Psychology - Chapter 1, 2, and 4
Which of the following statements about sleep deprivation is false?
Sleep deprivation has been found to lead to ADHD.
In Freud's model of dreams, the hidden meaning of a dream is called the ________ content.
latent
Marlowe wakes up from a dream about his teeth falling out. He looks in a dream dictionary and finds losing teeth is usually dream symbolism for anxiety. Freud would say Marlowe is focused on the ________ content.
latent
Which word is the most appropriate synonym for the term reliability?
precision
Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress, though he smokes so infrequently that he experiences no significant, noticeable physical symptoms when he is not smoking. What does this exemplify?
psychological dependence
Melatonin release from the pineal gland is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by ________.
darkness; light
Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity.
depressant
Lucy wants to study changes in physical attributes, cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in ________ psychology.
developmental
Which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness?
evolutionary
Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions?
experimental
Which choice is an accurate definition of a hypothesis?
A tentative explanation
A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of ________.
Gestalt Psychology
Which perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans?
Humanism
For which concept is Abraham Maslow best known?
Proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior
What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common?
They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience.
Which word is the most appropriate synonym for the term validity?
accuracy
Bev likes to be up late at night and sleep in; Caleb likes to wake up with the sun and go to bed early. A psychologist would say they have different ________.
chronotypes
The scientific process is ________, involving both inductive and deductive reasoning.
circular
Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in?
clinical
A(n) ________ variable is a factor that affects both variables of interest in research and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship.
confounding
Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________.
consciousness
Which kind of psychologist would be consulted in jury selection and witness preparation?
forensic
Mescaline is considered a(n) ________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences.
hallucinogenic
The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) ________.
illusory correlation
A group of researchers investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable.
independent; dependent
Guillermo spends some time each day applying the principles of structuralism to examine his own conscious experience as carefully as possible. Guillermo is engaged in ________.
introspection
A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design.
longitudinal
A(n) ________ is a description of how the researchers will measure the variables of interest.
operational definition
Sleepwalking, night terrors, and restless leg syndrome are all examples of
parasomnias
The fact that some well-known studies have been repeated without finding results consistent with those in the initial report describes a(n) ________ that is currently affecting research in psychology and other fields.
replication crisis
Psychology refers to the ________.
scientific study of the mind and behavior.
Which of the following choices refers to a broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by evidence over time?
scientific theory
Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area of ________.
social psychology
Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity.
stimulant
Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ________.
studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes
Victoria has accumulated a large sleep debt. This means that she ________.
suffers from chronic sleep deprivation
Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and ________.
the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts
Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible.
their own conscious experience
Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that ________.
there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer
Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same effect. This is an example of ________.
tolerance