psychology Ch. 5
true
(T or F) As Achmed watches Dr. Craig write and solve a problem on the Smart Board during the lecture, he is engaging in observational learning.
true
(T or F) Behavioral psychologists believe learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior that arises from practice or experience.
false
(T or F) Flooding and counterconditioning are techniques for inducing fears.
false
(T or F) In counterconditioning, an organism learns to respond to a stimulus in a way that is completely compatible with a response that was conditioned earlier.
true
(T or F) Many psychologists suggest that the Little Albert experiment was unethical, partially due to the infant never being counter-conditioned.
false
(T or F) Robert Rescorla's contingency theory suggests that learning occurs only when the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) provides information about the conditioned stimulus (CS).
false
(T or F) Slot machines get individuals to keep playing because the machine uses continuous reinforcement.
false
(T or F) Telling your young child on Monday that their good behavior will be rewarded on Saturday is more effective than giving them an immediate reinforcer.
true
(T or F) There is a correlation between the viewing of media violence and aggressive behavior, but media violence is not the only factor.
true
(T or F) With respect to classical conditioning, the cognitive focus is about how well an organism can predict what will come next.
negatively reinforced
A parent buys their child a toy in order to stop the temper tantrum they are throwing. Next time they go to the store, the child throws another tantrum and the parent buys them another toy so they stop throwing a fit. The parent's behavior of buying the child a toy has been ______
project a picture of a llama then deliver a puff of air to the eye
A psychology student is attempting to use the principles of classical conditioning for a class assignment. They want to make a participant blink whenever they see a picture of a llama in a slideshow. Which of the following is the most effective sequence for this behavior to be classically conditioned?
The song is a conditioned stimulus that she still associates with the good times that she now misses
Aaliyah cries every time she hears a song on the radio that she and her ex-boyfriend used to enjoy. Hearing the song brings back memories of the good times they had before he broke off the relationship. How come Aaliyah cries when she hears the song?
flooding
Asha has a fear of darkness. To extinguish this fear, she is placed in a dark room ensuring that she suffers no harm in the process. In this scenario, which of the following techniques is being used to reduce Asha's fear of the dark?
discrimination
Bain's dog barks and growls at the sound of a stranger's car pulling into his driveway, yet the dog wags its tail and gets excited at the sound of Bain's car. In this scenario, the difference in the dog's reactions to the sound of Bain's car and that of a stranger's car is due to _________
successive approximations
Behaviors that are progressively close to a target behavior are called_______
generalization
Chandler was once awoken from her sleep by a white rat that fell on her. Following this incident, she began fearing all furry white objects including white fur coats and white stuffed animals. In this scenario, Chandler's fear of all furry white objects is due to ___
a conditioned response
Chicken salad sandwiches have always been a favorite of Michonne's. Her mom made her one for dinner but was unaware the mayonnaise had sat out on the table for too long and had spoiled. Michonne got very sick after eating that sandwich. Now whenever she goes into the grocery store and sees chicken salad in the delicatessen, she feels sick to her stomach. The sick feeling she gets when seeing chicken salad is ____
discriminative stimulus
Consider an experiment in which a pigeon is placed in a Skinner box with a button on the wall. The cage contains a small green light that is turned on and off intermittently throughout the day. When the pigeon pecks the button when the green light is on, the behavior is reinforced with food. When it pecks the button when the green light is off, the behavior is not reinforced. The pigeon soon learns that button pecking will be rewarded only when the green light is on. In this scenario, the green light is a(n) _______
variable-interval schedule
Every morning, Zuri's parents watch for the school bus to arrive. They repeatedly are looking out the window to see if the bus has arrived. This schedule is a _____
taste aversion
Garcia and Koelling are known for their research on___
cognitive maps of their surroundings
In E. C. Tolman's experiment, some rats were trained to run through mazes for standard food goals, while other rats were allowed to explore the mazes for 10 days without food goals or other rewards. Later, when food rewards were placed in a box at the far end of the maze, the previously unrewarded rats reached the food box as quickly as the rewarded rats after only one or two trials. This experiment demonstrated that the rats had the ability to form _______
the group of dogs learned to show a fear response at the sound of the tone
In Robert Rescorla's experiment, what happened to the group of dogs to whom a shock was consistently presented after a tone?
