Psychology Ch. 11
According to Freud, habits such as fingernail biting, or gum chewing could result from a fixation in the __________ stage. a. oral b. anal c. genital d. phallic
a
Walter prefers to stay home on a Friday night and read a good book to hanging out with other people. In fact, he tends to be fairly reclusive in general. If Walter took the NEO PI-R, he would likely have a low score on the ____________ dimension. a. extraversion b. conscientiousness c. neuroticism d. openness
a
What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's second stage of psychosexual development, in which a sense of independence in many tasks develops? a. autonomy vs. shame/doubt b. industry vs. inferiority c. integrity vs. despair d. trust vs. mistrust
A
What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's seventh stage of psychosocial development, in which individuals contribute to society and focus on being a part of a family? a. generativity vs. stagnation b. initiative vs. guilt c. intimacy vs. isolation d. trust vs. mistrust
A
_______ describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics. a. heritability b. personality c. temperament d. trait
A
________ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar. a. congruence b. egotism c. incongruence d. self-concept
A
Who developed the first comprehensive theory of personality? a. Hippocrates b. Immanuel Kant c. Sigmund Freud d. Wilhelm Wundt
C
A(an) ________ locus of control is the belief that our outcomes are outside of our control; an ________ locus of control is the belief that we control our own outcomes. a. congruent; incongruent b. external; internal c. internal; external d. real; ideal
b
According to Freud, defense mechanisms are unconscious attempts to reduce our feelings of ___________. a. denial b. anxiety c. repression d. isolation
b
According to Freud, the ego is the __________ of personality a. moral component. b. realistic component. c. primitive instinct. d. collective impulse.
b
Jung's theory suggests that the __________ is a collection of archetypes that represent concepts or figures common to all cultures. a. conscious b. collective unconscious c. personal unconscious d. locus of control
b
What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's eighth stage of psychosocial development, in which an individual assesses and makes sense of her life and the meaning of her contributions? a. autonomy vs. shame/doubt b. generativity vs. stagnation c. identity vs. confusion d. integrity vs. despair
D
Who believed that our personality traits are influenced by our genetic inheritance? a. Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud b. Carl Rogers and Karen Horney c. Erik Erikson and Abraham Maslow d. Hans and Sybil Eysenck
D
Tammy has a positive view of challenges: She views them as tasks to be mastered. She develops a deep interest in and a strong commitment to becoming a good teacher. When she doesn't pass her first teaching praxis, she quickly recovers and works to overcome the setback. Albert Bandura would say Tammy has ________. a. healthy cognitive processes b. high self-efficacy c. low self-efficacy d. moderate reciprocal determinism
b
The behavioral theories of personality development tend to focus on ____________. a. unconscious desires b. learning c. genetics d. self-actualization
b
Which of the following is not part of Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory? a. observation learning b. reaction formation c. reciprocal determinism d. self-efficacy
b
Who proposed the locus of control concept? a. Albert Bandura b. Carl Jung c. Julian Rotter d. Walter Mischel
c
A person's responses to a projective test are thought to reflect a. current events. b. daydreaming themes. c. maladaptive patterns of behavior. d. unconscious thoughts and feelings.
d
Cattell used the statistical technique called ____________. a. factor features b. t test c. pf analysis d. factor analysis
d
In Hippocrates theory of personality, what bodily humor was associated with choleric temperament? a. black bile from the kidneys b. red blood from the heart c. white mucous from the lungs d. yellow bile from the liver
d
One of the most well-known humanistic theorists was ____________. a. Sigmund Freud b. Carl Rogers c. Carl Jung d. Alfred Adler
b
During which period are sexual feelings dormant as children focus on other pursuits, such as school, friendships, hobbies, and sports? a. anal b. genital c. latency d. phallic
c
Which statement summarizes the main idea of reciprocal determinism? a. Emotions are cognitive processes with behavioral antecedents. b. How we cope with anxiety reflects our personality. c. Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other. d. Our defense mechanisms are formed in childhood.
