psychology Ch. 6
Allison wrote a paper critiquing Atkinson and Shiffrin's model based on the opinions of other memory researchers. Which of these could be a theme of her paper?
"Short-term memory and long-term are not necessarily different memory stores."
The prevalence of dementia will double every 20 years, reaching _____ by the year 2050.
106 million
Hermann Ebbinghaus
1st to quantify the effect of relearning; 1st to illustrate just how rapidly memories vanish
Tracy is holding something in short-term memory, but she is too distracted to rehearse it. About how long does she have before the information is lost?
30 seconds
Which student will likely do BEST on a test? Dave, who studied for 2 hours before the test and a total of 34 hours in the preceding two days Chris, who studied for 6 hours before the test, and who studied a total of 30 hours last week Brad, who studied for 18 hours before the test and 18 hours the day before that Allan, who studied for 36 straight hours before the test
Chris, who studied for 6 hours before the test, and who studied a total of 30 hours last week
_____ explored levels of processing in their classic 1975 study.
Craik and Tulving
Researchers have documented a phenomenon that comes fairly close to photographic memory that is called:
Eidetic Imagery
Henry has sustained damage to his hippocampus. How will his memory be affected?
He will have difficulty forming new memories.
The first person to quantify the effect of relearning was:
Hermann Ebbinghaus
_____ was the first person to quantify the effects of relearning.
Hermann Ebbinghaus
You decide you want to conduct research on memory as a career. What will most psychologists say about this choice?
It is a broad topic related in some way to most human and animal activities.
maintenance rehearsal
Technique of repeating information to be remembered, increasing the length of time it can be held in short-term memory.
What is one major difference between computers and the human brain?
The human brain has unlimited storage capacity
semantic memory
The memory of information theoretically available to anyone, which pertains to general facts about the world; a type of explicit memory.
working memory
active processing of information in short-term memory; the maintenance and manipulation of info in the memory system
Dr. Wescott studies amyloid plaques. What area of memory research is Dr. Wescott MOST likely involved in?
alzheimers disease
Ursula is waiting to meet a new doctor. Ursula's daughter tells her the doctor's name is Dr. Hollinger. Ten minutes later the doctor arrives and Ursula has no idea what the doctor's name is. What type of memory problem is Ursula showing in this case?
anterograde amnesia
Which type of amnesia can be generally described as a "learning disability'"?
anterograde amnesia
episodic buffer
brings information together, allowing us to problem solve
sensory memory
captures near-exact copies of vast amounts of sensory stimuli for a brief period of time
_____ generally have only one participant, thus it is important to consider this when trying to generalize to the population.
case studies
Dana has trouble remembering her friends' phone numbers. She notices most of her friends have the same area code and first three digits for their number. What has she done to help her memory?
chunking
Grouping numbers, letters, or other items into meaningful subsets as a strategy for increasing the quantity of information that can be maintained in short-term memory is called:
chunking
shallow level of processing
concerned w/ physical features(structure)
information processing theory
developed by richard atkinson and richard shiffirn. there are 3 types: sensory, short-term, and long-term memory
Max is interrupted when he is reviewing vocabulary for his French test. He later does poorly on the French test. What memory stage is MOST likely to blame for his poor performance?
encoding issues
automatic processing
encoding that happens w/little to no conscious effort or awareness
Loftus proposes that we should not expect accounts of the past to be identical among people because _____ are not exact duplicates of past events.
episodic memories
Which type of memory would be most vulnerable to reconstruction?
episodic memory
long-term memory
essentially unlimited capacity that stores enduring information about facts and experiences
echoic memory
exact copies of the sounds we hear; a form of sensory memory
Evidence suggests that the hippocampus is essential for creating new _____ but not_____.
explicit memory; implicit memory
Sometimes _____ results because details and events were never encoded in the first place.
forgetting
Which would be considered the deepest form of processing if you wanted to remember the word list "king, iron, candle"? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices repeating each word out loud generating a story about a king, an iron, and a candle repeating the definition of each word over and over spelling out each word out loud
generating a story about a king, an iron, and a candle
chunking
grouping #'s, letters, or other items into meaningful subsets as a strategy to remembering the information. maintained in short-term memory
Ping Lau is from China. As compared to an American, what sorts of memories is Ping likely to have more of?
historical events
Which is an example of an implicit memory? how to ride a bicycle where you were when you learned to ride a bicycle the color of your first bicycle understanding of why it's important to wear a helmet while cycling
how to ride a bike
curve of forgetting
hypothesizes the decline of memory retention in time
Dr. Arnold is interested in a very brief form of memory that can last up to 1 second. What type of memory is Dr. Arnold most likely studying?
iconic memory
Andrea likes to text in class. One day her professor says, "Iconic memory was first described by George Sperling" while Andrea is texting her friend. The professor notices Andrea's actions and says, "Excuse me, could you repeat what I just said?" What is Andrea most likely to say if her sensory memory is working well?
iconic memory was first described by George Sperling
Tanis is concerned about cognitive decline, at what age is the LATEST that she should begin a consistent exercise plan if she wishes to have better cognitive performance than her peers when she is in her sixties?
in her 30's
Memories from a long time ago are subject to a variety of:
inaccuracies and distortions
Exercise has been found to be beneficial for memory for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:
it reduces the buildup of amyloid plaques.
