsof ach -ab lebels of dopamine

it is not associated with abnormal levelsof ach

why do scientist reject null hypothesis in regards to p values?

it is not satisfactory to observe a difference

What is a neutral stimulus?

it is one that intially does not elicit any elicit response

as one of three most powerful influences on an individuals developement of self concept: explain self esteem

it is ones overall self evaluation of oens self worth

what is an authoritarian parenting style

it is parenting the involves attempting to control children wit hstrict rules that are expected to be folloed unconditionally

one of the 5 major world religions: explain hinduism

it is polythestic (many gods) and believes in reincarnation or rebirth after death

What is social loafing and which theory is it related to?

it is related to the bystander effect and social loafing is the tendency in a situation where people exert less effort if they are being evaluated as a group than if they individually accounted for

what is an aristocracy (an example of a aristhatic goverment) ruled by?

it is ruled by elite citizens / those with noble births

what is sensory memory?

it is teh intial recording of sensory information in the memory system which is a bried snapshot that quickly decays

Autonomic behaviors/ reflexes for infants: One is babinski reflex (explain)

it is teh response to teh sole of the foot being stroked in whcih the big toe moves up or towrd the top surface of teh foot

Autonomic behaviors/ reflexes for infants: One is rooting reflex (explain)

it is teh response to touching or stroking one of teh babys cheeks in whch the baby will turn its head in the direction of thestroke and open its mouth for the nipplle

what is the nonexperimental study: what does archival study analyze?

it is the analysis of historcial records for insight into a phenomenon

what is the general fertility rate?

it is the annual number of birthdays per 1000 women in population

what does the defense mechanism, projection (in ego defense mechanism) do?

it is the attribution of ones own thoughts onto someone else (im not angry you are)

what is a myelin?

it is the axon of many neruons that is wrapped in a sheath

as one of three most powerful influences on an individuals developement of self concept: explain self-efficiancy

it is the belief in ones own competence and effectiveness

What is the optimisim bias?

it is the belief that bad things happen to othe rpoeple but not us

what is the oedipus complex

it is the complex in boys that is in charge of the sexual attraction to opposite sex and hostile toward same sex partner

what does the defense mechanism, reaction formation (in ego defense mechanism) do?

it is the expression of the opposite of what one really feels

what is heritability>

it is the extent to whcih an observed trait is due to the genteics versus environment

What is the bystander effect?

it is the finding that a person is less likely to provide help when there a other bystanders

What is the dual coding hypothesis?

it is the hypothesis that it is easier to rember words when tehy are associated with images, rather than each being individual

Freud suggested that sexual energy is present from infancy and matures through 5 psycosexual stages and Erikson extended it with 8 stages and conflicts: Explain the first which is trust vs mistrust

it is the infants task to resolve this crisis in which if an infants physical and emotional needs are not med as an adult they will have trust issues

What is the depth of processing?

it is the information taht is uncovered from a deeper level

what is recipricoal determinism?

it is the interaction between a persons behvaiors, personal factors, or cognitions

what is the cerebellum? function?

it is the intergrating section in the hindbrain which is where complex movements are coordinated

Sigmund frued (coined with classical pscyoanlatyic theory) states that there are two institutional drives that motive human behavior: one is libido, explain what it focuses on to drive behavior

it is the life instinct in which drives behavior focused on survival, growth, creativity, pain avoidance and pleasure (sex drive)

What is the definition of a significant difference

it is the measure of differnce between two groups that may be large enough and are probably not due to chance

What is semantic memory?

it is the memory for fctual information

A p value is a number between ____ and ___

it is the number from 0 to 1

what is charismatic authority ?

it is the power of persuasion

What is the process of priming?

it is the process in which activates a related node to make it easier to retrieve the node being serached for

what is retroactive interference

it is the process taht happens when newly learned info interferes with the recollection of info previously learned

What is proactive interference

it is the process that occurs when information taht is previously lerned interferes with the ability to recll information learned later

what is the population growth rate?

it is the rate of population change in a specified time period, reported as a percent of the intial population

what is a sect, a religious orgzanizaton that focuses on what? how are they formed? What can teh ybe developed into over time? (it is one of the 4 forms of religious organizations)

it is the religious oragnizaton that is distinct from that of the larger society are often formed from the breaking away from a larger religious institution can be developed into churches

Autonomic behaviors/ reflexes for infants: One is tonic neck reflex (explain)

it is the response to its head being turned to one side and the baby will stretch out its arm on the ame side and the opp arm bends ar the elbow

Autonomic behaviors/ reflexes for infants: One is palmar grasp reflex (explain)

it is the response to stroking the babys palm and it grasp whatever is near

Autonomic behaviors/ reflexes for infants: One is walking/steppingreflex (explain)

it is the response to the soles of thebabys feet touching a flat surface which means they are attempting to walk

Parkinsons disease is the result of what? (in rregards to dopamine)

it is the result of dopamine producing neurons in the brain so while there is some dopamine producing neruons in the peripheral nervous system; the PRIMARY nuerotransmitter responsible for muscle movement is ACETYLCHOLINE not dopamine

what is the nonexperimental study: phenomenological study:?

it is the self observation of a phenonmenon by research or small group of participants

Freud suggested that sexual energy is present from infacy and matures through 5 psycosexual stages: the fourth is the latent stage which is what?