c
Which test or technique would a phrenologist use to access an individual's personality? a. the MMPI b. the Rorschach test c. examining the skull d. MRI brain scan
c
Self-efficacy is ________. a. a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar b. our level of confidence in our own abilities c. the belief that one's environment can determine behavior d. the belief that we have power over our lives
B
Who developed social-cognitive theory? a. Abraham Maslow b. Albert Bandura c. Carl Rogers d. Erik Erikson
B
According to Carl Rogers' ________________ perspective, people are basically good, and given the right environment their personality will develop fully and normally. a. person-centered b. psychodynamic c. analytical d. reciprocal
a
According to Eysenck, people who have decreased reactivity the limbic system (the emotional circuits), reticular activating system, and cortex are more likely to be ______________. a. extraverts b. neurotic c. intorverts d. conscientious
a
According to Galen, the ________ person is passionate, ambitious, and bold. a. choleric b. melancholic c. phlegmatic d. sanguine
a
In Carl Jung's view, the task of integrating unconscious archetypal aspects of the self is part of ________ in the second half of life. a. affirming the sexual identity b. resolving the Electra complex c. seeking positive attention d. the self-realization process
d
Karen Horney described three coping styles when dealing with anxiety. Which of the following is not one of them? a. moving against people b. moving away from people c. moving toward people d. moving with people
d
Most of Candice's relationships with other people are hostile. She frequently gets in fights with strangers and even close friends. If Candice took the NEO Personality Inventory, she would likely have a low score on the ____________ dimension. a. openness b. conscientiousness c. neuroticism d. agreeableness
d
Which of the following is NOT one of the dimensions of the Big Five? a. conscientiousness b. extraversion c. openness d. sociableness
d
Which of these is an acronym that could help you remember the Big Five traits? a. START b. BEGIN c. DUNES d. OCEAN
d
Which personality test relies on the interpretation of inkblots to understand personality? a. MMPI b. 16PF c. TAT d. projective tests
d
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective test ________. a. in which people are presented with ambiguous images b. that employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards c. that is designed to be culturally relevant to minority groups d. that is similar to a word association test
A
What do twin studies indicate about the role of genes in personality? a. Heredity plays an important role in personality. b. Dizygotic twins are more likely than monozygotic twins to share personality traits. c. Personality is almost entirely determined by parenting and other environmental factors. d. Personality appears to be related to two different copies of a serotonin transporter gene.
a
What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians? a. Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex. b. Neo-Freudians theorized about personality while Sigmund Freud did not. c. Sigmund Freud did not emphasize childhood sexuality while the neo-Freudians did. d. Sigmund Freud was a feminist while the neo-Freudians were not.
a
What was the main idea behind Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development? a. An individual's personality develops throughout the lifespan. b. An individual's personality is determined in childhood. c. Individuals are either introverts or extroverts. d. The Electra complex caused women to be neurotic.
a
When Fay feels anxious, she retreats to her closet with a flashlight, using the closet as a private hideaway. What coping strategy is Fay using? a. moving away from people b. moving toward people c. regression d. sublimation
a
Which of the following theorists is not neo-Freudian? a. Albert Bandura b. Carl Jung c. Erik Erikson d. Karen Horney
a
Which of these research methods would a psychologist be likely to employ to study the influence of genetics on personality? a. examining correlations in personality between pairs of identical and fraternal twins b. interviewing people who have known others who were particularly odd or unique c. administering paper and pencil or computerized questionnaires to hundreds of people d. documenting the patterns of development and difficulties of psychiatric patients
a
Which perspective on personality development is most concerned with how one's learning history influences one's future permanent, adult personality? a. Behaviorist b. Humanistic c. Psychodynamic d. Social-Cognitive
a
Which psychodynamic theorist introduced the concept of the inferiority complex into discussions of psychological adjustment? a. Adler b. Fromm c. Horney d. Jung
a
Which question was central to the marshmallow test? a. Do you think you could accomplish great things even when the fates are against you? b. Is your life more like a marshmallow or more like a rock? c. Would you be able to resist getting a small reward now in order to get a larger reward later? d. Would you make the same decisions your parent would make?
