Psychology B & C Level Final

_________ neurons transmit information from the perimeter of the body to the central nervous system.

Afferent

____________ ____________ is the perception that a stationary object is moving.

Apparent movement

___________ research includes archival research, naturalistic observation, survey research, and the case study method.

Descriptive

A technique called ________ records the brain's electrical activity through electrodes.

EEG

MDMA is more commonly known as _________.

Ecstasy

__________ __________refers to factors that distort the way the independent variable affects the dependent variable.

Experimental bias

________ ______ _______ ________ are a series of principles that describe how we organize bits and pieces of information into meaningful wholes.

Gestalt laws of organization

__________ is a decline in the behavioral response following repeated exposure to the same stimulus.

Habituation

Research

One disadvantage of using ____________ surveys to collect data is that participants may be unaware of their feelings or attitudes.

A(n) ___________ ____________is the translation of a hypothesis into specific, testable procedures that can be measured and observed.

Operational Definition

Wilma has been experiencing memory difficulties, and her doctor is concerned that Wilma may have a brain tumor. He recommends a(n) ________ ______ to confirm his diagnosis

PET scan

__________ _________ is the phenomenon in which physical objects are perceived as unvarying and consistent despite changes in their appearance or in the physical environment.

Perceptual constancy

________ is the characteristic that makes sound seem "high" or "low."

Pitch

Most psychologists have a doctorate, either a PhD

PsyD.

Of the two degrees, PhD and PsyD, the less research-oriented is the

PsyD.

__________ drugs influence emotion, perception, and behavior.

Psychoactive

Callie pulled an all-nighter to finish a term paper. The next night, she may sleep only slightly longer than she usually does, but she will spend a significantly greater percentage of the night in REM sleep, a phenomenon known as. _______ _________

REM rebound

___________ __________ ________ is a form of severe depression in which feelings of despair and hopelessness increase during the winter and lift during the rest of the year.

Seasonal affective disorder

The psychodynamic perspective originated in the work of _________ _________, an Austrian physician

Sigmund Freud

___________ _________refers to the perception of messages about which we have no awareness.

Subliminal perception

The lens focuses light by changing its own thickness. This process is known as_________.

accommodation

According to Hobson's ________-________ theory, dreams begin in random neural activity.

activation-synthesis

According to the ____-______-_____ law, neurons are either on or off.

all-or-none

Dexedrine, benzedrine, and crystal methamphetamine are examples of ___________.

amphetamines

The somatic nervous system regulates voluntary movement; in contrast, the _________ nervous system underlies involuntary movement.

autonomic

The relatively new field of ________ ________ unites the areas of neuroscience and clinical psychology.

clinical neuropsychology

The _______ perspective focuses on how people think, understand, and know about the world.

cognitive

Dr. Tabachnik focuses on the expectations participants develop regarding the likelihood that a given behavior will be punished. Dr. Tabachnik might be described as a(n) theorist ________ ________.

cognitive learning

Shaping is one way that organisms learn ________ behavior.

complex

Many psychologists who adhere to the cognitive perspective compare human thinking to the workings of a(n)_________.

computer

Ursula is interested in helping students develop effective study practices and manage test anxiety. Her advisor suggests that she consider a career in _________ psychology.

counseling

In a test of a new antianxiety medication, participants are given either the medication or a placebo; the personnel administering the study, moreover, do not know which participants receive the medication and which receive the placebo. This experiment may be described as a(n) _______-_______study.

double-blind

After a long run, Aaron sometimes experiences a feeling of euphoria, a "runners' high," reflecting the activity of neurotransmitters called _________

endorphins.

Dr. Thibodeaux examines sensory, learning, and cognitive processes. She is a(n) ________ psychologist.

experimental

The activation of neurons in the cortex by visual stimuli of a particular shape or pattern is known as ________ _________.

feature detection

A weekly paycheck is an example of ______-______ schedule. (please include the dash in the answer)

fixed-interval

You turn your head to look directly at an unusual butterfly your friend spotted in the garden. In doing so, you ensure that the insect's image falls on your________.

fovea

Wanda is a humanistic psychologist who believes that behavior reflects an individual's own choices—that is, she endorses the notion of ________ _________

free will.

Associated with William James, the __________ perspective focused on what the mind does.

functionalist

Olfaction is to ________ what smell is to taste.

gustation

When the ______ ______ are bent by the vibrations entering the cochlea, the cells send a neural message to the brain.

hair cells

Epileptics have sometimes had portions of their limbic system removed. Subsequent memory problems may reflect damage to the ___________.

hippocampus

A trancelike susceptibility to suggestion is a characteristic of ________.

hypnosis

Alyssa predicts that caffeine will improve her participants' performance on a visual tracking task. Alyssa has formed a(n) __________.

hypothesis.