it is the sexual interest subside and are replaced by interest in other ares such as school, friends and sports

what is ethnogenesis?

it is the social process that results in the creation of sepaarte ethnicities

what is hindsight bias?

it is the tendency to believe that an event was predictable after it has. already occurred

what is the halo effect?

it is the tendency to believe that people have inherently good or bad natures rather than looking at their charcateristics

What is a hierarchies in terms of aiding encoding information?

it is used for organization so words are organized into groups and are recalled more signficantly

what is a null hypothesis? why do scientist start with it when testing the hypothesis in experimental design?

it is what scientist assume that tehre is no casual relationship between the varibalesand any effect that the ymeasure, if there is one, it is due to chance

what is ethnocentrism?

it is when diff cultures interact there is often a tendency to judge people from another culture by standards of ones own culture

what is the self serving bias?

it is when people tend to give themself more credit then they give others

Freud suggested that sexual energy is present from infacy and matures through 5 psycosexual stages: the second stage is anal which is what?

it is when the child seeks sensual pleasure through the control of elimination

Process by which classically conditioned responses re developed: One is spontaneous recovery (explain it)

it is when the extinct conditioned response occurs again when the conditioned stimulus is presented after a period of time

what is the cerebrospinal fluid? what are its functions

it is where the central nervous system floats in and is a liquid that serves to function as shock absorption and exchange nutrients and waste within cns

There are four lobes in the cerebral cortex of the forebrain divided into: what is the function of the frontal cortex

it is where the initation of all voluntary movement and is involved in complex reasoning skills and problem skilling

Freud suggested that sexual energy is present from infancy and matures through 5 psycosexual stages and Erikson extended it with 8 stages and conflicts: teh seventh stage/conflict is generativity vs stagnation, explain it

it occurs in the middle agle and ia person do not at this stage feel productive by helping the next generation or resolving difference between actual accomplishments and earlier dreams then taht person may become stuck in psychological stagnation

Process by which classically conditioned responses re developed: One is extinction (explain it)

it occurs when the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli are no longer paired so the conditioned response normally stops

what is the length of the preganglionic axon (ach) of the parasympathetic system?

long

here are four lobes in the cerebral cortex of the forebrain divided into: what is the fucntion of the temporal cortex

it process auditory and olfactory sensations and are involved in short term memory, language comprehension and emoiton

here are four lobes in the cerebral cortex of the forebrain divided into: what is the fucntion of the occipital cortex

it processes visual sensation

There are the 4 most important intermittent schedules in operant conditioning: One is fixed ratio- explain it

it provides reinforcers after a set number of instances of behavior

What does the bio-physio-social approach to mental health explain

it recognizes the interaction between nature (biological/ genetic predispositions) and nuture (psychiological/ environmental forces as well as social/cultural forces)

social mobility refers to what about the social strification system

it refers to the ability to move up or down in terms of social class in the system

Process by which classically conditioned responses re developed: One is generalization (explain it)

it refers to the process by which stimuli other than the orginal conditioned stimulus eleicit the conditioned response

Process by which classically conditioned responses re developed: One is acquisition (explain it)

it refers to the process of learning the conditioned response where the stimulus and the response are always paired

The midbrain is responsible for what? what does it contain

it relays for visual and auditory information it contains reticular activating system which is responsible for arousal

what is operant conditioning (which is a form of conditioning practiced in behavirism in which the development of a personality occurs)

it says that behaviors are influenced by consequences that follow them consequences include reinforcements and punishments

What does the superego personality component of the pscyoanalytic theory from Freud strive for?

it strives for a higher purpose seeks to gain feelings of pride self love and stay away from feelings of inferiority or punishment

There are 3 predominant theories that attempt to explain how the 3 components of emotion (cognitive, behavioral, physiological components) are interconnected: One is James Lange theory- explain

it suggest that we experience the physiological response and then we experience the emotion ( if a dog is chasing you, first yoru heart rate goes up then follows a feeling of fear) sitmulus > physio repsonse > emotion

what is a macro level theory try to answer?

it tries to answer questions that focus on the effects of a large scale social stcutres

what is the pathway for an action potential to travel?

it trvaels from the cell body down the axon

what was stanley milgrims experiment? what did it test?

it was the study of obedience and conformity involving fake shocks

a p value represents?

its a number 0 to 1 that represents the probability that a difference observed in an experiment is due to chance

what si the humanistic phsycology perspective attempt to understand?

its an approach that focuses on understanding personality and human relationships

what can population pyramids help predict about a population?

its trend and determine the social needs for dependents

what is an authoritiative parenting style

its when parents listen to their children and encourage independence and place limits on behavior

which of the five major world religions involves the ten commandments?

judaism

Social psychologist believe that there is a relationship between behavior influences attitudes: One is Justification effect

justification effect: people may modify their attitudes to match their languages and they do so by modifying their behaviors (foot-in the door phenonmemon)

what three men are considered the founders of sociology?

karl marx Max weber emile durkheim

shortages in neurotransmitters epinephrine/adrenaline and norepinephrin/ noradrenaline can lead to

lack of focus, fatigue

like fucntionalism, conflict theory strongly emphasizes the effects of ______ stuctures of society over indiviuals

large scale

a ____ sample size is usually preferred

larger

one of the 5 major world religions: Explain christianity

largest single faith in the world with about 30% of the globe its monotheistic (one God) and the followers are considered prophets

what does the behaviorist perspective say personality is a result of?

