Psychology ch.10
foot-in-the-door
Your best friend asks for $5. A week after you agreed, she asks for $50. She has just used the ____________ technique.
Lorenz
This individual felt that man is capable of killing man because we lack the inhibition from doing so.
reciprocity
"Flattery will get you everything" fits the principle of _____________.
True
According to the principle of operant conditioning, we learn attitudes based on reinforcement and punishment.
Milgram
According to this study, most people will obey authority figures even if it goes against their moral attitudes and values.
False
According to true consensus, when Jack fails to laugh at our funny joke, we assume he has no sense of humor.
expertise
Advertisements for aspirin boast that nine out of ten doctors recommend their product because ________ makes the advertisement more persuasive.
True
After you refuse to give $500 to your alma mater, you agree to the request for $25 because they used the door-in-the-face technique.
obedience
Altering behavior in response to commands or orders from people we perceive as having power or authority is ______.
attitude
Any learned, relatively enduring predisposition to respond in consistently favorable or unfavorable ways to certain people, groups, ideas, or situations is called a/an ______.
interpersonal aggression
Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt another person is _________.
Social adjustment
Arnold's reading of the same type of literature that his date indicated she likes serves which function of attitudes?
False
As an example of normative social influence of attitudes, Richard changes his political affiliation based on the fact that his friends are all Republican, so he becomes one too.
also give the wrong answer.
Asch conducted experiments in which seven men sat around a table and were asked to judge the length of lines. When six of the men gave the wrong answer, the seventh was likely to:
True
Asch conducted experiments in which six men gave the wrong answer and the seventh was then likely to give the wrong answer.
True
Attraction usually results from similar beliefs, values, and attitudes.
Avoidance behavior or discrimination.
Behaviorally, with what is prejudice associated?
True
Blaming Sally's failure on her lack of intelligence, but our own on the test being hard is an example of fundamental attribution error.
True
Conformity refers to the tendency to change or modify beliefs and behaviors so that they are consistent with those of other people.
True
Cognitive dissonance refers to the idea that people experience psychological discomfort whenever two related cognitions are in conflict.
more likely to conform
Compared to being among a non-unanimous group, we are _________ when among a unanimous group.
does not result from direct coercion.
Compared to compliance, conformity:
ends with a smaller final request.
Compared to the foot-in-the-door technique, the door-in-the-face technique:
similarity
Contrary to the old adage that opposites attract, people who are attracted to one another often share common beliefs, values, attitudes, interests, and intellectual ability. This is called _________.
men; women
Cross-cultural research on sex differences in human mate preferences provide strong evidence that ______ worldwide place greater value than ______ on mates who are both young and physically attractive.
normative social influence
During class, you go along with others when it comes to your political affiliation because you do not want to draw attention to the fact that you have different beliefs. This is known as ______________.
True
External attributes are situational.
True
Groupthink is a psychological drive for consensus at any cost that suppresses dissent and consideration of alternatives in group decision making.
Avoid the use of physically aggressive behavior toward or around children.
How can parents and other role models help to neutralize the effects of societal aggression in children?
change his attitude about lying.
If Jim feels that lying is abhorrent but he just recently lied to his girlfriend, cognitive dissonance theory suggests he will:
consensus
If everyone in Dr. A's office is nervous and fidgety, we would attribute __________ to the situation.
False
If we meet a person who we perceive as being warm and friendly, we will probably expect that person to also be generous and to have a good sense of humor based on explicit personality theories.
more favorable
If you have children, your attitudes about children may be __________ than attitudes of those who do not have children.
False
In the Asch line experiment, 10% of subjects went along with the group instead of answering correctly.
False
In the Asch line experiment, we are less likely to conform if there are at least four other people going against the group already.
"learners"
In the Milgram experiment, participants had to administer shocks to ________ each time a person got an answer wrong.
False
In the Milgram experiment, participants had to administer shocks to the authority figures each time a person got an answer wrong.
parents
It is quite common for children to possess attitudes about religion and politics that are similar to those of their _______.
he will engage aggressively but would have done so even without the violence in the show.
Joseph just got done watching a violent episode of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. Freedman would suggest that:
cognitive-dissonance
Leon Festinger proposed the ______ theory.
True
Many people refer to the government and government workers as "them" and "they" because they are considered the outgroup.
aggression
Miller suggested that frustration could produce a number of possible responses, only one of which is _____________.
could be attributed to either situational or dispositional factors.
More consistent behaviors are:
more likely to be attributed to situational factors.
More distinctive behaviors are:
less favorable
Our behaviors may determine our attitudes. If you are not a smoker, your attitudes about smoking may be __________ than those who do smoke.
ingroup bias
Our tendency to see our group as better than the other group is ____________.
True
Prejudice is a negative, unjustifiable, and inflexible attitude toward a group and its members based on erroneous information.
True
Since Stew's first impression of Valerie came from a meeting for students eligible for an academic honor society, he perceives her as intelligent and cannot understand how she could be flunking her math class.
perceive; observe
Social perceptions are more important in guiding our behaviors than the behavior of people around us. They guide our behavior based on what we ________ rather then what we ________.