According to Atkinson and Shiffrin's model, when you recall something you did a month ago, you are using _____ memory.
long-term memory
Which stage of memory would be LEAST disrupted by having to count out loud backward from 100? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices iconic memory sensory memory long-term memory short-term memory
long-term memory
Dr. Arnold is studying the biological basis for learning. What aspect of memory is Dr. Arnold most likely to be interested in?
long-term potentiation
relearning
material learned previously is acquired more quickly in subsequent exposures
context-dependant memory
memories are easier to access when the encoding and retrievl occur in similar context. apart of a broader phenomenon conveyed by the encoding specificity principle
encoding specificity principle
memories are more easily recalled when the context and cues at the time of encoding are similar to those at the time of retrieval
elaborative rehearsal
method of connecting incoming information to knowledge in long-term memory; deep level of encoding
Pauline, as a prosecutor, is likely concerned the most about which phenomenon as she attempts to launch the prosecution in a highly publicized murder trial?
misinformation effect on witness
Any technique used to improve memory is called a(n):
mnemonic
An accurate analogy for the process of memory consolidation would be:
moving receipts from on top of your desk into the appropriate file folders.
Dr. Gunn gave a test where students could use recall or recognition to answer the questions. What type of questions were on the test?
multiple choice
mood congruence
retrieval is also easier when the content of a memory corresponds to our present emotional state
Ebbinghaus memorized lists of nonsense syllables and then calculated _____, which represented how much time was needed to relearn these lists.
savings scores
Suppose you are trying to remember something you saw 5 minutes ago. According to Atkinson and Shiffrin's model, what type of memory will NOT be helpful to you in this case?
sensory memory
What is being referred to by Sperling's (1960) statement "more is seen than can be remembered."
sensory memory has a large capacity but short duration
The _____ indicates that items at the beginning and the end of a list are more likely to be recalled.
serial position effect
The _____ indicates that the ability to recall items in a list depends on where they are in the series.
serial position effect
Dr. Hume is writing about capacity limits in a stage of Atkinson and Shiffrin's model. Which stage is Dr. Hume writing about?
short-term memory
distributed practice
spreading out study sessions over time w/ breaks in between
_____ refers to memories that are best retrieved when physiological and psychological conditions are similar at the time of encoding and retrieval.
state-dependant memory
retrieval cues
stimuli that helps in the retrieval of stored information that is difficult to access
massed practice
studying for a long period of time without breaks
Tara ranked in the top three in a recent memory competition. If Tara represents the findings of the study cited in the text, what did researchers find about Tara in comparison with "normal" people?
tara had a better than average imagination
mnemonic
technique used to improve memory
short-term memory
temporarily maintains processes a limited amount of information; lasts about 30 seconds
A researcher trains a rat to run through a maze and then lesions the rat's brain to determine whether or not the rat can remember the maze. What is the researcher likely to find?
that the rat will be able to remember how to to run the maze
serial position effect
the ability to recall items in a list depends on where they are in the series
Your friend describes a flashbulb memory of a car accident she witnessed 3 years ago. What is reasonable for you to conclude about the details? The account is extremely accurate because your friend saw it first-hand. The account is not at all accurate. The account likely contains some inaccuracies. The account is extremely accurate because your friend was affected emotionally by the event.
the account likely contains some inaccuracies
If you had damage to the hippocampus and frontal cortex, which aspect of memory would you likely have difficulty with?
the creation of long-term explicit memories
effortful processing
the encoding and storage of information w/conscious effort or awareness
Students who completed the midterm in the classroom where they learned did slightly better than students who completed the exam in a separate exam room. This is an example of:
the encoding specificity principle
encoding failure
the inability to recall specific information because of insufficient encoding of the information for storage in long-term memory
Which of these explicitly describes stages related to memory? the levels of processing framework the encoding specificity principle the information-processing model the Digit Span Model
the information-processing model
central executive
the part of working memory that directs attention and processing
phonological loop
the part of working memory that holds and processes verbal and auditory information
memory
the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
what are the four components to working memory?
the phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketch pad, central executive, episodic buffer
encoding
the process of preserving information for possible recollection in the future
recall
the process of retrieving information held in long-term memory w/o the help of an explicit retrieval cue
priming
the stimulation of memories as a result of retrieval cues ini the environment
tip of the tongue phenomenon
the temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by a feeling that it's just out of reach
proactive interference
the tendency for information learned in the past to interfere w/ the retrieval of new information
retroactive interference
the tendency for recently learned information to interfere w/ the retrieval of things learned in the past
primary effect
the tendency to remember items at the beginning of a list
recency effect
the tendency to remember items at the end of a list
Suppose you are a memory researcher and you are studying brain activity during memory tasks. If Atkinson and Shiffrin's model is correct, what is the minimum number of brain areas you should be able to identify that are related to memory?