learned behavior patterns based on a persons environment

27. When stress is accompanied by percieving a lack of control over the stress inducing event, overtime the person can develop?

learned helplessness

associative learning describes learning by ? What are the two types

learning in which one event, object or action is directly connected with another (classical and operant conditioning)

14. According to Emile Durkheims functionalism: functionalism is _____ concerned about the interactions of small groups in comparism to society as a whole

less (it focuses more on society)

_______ part of the brain is repsonsible for emotion, memory, and learning

limbic system

delevoped regions tend to have _____ birth rates and ______ death rates

low, low

Feminist sociologist: attempt to study feminist theory on a macro-level by? attempt to study feminist theory on a micro-level by?

macro- attempting to understand teh social structures that contribute to gender micro- effects of gender differences on individual interactions

There are many psychological disorders: one is neurocognitive disorder - explain the disorders in it

major and mild neurocognitive disorders ^ due to alzaihemers and parkinsons and major / mild vascular neurocognitive disorder

There are many psychological disorders: one is depressive disorders - state some of the specific psychological disorders within this broad category-

major depressive disorder persistent depressive disorder/ dysthymia premenstural dysphoric disorder

during the late 20th century- present day century, what groups migrated into us?

majority of migrants came from asia and latin america

consequences of consequences for operant conditioning in behaviorism attempt to do what? whats the difference between positive and negative consquences?

make it less likely that the operant will be repeated pos- prescnce of aversive stimulus neg- abscnce of rewarding stimulus

consequences of reinforcement for operant conditioning in behaviorism attempt to do what? whats the difference between positive and negative reinforcements?

make it more likely that the operant will be repeated positive- prescence of rewarding stimulus neg- abscnece of aversive stimulus

A functionalist theory framework distinquishes between which two functions?

manifest functions and latent functions

manifest functions are what?

manifest- are official, intended and anticipated consequences of a stucture

what is teh difference between the two functions (latent and manifest) of the functionalist theory?

manifest- are official, intended and anticipated consequences of a stucture latent- are consequences of a structure that are not officially sanctioned

whats teh difference between marginal and structral poverty?

marginal poverty is due to the lack of stable employment structral poverty refers to the result of underlying and persuasive effect of the societies institution

One of the four main forms of herbert blummer's collectiev behavior explanation using a social phsycolgy approach: Explain masses

mass is defined as a group whose formation is prompted through the efforts of mass media in which masses are a large number of people who may not be in close proximity but do share common interest

what is the difference between material and non-material cultures?

material culture involves physical objects or artifacts while nonmaterial cultures the elements of culture involve social thoughts and ideas/values

20. every cell in the body contains dna except

mature rbc

what ar ethe different types of stimuli humans have that allow us t odetect a variety of stimuli?

mechanoreceptors tehrmoceptors electromagnetic receptors proproceptors chemoreceptors nocioceptors

whats teh difference between a neuron and a nerve?

neuron is a single cell a nerve is a large bundle of many diff axons from diff neurons

whar are neurotransmitters produced by? what are hormones produced by?

neurons endocrine glands

_______ part of the brain is repsonsible for involvuntary functions

medulla (medulla oblangata)

what part of the hind brain is repsonsible for relaying vital autonomic functions such as blood pressure to areas of the brain?

medulla oblangata

What three parts does the hindbrain include?

medulla, pons and cerebellum

symbolic interaction (one of the four major sociological theory that attempts to explain society) analyzes society on a ____ level

micro

_______ part of the brain is repsonsible for eye movement

midbrian

what is emmigration?

migrating out of a specific old area

The interaction between push and pull factors contribute to the rate of ____.

migration

The extension of a family through marriage can occur in which 6 ways?

monogamy, polygamy, polygyny, endogamy, and exogamy and polyandry

what is the primary funciton of the nuerotransmitter, serotonin

mood digestion sleep memory and sexual desires

the depth processing model explains that experiences in which recieve _______ are more likely to be remembered

mor/ a. greater depth of neural and cog processing (bright lights on sign)

In the Post- Conventional level of Kohlbergs stages of moral development: Stage 6 is universal ethical principles which is explained as?

morality is based on abstract reasoning using uiversal ethical principles and laws are only valid if they are grounded in justice

what is an example of a sect (which can become a member through birth or through conversion)?

mornmom and amish community

during the mid-19th century, what groups migrated into us?

most migrants came from northern europe

during the early 20th century, what groups migrated into us?

most migrants came from southern and eastern europe

in regards to conflict theory, alll members of a society must?

mus tcompete for social, political and material resources within a society (they are unequally distributed)

who practices islam?

muslims

what are twin studies (an example of nonexperimental design) often test the relationship of?

nature vs nuture

What is neuroticism associated with?

neg emotions and difficulty deal with stress

social stigma refers to a (negative or positive) association? explain

neg- it associates others based on their past selves that distinguish them from the rest of society

where are the target cells for neurotrans? where are the target cells for homrones?

neighbooring nerurons or cells distant cells (can be_)

aerobic exercises are thought to increase the production of which neurotransmitters in response to managing stress?

