Psychology Chapter 1
Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest relationship between two variables? +.60, +.30, .00, -.75
-.75
prediction stated in a way that allows it to be tested
A hypothesis is best defined as a:
as the value of one variable increases, the value of the other increases.
A positive correlation indicates that:
The relationship between two sets of variables is examined to determine whether they are associated.
Correlational research
Idea that people's behavior is produced primarily by factors outside of their willful control.
Determinism
Dr. Greenway—behavioral perspective; Dr. Cech—cognitive perspective
Dr. Greenway argues that psychology should focus on observable, measurable behavior. Dr. Cech suggests that psychology should study how people think about and understand the world. Which option below CORRECTLY identifies their respective perspectives?
naturalistic observation
Evelyn, a psychology graduate, watches parent-child interactions in a park. She simply records what she sees and does not make a change in the situation. The method she uses is known as ________.
The only way psychologists can establish cause-and-effect relationships through research is by carrying out a(n):
Experiment
An early approach to psychology that concentrated on what the mind does and the role of behavior in allowing people to adapt to their environments.
Functionalism
As the value of one variable increases, the value of the other decreases.
In a negative correlation:
number of people present; whether the participant helps
In a typical Latane and Darley "bystander" experiment, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the dependent variable.
measured by the researcher and is expected to change.
In an experiment, the dependent variable is:
how behavior aids one's adaptation to the environment.
In the context of the psychology of emotion, William James and John Dewey would be most interested in:
Before participating in an experiment, the participants must sign a document affirming that they have been told the basic outlines of the study and are aware of what their participation will involve, what risks the experiment may hold, and the fact that their participation is purely voluntary and they may terminate it at any time. This refers to which ethical principle of research?
Informed consent
is a procedure used to study the structure of the mind in which subjects are asked to describe in detail what they are experiencing when they are exposed to a stimulus.
Introspection
believed that children were born into the world with minds like "blank slates" and that their experiences determined what kind of adults they would become.
Locke
The approach that views behavior from the perspective of the brain, the nervous system, and other biological functions.
Neuroscience Perspective
The people taking part in an experiment are referred to as ________.
Participants
scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
Psychology
The systematic inquiry aimed at the discovery of new knowledge.
Research
What is a disadvantage of a case study?
Results may not be generalizable beyond the sample.
rely on this in order to study mind and behavior.
Scientific Method
perception
The Gestalt psychologists made substantial contribution to our understanding of:
cognitive
The computer metaphor is at the heart of the ________ perspective.
Formulating an explanation
The development of a hypothesis occurs in which of the following steps of a scientific method?
ensure that participant characteristics are equivalent across the various groups.
The purpose of random assignment to conditions is to:
What is a disadvantage of survey research?
The sample may not be representative of the larger population.
The approach used by psychologists to systematically acquire knowledge and understanding about behavior and other phenomena of interest is called:
The scientific method.
broad explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest.
Theories
Introspection was not truly scientific.
What was the disadvantage of introspection?
Behavioral Perspective-Emphasizes observable behavior and objectivity.
Which contemporary perspective is correctly matched with it's description?
An individual's self-rating on a 10-point happiness scale.
Which of the following is an operational definition of happiness?
Behavioral
Which of the following perspectives of psychology emphasizes observable responses?
Identify problem → formulate explanation → carry out research → communicate findings
Which of the following sequences correctly arranges the steps in the scientific method from first to last?
To rule out the idea that something other than the experimental variable produced the observed results.
Why are control groups included in experiments?
Doctors Chase and Sanborn are conducting an experiment on the effects of caffeine on memory. Participants are randomly assigned to a caffeine or a no-caffeine group; their recall of items on a word list is later assessed. Which pair below correctly names and identifies the variables in this experiment?
Word recall—dependent variable; caffeine—independent variable
The formal beginning of psychology is associated with this person.
Wundt
Dr. Gigliotti is conducting an in-depth, intensive investigation of a patient with dissociative identity disorder. He uses psychological tests and interviews to better understand the patient. Dr. Gigliotti is undertaking a(n):
case study
The strength and direction of the relationship between the two variables are represented by a mathematical statistic known as a(n):
correlation coefficient
Techniques that help us describe a situation or phenomenon. Example: archival research. case study research. naturalistic observation
descriptive research techniques
In the context of psychological research, a(n) ________ group is any group that receives a treatment.
experimental
The emphasis of the humanistic perspective is on:
free will.
In an experiment, the ________ variable is deliberately manipulated by the researcher.
independent
Kendra is combining the results of a number of experiments to yield an overall conclusion. Kendra is performing a ________.
meta-analysis
An individual's self-rating on a 10-point happiness scale
operational definition of happiness
Noreen asserts that our behavior is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which we have little awareness or control. This viewpoint is most consistent with the ________ perspective in psychology.
psychodynamic
Research that is conducted, sometimes using other procedures, settings, and groups of participants, to increase confidence in prior finding is referred to as ________.
replicated research
Amy is conducting a survey of dating attitudes and behaviors among young adults as part of her masters' thesis work. Amy distributes questionnaires to 200 randomly selected students enrolled in an introductory psychology course at her university. The 200 students constitute Amy's ________. The people whom she assumes her results will generalize are termed the ________.
sample; population
Dr. Estevez prepares a set of questions to ask college students about their drinking behavior and their attitudes toward alcohol. Dr. Estevez is undertaking a(n):
survey research
Behaviors, events, or other characteristics that can change in some way:
variables