a or c
A technique called _____________ reveals statistical similarities among a wide variety of items. a. idiography b. factor analysis c. MMPI-2 d. reciprocal determinism
b
A(an) ________ complex refers to the feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to the standards of others or of society. a. Freudian b. inferiority c. neurotic d. psychosocial
b
As a response to both behaviorism and psychodynamic theory, Abraham Maslow (among others) initiated a movement called _____, which emphasized the unique and positive qualities of human experience and potential. a. phrenology b. humanistic psychology c. analytical psychology d. self-actualization
b
Blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile were collectively known as the four ____________. a. mood fluids b. humors c. secretions d. life forces
b
Carl Jung suggested the existence of a collective unconscious that contains images shared by all people called ________. a. schemas b. archetypes c. prototypes d. instincts
b
Freud placed much more emphasis on __________ than either Adler or Horney. a. the unconscious b. sexuality c. anxiety d. childhood
b
How can parents help their children achieve high congruence? a. forcing them to be independent b. giving them unconditional love c. not allowing them to use their defense mechanisms d. pointing out their mistakes
b
Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has ________. a. an external locus on control b. an internal locus of control c. good self-regulation d. poor self-regulation
b
Joe works hard to avoid embarrassing himself or his family. Given what researchers have found about people from different cultures, he is most likely from _____________. a. Canada b. China c. The United States d. Great Britain
b
Kim believed he failed his math class because the test was too hard, passed his psychology class because the professor passed every student in the class, and didn't get the internship because the manager didn't like him. Julian Rotter would say that Kim has ________. a. a dependent personality b. an external locus of control c. an internal locus of control d. low self-efficacy
b
Research indicates that ___________ college students are likely to achieve high status in student groups such as fraternities and sororities but are also more prone to risk taking and substance abuse problems. a. conscientious b. extraverted c. neurotic d. introverted
b
The ________ Inkblot Test employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards that are presented to a client by a psychologist in an effort to reveal the person's unconscious desires, fears, and struggles. a. Julian Rotter b. Rorschach c. TAT d. TEMAS
b
The ________ is composed of a series of true and false questions in order to establish an individual's clinical profile. a. Contemporized-Themes Concerning Blacks Test (C-TCB) b. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) c. Rorschach Inkblot Test d. TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test
b
The _______________ dimension of the NEO PI-R describes the extent to which people are outgoing or shy. a. agreeableness b. extraversion c. neuroticism d. openness
b
The genetic correlation between identical twins raised in the same household is typically around ______ for all of the big five personality factors. a. .10 b. .50 c. .80 d. .99
b
The id is motivated by the desire for ____________. a. free will b. instant gratification c. moral perfection d. social acceptability
b
The main conflict of the anal stage comes from: a. the Oedipal complex. b. toilet training. c. sexual repression. d. weaning off the breast or bottle.
b
When Imogene feels anxiety, she clings to her mother and father for affection and reassurance. What coping strategy is Imogene using? a. moving against people b. moving toward people c. reaction formation d. repression
b
Which of the following was one of Alfred Adler's main contributions to personality theory? a. advocating for analytical psychology b. suggesting that our birth order shapes our personality c. the idea that men have womb envy d. the theory that our personality develops in psychosocial stages
b
__________ is the personality theorist whose work is now reflected in the psychodynamic schools of thought. a. Gordon Allport b. Sigmund Freud c. Abraham Maslow d. B. F. Skinner
b
The libido is dormant during the __________ stage. a. genital b. latent c. phallic d. anal
b or c
A newborn baby is in what stage of psychosexual development? a. anal stage b. latency stage c. oral stage d. phallic stage
c
According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is ________. a. good parenting b. love c. self-actualization d. self-efficacy
c
According to Sigmund Freud, an adult who smokes, drinks, overeats, or bites her nails is fixated in the ________ stage of her psychosexual development. a. anal b. genital c. oral d. phallic
c
An outdated approach claiming that behavior and personality were based on the sizes of various regions of the skull surface was called: a. magnetic resonance imaging. b. alchemy. c. phrenology. d. humorism.