random amount of time has passed
In a variable-interval schedule, reinforcement is provided after a _______
spontaneous recovery of extinguished conditioned responses can occur
In classical conditioning, the term extinction can be misleading because:
conditional reflexes
In his initial experiments, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate when he sounded a tone or a bell. Pavlov termed these trained salivary responses _______
it involves continuous exposure to fear-evoking stimuli
In the context of behavior therapy methods, which of the following statements is true of flooding?
reflex
In the context of classical conditioning, which term is defined as a simple unlearned response to a stimulus?
reinforcement
In the context of operant conditioning, when you keep posting comments in social media to receive more "likes," this is an example of _______
fixed-ration schedule
In the context of reinforcement schedules, if you were only paid for every individual webpage that you create, you are being paid on a ________
negative punishment
Lin came home after curfew last night, so her parents took away the car keys for a week. What kind of consequences are Lin's parents using?
Luis will talk about how important cleanliness is, but not practice it
Luis has listened to his father lecture him about how important it is to wash your hands after using the bathroom, but he has never seen him father watch his hands after using the restroom. Based on observational learning, what is most likely true?
counterconditioning
Marley had a fear of dogs. To extinguish this fear, their mother baked them their favorite cake and gradually brought a dog closer to them while they ate the cake. In this scenario, what did Marley's mother use to cure their fear?
systematic desensitization
Naomi is afraid of dogs. While she is feeling relaxed, her therapist shows her a dog from a distance. The therapist gradually brings the dog closer until Naomi's fear is completely extinguished. In this scenario, which of the following techniques is being used to extinguish Naomi's fear of dogs?
the consequences that follow a behavior
Operant conditioning is essentially learning ________
biofeedback training
People learning to emit alpha waves through feedback from an electroencephalograph is an example of ________
the food is the unconditioned stimulus; Kofi salivating is the unconditioned response
Prior to conditioning, Kofi salivates in response to lasagna being placed in his mouth. Using classical conditioning terms, which is the correct labeling of stimuli and responses in this situation?
extinction
The process by which stimuli lose their ability to evoke learned responses because the events that had followed the stimuli no longer occur is known as _______
observational learning
Walda's father is a gardener. She has been watching her father work for many years. She now has her own garden. Though she has never been taught the art of gardening, she is very good at it. In this scenario, Walda acquired gardening skills by the process of _______
continous reinforcement
What is a schedule of reinforcement in which every correct response is reinforced?
contingency theory
What is the name of Robert Rescorla's viewpoint that suggests that learning occurs only when a conditioned stimulus (CS) provides information about an unconditioned stimulus (US)?
reinforcement involves presenting a stimulus and punishment involves removing a stimulus
What is the primary difference between reinforcement and punishment?
behavior modification
Which of the following can teachers learn to use to reinforce children when they are behaving appropriately and, when possible, to extinguish misbehavior by ignoring it?
shaping
Which of the following is a procedure for teaching complex behaviors that at first reinforces approximations of the target behavior?
money
Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?
people choose whether or not to imitate aggressive behaviors they observe
Which of the following is a view of cognitive psychologists?
explain the real-life consequences of violence
Which of the following is something that parents and educators can do to tone down the impact media violence is having on children?
they acquire their value through association with established reinforcers
Which of the following statements is true about secondary reinforcers?
Thorndike's law of effect
Which of the following theories states that pleasant events stamp in responses, and unpleasant events stamp them out?
latent learning
You moved to a new town and have to learn the layout of the streets and locations of various businesses. You learn the layout of the town without any reinforcements. Your friend asks you to go to a specific store for them to pick up an order. You are able to easily do this by following a route you have never taken. This is an example of _____________