norepinephrine, serotonin and endorphins

what is the nonexperimental study: observational studies include any research that does what

observational studies include any research that is not manipulated in the istuation/results

There are many psychological disorders: one is obsessive compuslive and delated disorder - state some of the specific psychological disorders within this broad category-

ocb body dysmorphic disorder hoarding

32. a lesion to which area is most likely to adversely affect vision? occipital lobe frontal lobe hypothalamus pons

occipital

what are motivations for external migatrations?

often economic or political motives

_______ part of the brain is repsonsible for relay station and balance

oins

which two type of cells help form myelin

oligodenderocytes and schwann cells

There are several steps to a good experimental design: 5. randomly assigning individuals to groups

once the indiviudal who will participate in the study have been collected, it is time to assign them to experimental or control groups - in this study, there are many extraneous variables that researchers decided to account for so they may use a random block technique

There are 3 predominant theories that attempt to explain how the 3 components of emotion (cognitive, behavioral, physiological components) are interconnected: One is schacter-singer theory -explain

once we experience physiological arousal, we make a cognitive interpretation based on our circumstances which allow us to identify the emotion that we are experiecning stimulus > physio repsonse > cog interpretation > emotion

monotheistic means?

one God

what is an authoritarian government?

one that consist of unelected leaders in which the public may have some freedom individually but have no control over representatievs

what is a double blind procedure?

one that neither the person administering the treatment nor doe stheperson recieving the treatment know if they are experimental or control group

Freud suggested that sexual energy is present from infacy and matures through 5 psycosexual stages, what are they?

oral, anal, phallic, latent and genital stages

in an aristarchic govements, who controls the specific qualifications?

public is not involved in decision making these goverments have a small group of people, with decision making power who must meet qualifications to have authority

Whats the difference between the form of collective behavior, mass hysteria, and the other forms of collective behavior (outbreaks, epidemics and pandemics)?

outbreaks, epidemics and pandemics cause an unexpected increase in the incidence of an infectious disease in a given region (outbreaks are the most limited, pandemics are widespread most) but mass hysteria includes larger movements without clear medical explanation

There are many psychological disorders: one is personality disorder which has 3 clusters (A,B and C) what are the disorders within cluster a

paranoid, schzoid, schizotypal

Who performed an experiment to test classical conditioning and what was the experiment?

pavlov and it was about dogs hen the doorbell would ring tehy would eat and solivate and the yquickly learned when doorbell rang tehy would be fed`

girls are said to experience _____ in the third/phallic stage within the five stages freuds psychosexual stages

penis envy (discover they dont have penises)

social constructitionism (major theory of sociologiast that explains socociology) argues what?

people actively shape their relatity through social interactions, reality is socialy constructed not inherent

Social psychologist believe that there is a relationship between behavior influences attitudes: One is Public declarations

people may feel pressure to adapt to what they announce pubicly and use as an external motive and express themselves by acting in a way that makes them more believe themself

what is the behavior outcome/response to stress?

people respond to stress in diff ways depending on the circumstance

external locus of control perceives outcomes are controlled by?

perceives outcomes as controlled by outside forces

is migration considered a permanent or nonpermanent movement

perm

what is teh goal of teh humanistic therapy?

person centered therapy in which provides an environment that will help clients trust and accept theemselves and their emotional reactions so the ycan learn and grow from their experiences

34. which of the followng scans is most adeuate as a neuroimaging technique in a study on cognitive behavioral therapy? mri pet eeg meg

pet- it has high resolution that is needed to evaluate it

In which stage of Freuds 5 psychosexual stages is the oedipus and electra complex formed?

phallic stage

In which stage of frueds 5 psycosexual stages that attempt to describe the maturity of sexual energy from infancy an on... is a child finally sexually attracted to opposite sex and hostile toward same sex partner?

phallic stage (third stage) and it comes after 1. oral and second stage anal stages

The physical component of emoition is? Explain it

physiological/ body arousal- in which there is an excitation of the bodies internal state

The dependent variable must be equally well definied and must be (quantitative/ qualitative)

quantitative

What principle is associated with the id personality component of the pscyoanalytic theory from Freud?

pleasure principle which seeks to reduce pain and gain pleasure

what is the primary funciton of the hormone, endorphins

pleasure, arosual and pain suppresion

which is more common in the us: polygamy or monogamy?

poly (weird but its where you can be married to more than one men/women at the same time)

both ___ and ___ receive information from the vestibular apparatus in the inner ear to monitor acceleration and position relative to gravity

pons and cerebllum (in hindbrain)

damage to the cerebellum results in ?

poor hand eye coordination as well as balance

population pyramids are graphical illustrations that represent ? x axis is? y axis is?

population distributions that creates a clear and distinct shape that describes social structure x- population y- separates men and women with traditional positioning makes on left and females on right

Which cortex of the brain is involed in reflection, planning, emotional regulation and theory of mind?

prefrontal

what is the primary funciton of the nuerotransmitter, GABA

primary inhibitory neurotrans in brain

Another component of operant conditioning in regards to reinforcement (besides pos and neg) is between what other two distinctions?

primary/unconditioned reinforcer and sec/conditioned reinforcer

what is the primary funciton of the nuerotransmitter, glutamate

prmary excitatory neurotrans in brain, learning, memory and long term potentiation