c
As the "third force" in psychology, ________ is touted as a reaction both to the pessimistic determinism of psychoanalysis and to the behaviorists' view of humans passively reacting to the environment. a. biological determinism b. feminism c. humanism d. social cognition theory
c
Carl Jung referred to the ________ as the mask we adopt. a. id b. ideal self c. persona d. superego
c
Creative, fair-minded, and impulsive are examples of ____________. a. states b. the Big Five c. personality traits d. idiographs
c
Identical twins reared apart will often have: a. no more in common than same sex fraternal twins reared apart. b. dissimilar personalities. c. similar personalities. d. no more in common than non-twins.
c
Immanuel Kant used the terms persistent, steadfast, and calm to describe a ________ person. a. choleric b. melancholic c. phlegmatic d. sanguine
c
In Carl Rogers's theory, our perception of our abilities, behaviors, and characteristics is known as a.personality b. self-regard c. self-esteem d. self-concept
c
Ingrid is energized by being alone, speaks slowly and softly, and avoids attention. Carl Jung would call her a(an) ________. a. extrovert b. humanist c. introvert d. neo-Freudian
c
Luisa believes that people are generally good at heart, and that they usually do the right thing if you give them a chance. Which psychological perspective is most likely to appeal to her? a. psychodynamic b. evolutionary c. humanistic d. social cognitive
c
Marques loves to go to parties, and while there he can have a conversation with just about anyone, whether he knows them or not. Which of the following Five Factors would Marques probably rate highly on based on this information? a. neuroticism b. conscientiousness c. extraversion d. openness
c
The Oedipal complex is most likely experienced in the __________ stage. a. genital b. oral c. phallic d. anal
c
The key difference between Maslow's and Rogers's work was the former's focus on ________ and the latter's focus on ________. a. determinism; free will b. free will; reciprocal determinism c. self-actualized individuals; the self-concept d. self-actualized individuals; unconscious mental processing
c
The role of reciprocal determinism in personality development was highlighted by the _____________. a. behaviorists b. humanists c. social-cognitive theorists d. trait theorists
c
What is Albert Bandura's term for the relationship among the three factors that influence personality? a. feedback loops b. learned responses c. reciprocal determinism d. external expectancies
c
What is the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality? a. Personality is formed solely in childhood. b. Personality is significantly shaped by the biology of the organism. c. Personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism. d. Personality theory should be based on social health.
c
When Marcos is unhappy, he is mean to other children; he calls them names and behaves aggressively toward them. He often manipulates his peers into doing what he wants. What coping strategy is Marcos using? a. detachment b. extroversion c. moving against people d. moving with people
c
When anxiety provoking memories are prevented from reaching conscious awareness, such as not remembering lying to a parent, it is called ____________. a. denial b. isolation c. repression d. reaction-formation
c
Which of the following is a potential issue associated with using standard tests for the Big Five in cross-cultural personality research? a. The Big Five are only found in Western cultures. b. Researchers in other countries would not understand what the "Big Five" refer to. c. The research may miss other personality factors, not found in Western cultures. d. Answering questions about personality violates social norms in most non-Western cultures.
c
Which theory of personality is most concerned with understanding people's unconscious motivations? a. Behavioral b. Humanistic c. Psychodynamic d. Trait
c
Who suggested that men have womb envy because they cannot give birth? a. Abraham Maslow b. Carl Jung c. Karen Horney d. Sigmund Freud
c
You notice your classmate Hannah chewing on her pencil as she takes her psychology final. Which psychosexual stage may not have been resolved? a. genital b. phallic c. oral d. anal
c
Raymond Cattell advanced the study of personality by: a. developing case-study analysis. b. disproving Early Greek theories of personality. c. devising the Myers-Briggs inventory. d. using factor analysis.