three
Dr. Hammond is looking for a memory trace. What is the goal of his research?
to find the part of the brain where a specific memory is located
explicit memory
type of memory you are awareof having and can consciously express in words or declare, including memories of facts and experiences
procedural memory
unconscious memory of how to carry out a variety of skills and activities; type of implicit memory
iconic memory
visual impressions that are photograph-like in their accuracy but dissolve in less than a second; form of sensory memory
You are getting coffee when a friend asks you for directions to the nearest grocery store. What aspect of working memory will allow you to develop directions that you can then describe to your friend?
visuospatial sketchpad
method of loci
when presented w/ a series of words, you put those words and take them into a mental journey. attach a word to something, whether it is a body part or a specific place or object
You are a professor setting up a debate about memory. What is a plausible debate, based on the critiques of the information-processing model?
whether or not short-term memory is different from long-term memory
visuospatial sketchpad
works with visual and spatial information, where it is stored and manipulated
Your friend is writing a paper on childhood sexual abuse arguing that sexual abuse likely occurs in 2 out of 3 girls and 1 in 4 boys and is largely underreported because of repressed memories. Based on what you learned in your text, what would you say to your friend before he submitted his paper?
Keep in mind that there isn't a lot of evidence that sexual abuse is repressed. Most victims seem to remember the abuse, and your estimates may be high.
Which statement is an example of a rich false memory? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices Terry believes that he saw an event "live" on television when really the event only aired several hours later. Mary believes she was at home holding her children when the Sandy Hook Massacre story broke, when really she was in her car. Larry vividly recalls being terrified and hiding in the basement during a tornado even though he never hid in his basement and his home was never hit by a tornado. Gary is convinced he got an A in first year psychology when really he got a B.
Larry vividly recalls being terrified and hiding in the basement during a tornado even though he never hid in his basement and his home was never hit by a tornado.
_____ help to translate information into a form that is easier to remember.
Mnemonics
Dr. Ummel conducts a memory experiment where he shows a fight between two men and describes the contact as "punching" to one group and "tapping" to the other group. A week later Dr. Ummel asks each group to estimate how much blood was shed during the fight, even though no blood was ever shown. What is Dr. Ummel likely to find?
Participants in the punched group would be more likely to report blood than participants in the tapped group.
The _____ is the tendency to remember items at the beginning of a list.
Primacy effect
Godden and Baddeley (1975)
Researches using 18 divers, 36 unrelated words. 4 conditions to learn and recall: DD, DW, WW, WD. Easier to recall in same place. (Dry or Wet land)
What is the process of accessing information encoded and stored in memory?
Retrieval
Angela has severe anterograde amnesia. As her psychologist, what would you assume about Angela based on what is typical of people with anterograde amnesia?
She has some form of brain damage.
misinformation effect
The tendency for new and misleading information obtained after an incident to distort one's memory of it.
flashbulb memory
a detailed account of circumstances surrounding an emotionally significant or shocking, sometimes historic event
implicit memory
a memory of something you know or know how to do, which may be automatic, unconscious and difficult to bring to awareness and express
Which would Sperling (1960) say is MOST like the contents of iconic memory? a short video a hard drive an mp3 a photograph
a photograph
Which of these is a good analogy for a memory for an event?
a picture drawn in sand
Dr. Munroe tests the recall for a word list, and the data is shaped like a U. What effect did Dr. Munroe likely find?
a serial position effect
Most people experience the tip-of-the-tongue feeling about:
once a week
Dr. Allen is studying the influence of retrieval cues on memory. A main topic of his research will be:
priming
retrieval
process of accessing info encoded and stored in memory
Edetic memory
rare to have; can "see" an image or object sometimes long after it has been removed from sight; comes close to photographic memory
Dr. Hart gives a test where all the questions are fill-in-the-blank or short-answer essay questions. What type of memory retrieval will students need to use to complete the test?
recall
Most people find it easier to _____ the correct answer from a list of possible answers in a multiple-choice question than to _____ the same correct answer for a fill-in-the-blank question.
recognize; recall
rich-false memories
recollections of an event that never occurred, which are expressed w/ emotions and confidence and include details
According to the _____, the memories we make are not precise depictions of reality but instead are representations of the world as we perceive it.
reconstructionist model of memory
episodic memory
record of memorable experiences or "episodes" including when and where an experience occured. type of explicit memory
We learn material much more quickly the second time around, which refers to the phenomenon of:
relearning
Deeper Level Processing
relies on characteristics related to pattern
state-dependant memory
remembering things is also easier when physiological and psychological conditions including moods and emotions are similar at the time of encoding and retrieval