There are the 4 most important intermittent schedules in operant conditioning: One is fixed interval- explain it

provides reinforcer after a set period of time that is constant

There are the 4 most important intermittent schedules in operant conditioning: One is variable interval- explain it

provides reinforcer after an inconsistent amount of time which produces a slow and steady behavior response

There are the 4 most important intermittent schedules in operant conditioning: One is varibale ratio- explain it

provides reinforcer after an unpredictable number of occurences (gambling)

Therapies used to treat personality disorders are based on what four perspectives/ therapys?

psychoanalytic humanistic person-based behavioral cognitive behavioral all are therapies^^^

There are many psychological disorders: one is trauma and stressor related disorders - state some of the specific psychological disorders within this broad category-

ptsd acute stress disorder adjusment disorder

One of the four main forms of herbert blummer's collectiev behavior explanation using a social phsycolgy approach: Explain public

public is defined as a group of individuals discussing a single issue

what is the differnce between race and ethnicity?

race- a description of a distinct social group based on certain shared characteristics (oftern are inherietd biological traits or genetic differences) ethnicity- cultural ratehr than biological

is it easier to randomly assigning individuals to groups or to randomly sample people from population?

randomly assigning individuals to groups because in this study, there are many extraneous variables that researchers decided to account for so they may use a random block technique

Who proposed the two types of intelligence (fluid and crystal)?

raymond cattell

What are the 3 types of retrieval of memory?

recall, recognition and relearning

what does the defense mechanism, displacement (in ego defense mechanism) do?

redirecting aggressive/ sexual impulses onto a less dangerous person

what does polygyny refer to (in regards to family extension, is one of the types of polygamy)

refers to a man married to more than one women

what does polyandry refer to (in regards to family extension, is one of the types of polygamy)

refers to a women married to more than one man

what does endogamy refer to (in regards to family extension when choosing a mate)

refers to teh pratcice of marrying within a particular group

what does exogamy refer to (in regards to family extension when choosing a mate)

refers to teh requirement to marry outside a group with it being the norm in almost all cultures to prohibit sexual relationship between fam

what is the predicatble course of motor development (5 stages in the ramp, what are they?)

reflexive movement rudimentary movement fundamental move specialized move applications of movement

what is the primary funciton of the hormone, leptin

regulate energy and inhibit hunger

hinduism believes in the idea of?

reincarnation or rebirth after death

By ocnvention, if and only if p < 0.05, scientist _____ the null hypotheisis

reject

what is a fascist govt (an example of autocratic government) controlled by?

ruled by a small group of leaders

what is a dictatorship (an example of autocratic government) controlled by?

ruled by one person

Internal migration includes the movement between ____ and ____ areas

rural and urban

if a sample is not equally likely for all members in a population to be sampled, what is it known as?

sampling bias

One of the "6 agents of socialization" that influence our lives and the development of culture over time: Explain School

schools explicity teach children the norms and values of society (like family) schools also affect the childrens self identites by accentuating intellectual, social, and physical strengths within society

28. Someone moved from cali to New york three years ago. Since, during the winter months, that person finds it harder to wake up in the morning and avoids her friends and has the tendency to overeat. Her psychiatrist prescribed her 30 to 90 minutes of light exposure daily to relive the symptoms. What disorder is this believed to be?

seasonal affective disorder because involves depressive episodes during a seasonal pattern

Social psychologist believe that there is a relationship between attitude and behavior when/ then explain: when attitudes are made powerful through ________

self reflection: self awareness reminds us of the beliefs that have matched our identities

What are 3 different types of memory storage?

sensory, short-term and longterm

33. Of the following, which neurotrans and hormone pair is most reliably associated with aggression? serotonin and testosterone glutamate and dopamine melatonin and norpinephrin gaba and enorphins

serotonin and testosterone

A person who migrates to unsettled areas are _____ Those who migrate to settled areas as a result of displacement are ____-

settlers; refugees

what s teh difference between sex and gender?

sex is a biological chracteristic that is assigned at birth and is permanent gender is the social characteristic based on behavioral role expectations

what is the length of the preganglionic axon (ach) of the sympathetic system?

short

what is the length of the postganglionic axon of the parasympathetic system? whats the neurotransmitter involved?

short and ACH

Who developed the psycoanalytic theory/ perspective? what does that theory describe personality as?

sigmund frued says that personality is shaped by a persons unconscious thoughts, feelings and memories which are shaped from past experiences or interactions with primary early caregivers

The spinal cord is involved in which primitive processes?

simple spinal reflexes as well as walking, urination and sex organ funcitoning

streotype in a sociological perspective definition is?

simplified ideas about groups of people based on characteristiccs suhc as race, gender, sexual oreinattion or disability

what are the 4 categories of phobias

situational natural environment blood injection injury animal

classical and operant conditoning fall undr the behaviorist tranditon of pscyhology which is most strongly associated with who?

skinner

microlevel sociologist are interested in what>

small sclae individual considerations (one to one group interactions)

when action potential travels down an axon and reaches the synaptic knob, chemical messenagers are released and travel across a small gap called what? where do they travel to?

snpatic cleft to target cells

social constructionalism focuses on social construct of what?

social construct that changes across cultures and within a single culture overtime

social constructuionilism claims that social attributes are constructs of ______

society (social attributes include race, gender, sexuality and class) (social consturcts include power, mental health/illness)

what is an anarchy?