d
What is Freud's term for the unconscious efforts by the ego to deny or distort reality for the purpose of protecting itself when conflict becomes too intense? a. false cognitions b. coping techniques c. disordered thinking d. defense mechanisms
d
Which of the following is a projective test? a. MMPI-2 b. Stanford-Binet Intelegence Scale c. NEO Personality Inventory d. Rorschach
d
Which of the following is one of the three components of the Freudian personality structure? a. Alter ego b. Archetype c. Collective unconscious d. Superego
d
Which of the following is true about cross-cultural differences in personality? a. There is no relationship between culture and personality. b. Most cultures do not have the same Big Five personality factors. c. Only individuals from Western cultures share the same Big Five personality factors. d. While most cultures share the same Big Five personality factors, the prevalence of each trait often differs.
d
Which research approach is probably the best for exploring the genetic contribution to personality? a. comparing identical twins who were reared apart b. comparing children adopted into another family with their siblings who remained with their birth parents c. comparing fraternal twins d. comparing identical twins who were raised in the same household
d
Which theorist emphasized the importance of the collective unconscious in personality development? a. Adler b. Fromm c. Horney d. Jung
d
Dr. Grimes conducts a ________ by requesting that his patient respond to ambiguous stimuli, thus revealing hidden feelings, impulses, and desires. a. projective test b. psychoanalysis c. self-report inventory d. trait analysis
A
Many cultures have stories about a hero who goes on a quest, such as Hercules, King Arthur, and Gilgamesh. What would Carl Jung say this exemplified? a. archetype b. id c. persona d. unconscious anxiety
A
Allana is generally an outgoing person. A ____________ psychologist would be most likely to suggest that Allana's personality is the result of being reinforced for outgoing behavior by her parents, teachers, or other people she interacted with in the past. a. behaviorist b. humanistic c. psychodynamic d. social-cognitive
a
Amir is constantly worrying about things, even though he really doesn't have anything to worry about. He is also very insecure and can become very upset when he thinks his friends are making a joke about him. If Walter took the NEO PI-R, he would likely have a ____________ score on the ____________ dimension. a. high; neuroticism b. high; conscientiousness c. low; neuroticism d. low; conscientiousness
a
Because we have developed certain response tendencies, ________ believed that we demonstrate consistent behavior patterns. a. B. F. Skinner b. Hans and Sybil Eysenck c. Ivan Pavlov d. Sigmund Freud
a
Dan avoids applying to college because he doubts he can succeed. He is working a retail job, but he tends to focus on the things he does wrong. In fact, he has almost no confidence in his abilities, and when he experiences a setback at work he is ready to quit. Albert Bandura would say Dan has ________. a. low self-efficacy b. malfunctioning cognitive processes c. no context d. vicarious learning
a
Hans and Sybil Eysenck viewed people as having two specific personality dimensions: ________. a. extroversion/introversion; neuroticism/stability b. extroversion/stability; introversion/neuroticism c. phlegmatic/choleric; sanguine/melancholic d. phlegmatic/melancholic; choleric/sanguine
a
If parents are too lenient in the ________ stage, the child might become messy, careless, disorganized, and prone to emotional outbursts. a. anal b. genital c. oral d. phallic
a
Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify? a. denial b. displacement c. rationalization d. rejection
a
Jung believed that there were two levels to the unconscious mind, the personal and the __________. a. collective b. analytical c. heroic d. preconscious
a
The ________ refers to the common psychological tendencies that have been passed down from one generation to the next. a. collective unconscious b. gestalt c. id d. ideal self
a
Unlike the strict behaviorists' view, Bandura's theory of reciprocal determinism: a. emphasizes the importance of learning. b. acknowledges that people shape and determine their environments. c. emphasizes the importance of traits. d. assumes that traits are not stable over time.
a