Attribution theory
The assumption about why people behave the way they do is referred to as which of the following?
illusion of control
The attributional bias caused by the belief that we control events in our own lives that are beyond our control is called the ______.
distinctiveness
The degree to which various stimuli are capable of eliciting the same behavior from an individual is _____________.
discrimination
The denial of privileges to a person or group on the basis of prejudice is a component of ______.
dispositional
The fundamental attribution error occurs when we attribute too much of another person's behavior to ________ factors.
False
The fundamental attribution error states that the attributions we make about other people's behavior are influenced by a variety of conditions, such as the social desirability of that behavior or whether the behavior results from free choice.
conformity
The tendency to change or modify beliefs and behaviors so that they are consistent with those of other people is called ______.
an effect on
The way an individual acts has _________ the person's attitude.
Person
These types of schemas provide a structure for evaluating the people we meet, allowing us to take shortcuts by concentrating on some facts and ignoring others.
Outgroup
This group is the "them" group when individuals divide the world into "us" and "them."
Mere exposure effect
This is a phenomenon by which repeated exposure to novel stimuli tends to increase an individual's preference for such stimuli.
conformity
This is the tendency to change or modify behaviors so that they are consistent with those of other people.
True
Using foot-in-the-door technique, your best friend asks for $5 today and for $50 in a week.
the course is an elective that few students choose to take.
We are more likely to attribute John's choice of taking Advanced Organic Chemistry to his internal disposition if:
proximity
We often develop close relationships with people whom we see frequently in our neighborhoods, in school, at work, or at church or synagogue due to ________.
False
We often develop close relationships with people whom we see infrequently.
True
We would be more likely to believe that smoking is harmful if the claim came from a tobacco company.
A NASA employee.
We would be more likely to believe the earth is flat if the claim came from which source?
Implicit attitudes
What are attitudes that are unavailable to your conscious awareness called?
Central traits that we tend to associate with other characteristics.
What do implicit personality theories often tend to be organized around?
All effective alternatives should be examined.
What is one of Janis's recommendations for avoiding groupthink in group decision making?
Primacy effect.
What is the term used to describe the phenomenon that the first information we receive about a person often has the greatest influence on our perceptions of that person?
Frustration-aggression hypothesis
What is the theory that aggression is always a consequence of frustration and that frustration always leads to aggression called?
True
When Antoine does not hire anyone from a certain ethnic group that he actively dislikes, this would be considered discrimination.
True
When Gary wants to wear an unusual tie to his wedding but his fiancée has asked that he not do this, he is complying with her request.
dispositional
When Matt let a secret out, we think he is deliberately being mean. However, when we let a secret out, we say it is an accident. We attribute Matt's behavior to ________ causes.
informational social influence
When Shelly indicates she is a Republican because she investigated the available parties and now identifies as Republican, she is under ____________.
normative social influence
When Shelly indicates she is a Republican when she knows that four of the people on the promotion board are Republican, she is acting under ____________.
Correspondent inference theory
When a person's behavior is socially acceptable, we tend to attribute it to that person's true nature according to which of the following?
Attitudes are highly relevant to the behavior being considered and we are conscious of our attitudes.
When are attitudes particularly strong predictors of behavior?
When few people are present.
When are bystanders more likely to help another in time of need?
operant conditioning
When attitudes produce punishment, they tend to decrease; when they are reinforced, they tend to increase. This is ____________.
socially undesirable behaviors impact us the most.
When it comes to making correspondent inferences,
dispositional; situational
When make an attribution to an internal factor, it is ____________; when make an attribution to an external factor, it is ___________.
False
When you see Jim racing like a maniac down the road, the only choice you have is to see him as having to deal with a situation that is causing him to drive this way.
A chemistry major takes an elective Organic Chemistry II course.
Which of the following would increase the likelihood of someone attributing an action to internal disposition?
Males - physically attractive; Females - good financial prospects
Which pair best fits the traits males and females want in potential mates?
Someone who lives close by who is similar to ourselves.
Who are we more likely to be attracted to?
Someone who lives close by who seems genuinely interested in us.
Who are we more likely to be attracted to?
Stanley Milgram
Who carried out important experiments on obedience to authority?
Social desirability may influence his behavior.
Why wouldn't you think the head surgeon is warm and friendly when he shakes your hand in the waiting room?
one person
You are more likely to give the right answer, rather than follow the group, if at least _________ answers correctly.
Pavlovian conditioning
You have a fairly positive opinion about dogs: They are often cute, soft, and cuddly, and they can keep you company when you're alone. However, if you have a frightening experience with a dog, your attitude toward dogs may change. This would fit the idea of ______________.
An attributional error based on a false consensus.
You really like Tim McGraw's music and feel that he is a very talented musician. An acquaintance of yours indicates that she feels that country music is dull and boring. You then assume that she has no appreciation of good music. This assumption is an example of which of the following?
door-in-the-face technique
Your alma mater calls you and asks for you to generously contribute $500 to their capital campaign. After you refuse, they say "What about $25?" You are more likely to comply to the $25 request due to _________.
One in four
_______ participants completely resisted group pressure in the Asch line experiment.