In an experiment, a researcher manipulates participants' exposure to a stimulus. Exposure is a(n) __________ variable in this example.

independent

While neuroscientists tend to seek universal principles of behavior, humanistic psychologists are more interested in _________ _________.

individual differences

According to the cognitive perspective, thinking is similar to _________ ________by a computer.

information processing

The difference threshold is also known as a(n) _______ ______ _____.

just noticeable difference

Olympia consumed some poorly stored sushi on a hot day; she became violently ill. Now Olympia can't stand the sight of sushi. She has developed a(n. ________ _________ _______

learned taste aversion

The amygdala and hippocampus are found within the brain's _______ system.

limbic

The cortex has four major sections called _________.

lobes

Hearing a ring, you reach for your bag to retrieve your phone. At that instant, a nearby woman flips open her phone and begins talking. Looking at your silent bag, you realize you have failed to _________ the ringing sound correctly.

localize

According to Freud, the apparent story line of dreams is the _______ content of dreams.

manifest

Miranda is statistically combining the results of all the published studies on the effects of the presence of a weapon on eyewitness accuracy. Miranda is performing a(n) _______-______

meta-analysis.

At the cellular level, our ability to empathize with others may reflect the activity of _______ neurons.

mirror

In observational learning, the organism whose behavior is observed is termed the ________ .

model

The________ ________ is an insulating coat of fat and protein wrapped around an axon.

myelin sheath

Dr. Leblanc is examining interactions among primates in the wild; he does not intervene. Dr. Leblanc is performing a __________ __________.

naturalistic observation

New neurons are created even during adulthood, in a process called_________.

neurogenesis

In Pavlov's study, the bell is first a(n) ________ stimulus and then a conditioned stimulus.

neutral

Ben is participating in a sleep study in the laboratory. The EEG shows relatively rapid, low-amplitude brain waves. Ben is in stage _____ sleep.

one

The optic nerves from each eye meet at a point roughly between the two eyes called the _______ _______.

optic chiasm

Arif's heart rate and respiration are slowing, and his dilated pupils are contracting. His __________ nervous system has become active.

parasympathetic

The tiny ________ gland is known as the "master gland

pituitary

Dr. Garner studies the relationship between the objective brightness of visual stimuli and observers' subjective impression of their brightness. Dr. Garner is a(n).

psychophysicist

A stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated is termed a(n) __________.

reinforcer

Systematic inquiry aimed at generating new knowledge is called _______.___.

research.

Extending from the medulla, through the midbrain, into the forebrain is the________ ________, which serves to regulate general bodily arousal.

reticular formation

Rods contain__________, a complex reddish-purple substance whose composition changes chemically when energized by light.

rhodopsin

A(n) __________ is a representative subset of a population

sample

The approach used by psychologists to systematically acquire knowledge and understanding about behavior and other phenomena of interest is called the _________ __________

scientific method.

Based on your reading of the text, Ecstasy and LSD influence the action of the neurotransmitter________.

serotonin

A(n) ___________ outcome is not due to chance.

significant

Francine is sleepy all day; she wakes briefly several hundred times each night and has difficulty breathing while sleeping. She is most likely suffering from_______ _______.

sleep apnea

Dr. Young activates social stereotypes his participants might hold; simultaneously, he records changes in the brain's electrical activity. Dr. Young is part of an evolving field known as _______ _________

social neuroscience.

The ___________ area in the parietal lobe encompasses specific locations associated with the ability to perceive touch and pressure in a particular area of the body

somatosensory

After lunch, Katya enjoys a cup of coffee and a cigarette. Coffee and cigarettes are examples of ________.

stimulants

A(n) _________is any passing source of physical energy that produces a response in a sense organ.

stimulus

When a behavior is reinforced in the presence of a specific stimulus, but not in its absence it is known as ________ ________ training.

stimulus control

Adam was badly stung by a bee when he was a child. Now he is frightened not only of bees but of all flying insects. This example illustrates _________ ________.

stimulus generalization

When a cell is damaged, it releases a chemical called________ _______.

substance P

Circadian rhythms are regulated by the __________ ________ in the hypothalamus.

suprachiasmatic nucleus

In _________ _________ , a sample of people chosen to represent a larger group of interest is asked a series of questions about their behavior, thoughts, or attitudes

survey research

Information travels from our sensory receptors to the ________ in the brain, which relays it to higher association areas.

thalamus

Your expectations play a key role in your perception in.________-________ ________

top-down processing

Milk helps us sleep because it contains the chemical _______.

tryptophan

A bright flash automatically causes us to blink. It is a(n) ________ response.

unconditioned

Positive punishment ________ a response through the application of an unpleasant stimulus.

weakens

________ _________ is a chemical message that prevents or decreases the likelihood that a receiving neuron will

Inhibitory message

__________ _________ are neurons that fire when we observe another person's behavior.

Mirror neurons

________ ________ is the change in position of an object on the retina caused by movement of your body relative to the object.

Motion parallax

__________ is uncontrollable sleeping that occurs for short periods while a person is awake.

Narcolepsy

The _________ _______divides the cochlea into lower and upper chambers.

basilar membrane

Psychology is the science of ________ ________ ________ __________.

behavior and mental processes.

The __________ perspective was championed by B. F. Skinner.

behavioral

Lance has 6 drinks one night. He has engaged in _______ drinking.

binge

Vance has learned to voluntarily control the activation of his autonomic nervous system as part of the treatment for an anxiety disorder. This is an example of.

biofeedback

Alcohol is a member of a broad class of drugs termed ________.

depressants

Alcohol is a member of a broad class of drugs termed ________.

depressants depressants

The humanistic perspective is explicit in its rejection of ___________, the notion that behavior is caused by factors outside the individual's control.

determinism