society without a public govt

who tested the effects of peer pressure? what did he do?

solomon asch- he tested an experiment based on lines that in the beginning people percieved them correctly however when put in a group they slowly started to conform to the groups perspective and got it wrong

what is the cenrtal body of a neuron? what does it contain

soma- nucleus and where biosynthetic activity of the cell

The peripheral nervous system is separated into two categories what is it?

somatic (voluntary control of skeltal muscle) and autonomic (involuntary control of glands and smooth muscles)

What is latent learning described as in cognitive phsycology?

something is learned but not expressed as an observable behavior until it is required

Social psychologist believe that there is a relationship between attitude and behavior when/ then explain: Explain that general patterns of behvaior, rather then speciifc behavior, are observed

specfic: our attitudes are better at predicting overall decision making and not speciifc decisions

_______ part of the cns is repsonsible for simple reflexes

spinal cord

Autonomic behaviors/ reflexes for infants: One is moro reflex (explain)

startle it is teh repsonse to a loud sound or sudden ovement

18. Brazil engulfed in a corruption scandal regarding oil company Petrobans, the largest in btazil. Petrobans is a semipublic organization with close government ties, regulation and oversight. Despite government affiliations, individual and corporate investors are able to buy and trade stock in petrobras. Brazils economy is in the form of which and explain: -socialism -capitalism -state capitalism -welfare capitalism

state capitalism because it has private electros (it can be traded by investors) and a public element (there are close govt ties)

strict capitalism does not include what type of service?

state funded public service

In contrast to urban growth, _____ leads to urban decline

suburbanization

of the 3 most important theories that explain how motivation affects human behavior: one is drive reduction theory which suggests?

suggest that a psychiological need created an arousal state that drives an organism to reduce the need by engaging in some behavior need (like water) >>> drive (like thirst) >>>> drive-reducing behaviors (like drinking)

what are two ocuntries that practice the social structure of ecclasia religion?

sweden (lutheranism is the official state religion) and iran (islam is offical state religion)

when an action potential reaaches the end of an axon at a synapse, teh signal is transformed from a electric to a chemical signal, that causes what process to occur?

symaptic transmission which is the release of a neurotranmitter into teh synaptic cleft once the chemical signal is prodcued

13. which are not a macro theory of sociology? functionalism, conflict theory, feminist theory or symbolic interaction

symbolic interaction is th eonly microlevel theory listed

symbolic elements of culture involve ____ and _____; while material culture involves ____and ____

symbolic: values and norms material: involves physical objects or artifacts

The peripheral nervous system is separated into two categories: somatic and autonomic autonomic is separted into two catageories, what are they?

sympathetic (fight or flight) parasympathetic (rest adn digest)

where is the area of operation for neurotransmitters? where is the area of operation for horomones?

synapltic cleft between neurons bloodstream

There are many psychological disorders: one is bipolar related disorders - state description ofthis broad category-

tehy involve mood swings or cycles rangic from macid to depressive in which manic episodes tend to be followed by low dperessive episodes

false consensus is what?

tendency to lead to mistakes in social preception

What re the traits of cluster C personality disorders

tense, anxious, over-controlled

_______ part of the brain is repsonsible for integrating center and relay station

thalamus

Of the two parts of the forebrain (diencephalon and telechealphon) diencephalon includes ?

thalmaus and hypothalamus

what does a negative value of pearson correlation mean in non experimental design?

that he two variables being measured are negatively correlated which means that if one increases the other decreases

what does a positive value of pearson correlation mean in non experimental design?

that he two variables being measured are positively correlated which means that if one increases the other increases too

welfare capitalism refers to a system of govt where

that refers to a system of govt where most of the economy with eception of extensive social welfare programs to serve certain social needs of society like health care and education

When a helathy society faces an imbalance, what does the functionalist theory propose?

that the major structures of society will work together to return to a state of dynamic equillibiruim

The enitre central nervous system floats in what?

the cerebrospinal fluid

what is the electra complex

the complex in girls that is responsible for the sexual attracttion to opposite sex and hostile toward same sex partner

external motivation is referred to as what?

the cross border or international immigration to another nation

There are several steps to a good experimental design: 6. measure results

the dependent variable is a set of known physciological measurements with standardized collection procedures and error measures

sexual orientation describes what? what are the 3 main forms?

the direction of a persons romantic or sexual attraction or behavior 3 forms are: -heterosexual -homosexual -bisexual

in psychoanalytic therapy attempts to stregthen which of the three peronsality factors?

the ego based on reality ratehr than on id or superego

There are several steps to a good experimental design: 3. carefully select control and experimental groups

the experimentalgroup is the group that recives the treatement abd to draw conclusions the researchers use a control group to act as the point of reference/comparison

what does the replacement fertility rate refers to?

the fertility rate at which a population will remain balanced

what does monogamy refer to (in regards to family extension)

the fomrs of marriage in which two individduals are married to each other

what is th elooking glass self?

the idea that a persons sense of self develops from interpersonal interactions with others in society and the perceptions of others

One of the "6 agents of socialization" that influence our lives and the development of culture over time: Explain Mass media/ tech

the impact of media on culture is that it displays sex, violence, impossible ideals which affectsthe culture in ways that most people agree are positive suhc as educational programming and lifestyles buy can help shrink the world and increase social networking

what does transgenesis refer to the introduction of, in attempts to control the environment?

the introduction of an exogenous or outside gene while controlling the environment

in kinship, what is bilateral descent

the kin groups involve both maternal and parental relations

in kinship, what does matrilineal descent refer to?

the kin groups involve maternal relations

in kinship, what is paternal descent

the kin groups involve paternal relations

24. Sigmund frued (coined with classical pscyoanlatyic theory) states that there are two institutional drives that motive human behavior. What are they?

the libido (life instinct/ sex drive) and death instinct

what did kohlberg stages of moral development attempt to explain?

the moral development in children

what is the most important factors to take into account when measuring results in an experimental design?

the most important aspects of measurement for an experiment are that: -dependent variable is quantitative/measureable -instruments are reliable

what is the incident rate measure?

the number of new cases of disease

what is the value of p that constitutes a significant difference?

the observed diff can be 5% (or 0.05 p value) or less

wht is the most common correlational non experimental design method?

the pearson correlation

nodes of ranvier are what?

the periodic gaps in the myelin sheath

Freud suggested that sexual energy is present from infancy and matures through 5 psycosexual stages and Erikson extended it with 8 stages and conflicts: Explain the third stage/conflict which is initative vs guilt

the preschool age child must resolve teh crisis and if a young childs need to make decisions is not met at this age then as an adult he or she will feel guilty taking intiative and instead allow otehrs to choose

What principle rules the ego personality component of the pscyoanalytic theory from Freud? explain that principle

the reality principle which uses logical thinking to control consciousness and id

Psychic energy (in the psychoanalytic theory/ frued) is distributed into 3 personality components that function together: one is ego, explain ego

the reality principle which uses logical thinking to control consciousness and id the ego tries to find realistic ways to satisfy the id's desire for pleasure

Episodic memory is a type of declarative memory that is responsible for?

the recall of autobiographical events

gentrification refers to what?

the renovation of urban areas in a process of urban renewal

what does behavioral genetics attempt to determine in humans?

the role of inheritance in behavioral traits; the interction between heredity and experience determines an individuals personality and social behavior

Freud suggested that sexual energy is present from infancy and matures through 5 psycosexual stages and Erikson extended it with 8 stages and conflicts: Explain the fourth stage/conflict industry vs inferiority

the shcool age child must resolve this crisis because if a childs needs to understand teh world, develop gender role identity, succeed in school and set and attatin personal goals arent met at this stage then as an adult he or she will feel inadequate

There are many psychological disorders: one is anxiety disorder - state how they are characterized as this category-

they are characterized by excessive fear or imagined fear of future events

what is the feminist theory concerned with?

the social experiences of both women and men and the difference between their experiences

what does demography the study of? what does it focus on?

the study of human population dynamics including size, structure and distribution of population and population change overtime

what is self reference effect the tendency of?

the tendency to better remmeber information relevant to oursleves

Freud suggested that sexual energy is present from infancy and matures through 5 psycosexual stages and Erikson extended it with 8 stages and conflicts: Explain the second stage/conflict which is autonomy vs shame and doubt

the toddler must resolve this crisis of autonomy vs shame and doubt which if a toddler needs to explore, make mistakes and tests limits isnt met then as an adult he or she will be dependent rather than autonomous

what does the total fertility rate predict?

the total number of births per single woman in a population with the assumption that the women experience the current recorded age speicif cfertility rates and reaches the end of her reproductive life

A control group must be homogenous (the same throughout) and similar to the experimental group except for _______

the variable of interest/ treatment

what does social straification refer to?

the way that people are categorized in society (based on race, education, wealth, income etc)

what are glial cells?

the yare non neuronal cells that typically provide sturtctral and metabolic support to neruons that helps to maintain a resting potential and dotn generate action potential

according to the looking glass self, people shape their self concept based on?

their understanding of how others percieve them

what is a priamry/ unconditioned reinforcer in operant conditioning?

these are reinforcers that we do not need to learn to see as a reinforcer because teh yare integral to our survival

There are many psychological disorders: one is somatic symptom disorder - state description of this broad category-

they are chatracterized by symptoms that cant be explained by a medical consition or substance use and are not attributable to antoher pyschological disorder and can cause emotional distress

what is a secondary/conditioned reinforcer in operant conditioning?

they are learned to be reinforcers in which are neutral stimmuli thatare paied with primary/ unconditioned reinforcers to make them conditioned in order to produce learned behavior

One of the "6 agents of socialization" that influence our lives and the development of culture over time: Explain religion/ government

they both influence the course of cultural change by creating "rites of passage" which are milestones and laws taht influence a person behavior

What are examples of push factors that would push people to leave their old area?

they can be -economic -political -religious -predujudice/ discrimination -insuffienct access to social resources -natural disasters -genocide/ mass excution

what is the physiological outcome/response to stress?

they go through two parallel systems: -first is sympathetic nevrous system (fight/flight) which responds to acute stress to release stress horome epinephrineand norepinephrine into blood stream from adrenal glands -second is cognitive system intiated by hypothalamus to realse corticotropin relaesing hormone that stimulates the pituitary glad to release cortisol hormone into blood stream that shifts body from using sugar/glucose as energy into using fat as energy source

There are many psychological disorders: one is trauma and stressor related disorders - state the description of this broad category-

they involve unhealthy or pathological responses to one or more harmful or life threatening events which symptoms are depression, insomnia etc

In addition to functionalism, conflict theory and symbolic interaction; explain the additional theory that attempts to discuss deviance: Explain Edwin Sutherland's differential association (what is deviance a result of)

this perspective argues that deviance is a learned behavior resulting from teh interactions between individuals and their communities

In addition to functionalism, conflict theory and symbolic interaction; explain the additional theory that attempts to discuss deviance: Explain Robert Merton's structural strain theory (what is deviance a result of)

this perspective explains that deviance is the result of experienced strain, either individual or structural

In addition to functionalism, conflict theory and symbolic interaction; explain the additional theory that attempts to discuss deviance: Explain Howard Beckers labeling theory (what is deviance a result of)

this perspective suggest that deviance is the result of societies response to a person rather than something inherent in the persons actions

what is the location of greganglionic soma of the sympathetic system?

thoracolumbar- thoarcic and lumbar spinal cord

36. what structure in the middle ear genrates vibrations that match the sound waves striking it?

tmypanic membrane/ eardrum

The just world phenomenon is the tendency to believe what?

to believe that the world is fair and people get what they deserve

Interference can result in a failure to do what (in regards to memory)?

to retrieve information that is in storage

Encoding is the process of what?

transfering sensory information into our memory

neurons are specialized cells that do what?

transmit and prcoess info from one part of the body to another

How do fads differ from trends?

trends are longer lived and often lead to permanent social chanegs unlike a fad- which is a rapid incline in reputation and remains popular among a large population for a brief period of time and then experiences a rapid decline in reputation

Which of eriksons 8 psychological stages/conflicts are within freuds oral psychosexual stage (which is the first within the 5 psycosexual stages)? what age groups does this consider?

trust vs mistrust (birth to a year old)

what is the primary funciton of the hormone, oxytocin

trust, formation of social nonds and sexua reporduction

what study of non experimental design is the best method to measure heritability

twin studies

behavorial genetics uses what two studies in humans to determine the influence the environment plays in genetics? what do these studies help estimate?

twin studies and adoption studies they help estimate heritability for many phenotypes

Of the two parts of the forebrain (diencephalon and telechealphon) telencephalon includes ?

two sepaarte cerebral hemisphers (left and right)

6. Which of the following pairs represnts a qual and quan variable, respectively? -reaction time vs coping ability -reaction time vs depression score -type of coping repsone vs level of depression -attending fluidity ability vs reaction time

type of coping repsone vs level of depression

an authoritarian government includes totalitarianism which is a govt with leaders that are?

unelected leaders regulate both public and private life through coercive means of control

what is rural flight refer to in terms of migration from rural to what area

urban

Social psychologist believe that there is a relationship between attitude and behavior when/ then explain: when specific rather than general attitudes are observed

using the specific attitude someone has towards an idea will help predict the most likely outcome of behavior towards it

what are the two most important elements of culture?

values and beliefs

22. The social network theory posits that peoples networks are important and necessary for the spread of ideas and resources: there is much strength in ___ ties explain

weak ties because weak ties allow the sharing of new resources to a vast network

what 3 factors of global stratification are the most important to compare within various countries?

wealth economic stability power

11. A country where the economy is profit driven and privately owned but public services like health care and education are state funded are what? -socialist -capitalist -collectivist -welfare capitalist

welfare capitalist that refers to a system of govt where most of the economy with exception of extensive social welfare programs to serve certain social needs of society like health care and education

when does the fundamental attribution theory occur?

when people tend to underestimate the impact of a situation and overestimate the impact fo a persons character from observed behavior (to believe that if someone is speeding they are aggressive, not because they are in a rush to go somewhere)

When does long term potentiation take place?

when periods of stimulation cause an increase in teh strengthening of of teh synpases between two neurons leading to stronger electrochemical responses to a given stimulus

racism in a sociological perspective definition is?

when prejudice and actions discriminate based on race or hold that ones race is inferior to another

Freud suggested that sexual energy is present from infacy and matures through 5 psycosexual stages: the third is the phallic stage which is what?

when teh child seeks sensual pleasure through genitals (child is sexually attracted to opposite sex and hostile toward same sex partner)

Freud suggested that sexual energy is present from infacy and matures through 5 psycosexual stages: the first is the oral stage which is what?

when the child seeks sensual pleasure through oral activities ushc as sucking and chewing

projection bias is what>

when we assume other agree with our beliefs when the ydont

Process by which classically conditioned responses re developed: One is discrimination (explain it)

which is the process when the conditioned stimulus is differentiated from other stimuli so the conditioned response only occurs for conditioned stimulus

what does white flight refer to in terms of migration?

white migration from. cities to more homogenous suburbs (a process within suburbanization)

17. According to Emile Durkheims functionalism: Does functionalism believe that once one part of an institution changes, it will always affect other parts of the institution until social stability can be reattained? explain.

yes functionalist believe that if one part of the system, the rest will change to adjust to the dysfunction until social stability can be attained again

15.According to Emile Durkheims functionalism: Does functionalism involve the idea that society is similar to an organism, explain?

yes, organic solidarity is an organismal way to describe functionalism tha tis compared to a society

according to frued, ____ function almost entirely from the id personality component

young children