Psychology Chapter 1 & 2 Quiz

Tomas is writing a paper about the women who were early influences in the field of psychology. When discussing the contributions of Margaret Floy Washburn, he should write that:

"Margaret Floy Washburn was able to earn her PhD and publish scholarly work in the late 1800s because of her perseverance, despite society's belief that women are inferior to men."

Which sequence of correlation coefficients is in order of increasing strength?

.45, .55. -.65

Which statement expresses the relationship between a theory and a hypothesis?

A theory is broader than a hypothesis.

Aurelio is a psychologist who has conducted research on strategies that improve learning in a laboratory setting. Cassandra is a psychologist who has taken the findings of Aurelio's research and has used them to improve learning in a group of fifth graders at a public school. Which statement is correct regarding Aurelio's and Cassandra's research?

Aurelio's research is basic, whereas Cassandra's is applied

As part of a laboratory experiment in his psychology course, Miguel is observing the activity of a recording electrode on the axon of a neuron. As an action potential occurs, what might Miguel observe?

The electrical charge of the neuron will go from negative to positive before returning to resting potential.

Samantha and Anaïs are identical twins who were separated at birth and raised in different cultures. Samantha was raised in the United States, and Anaïs was raised in France. Their rare circumstances made them good candidates for:

a case study

Dr. Estevez prepares a set of questions to ask a large group of college students about their drinking behavior and their attitudes toward alcohol. Dr. Estevez is undertaking:

a survey

Roland has been exposed to a chemical that is disrupting the action of the neurotransmitter _____, which relays messages from neurons to muscles and thus enables movement.

acetylcholine

It's not possible to fire a gun softly or flush a toilet halfway. Like an action potential, gunfire and a toilet's flush follow the _____ law.

all-or-none

While mapping the human motor cortex, Penfield and Boldrey (1937) noted that there was less cortex dedicated to the _____ than the _____.

arm; tongue

After a brain injury, a class of glial cells called _____ restores the barrier between the brain and blood.

astrocytes

The somatic nervous system initiates voluntary muscle activity, and the _____ nervous system regulates involuntary activity.

autonomic

Terminal buds are found at the ends of:

axons

Margaret Floy Washburn had a huge influence on the field of psychology in the late 1890s in that she was the first woman to:

be granted a PhD in psychology from an elite college

Chloe is majoring in psychology. She is about to graduate and has applied to several PhD programs. Chloe's interested in understanding how the brain and other biological systems influence human behavior. It is likely that Chloe plans to specialize in:

biosychology

After suffering a devastating injury, Brandon had difficulty articulating words. The damage to an area of Brandon's brain inhibited speech production. This area is:

broca's area

A report describes the harrowing experiences of 33 trapped Chilean miners. Rare phenomena such as these may be studied using the _____ method.

case study

Imagine a brain surgeon is treating a patient like Christina, who suffers from Rasmussen's encephalitis. In addition to concerns about the risky surgery, they might worry that the disease will:

cause the patient to feel self-conscious about being different

At the broadest level, the nervous system is divided into the _____ and the _____ nervous systems.

central; peripheral

A goal of psychology is to _____, which involves using research findings to shape or modify behavior, or to apply the findings in order to direct behavior in a beneficial way.

change

Constance participated in a psychological research study. When it ended, she left not knowing the purpose of the study or the deception that was used. The ethical issue with this study involves:

debriefing

In an experiment, the _____ variable is measured by the researcher.

dependent

The goals that lay the foundation for the scientific approach in psychology include:

describing, explaining, predicting, and changing behavior

After gathering data on psychologists, Jocelyn creates a pie chart to display the percentage of psychologists working in different fields. In this scenario, she uses _____ to display the collected data.

descriptive statistics

Ablation, a very early technique, studied the brain by:

destroying parts of a living animal brain to determine a loss of function

The first step in the scientific method is

developing a question

If the goal of a neuroscience research project is to map neural connections, what technique will need to be included on the protocol application submitted to the Institutional Review Board (IRB)?

diffusion Spectrum imaging (DSI)

Communication within neurons is primarily _____ and communication between neurons is primarily _____.

electrical; chemical

Split-brain operations are used to treat drug-resistant:

epilepsy

Organizing and making sense of behavioral observations is central to psychology's goal of:

explanation

Raphael conducted an experiment in which participants texted on their cell phones while driving a car through an obstacle course, or participants did not text while driving through the course. Raphael concluded from the results of the study that texting had a negative effect on participants' driving. Michael pointed out that participants' levels of driving experience could have interfered with the results, making driving experience a(n) _____ variable.

extraneous

Characteristics of the environment or the participants that might interfere with an experiment's outcome are called:

extraneous variables

In which lobe is the motor cortex located?

frontal

Prior to her hemispherectomy, Christina was extroverted, easygoing, and full of energy. After her operation, Christina became more introverted and passive. The transformation of Christina's personality may be a result of many factors, including the loss of her right _____ lobe.

frontal

The brain injury suffered by 19th-century railroad worker Phineas Gage allowed psychologists to learn about the functions of the brain's

frontal lobe

A positive correlation would be predicted for which two variables?

grade point average and amount of studying

Darnell underwent surgery to remove a tumor that was causing severe epilepsy. Now Darnell cannot form new memories of his experiences, although he does remember events in the past. All of the tissue removed from Darnell's brain was damaged. However, based on Darnell's symptoms, his surgeon suspects that some of the damaged tissue removed was part of the:

hippocampus

_____ gather information from multiple neurons and facilitate the nervous system's complex functions.

interneurons

After an action potential, the neuron:

is restored to its resting potential

Expose yourself to new information and activities and your brain will continue to develop and adapt. Thanks to _____ there is no limit to the amount you can learn!

neuroplasticity

The ability of the brain to heal, grow new connections, and make do with what is available is a characteristic we refer to as

neuroplasticity

The stories of both Brandon and Christina provide examples of:

neuroplasticity

The chemicals that relay signals across the synapses between neurons are called:

neurotransmitters

The breaks between myelin segments are called:

nodes of Ranvier

Carmen is driving at night in an unfamiliar city. The neighborhood looks dangerous and Carmen feels lost and on edge. The neurotransmitter _____ is helping her cope with the stress of the situation.

norepinephrine

Hinton and colleagues (2012) found that academic engagement and participation are crucial to learning. This means that active participation and hands-on experiences, both in and out of the classroom, are key to:

nueroplasticity

Dr. Villatte is overseeing a naturalistic observation study of children's aggression. He notices that male and female research assistants vary in how they rate the aggressiveness of girls' behaviors. Dr. Villatte suspects the presence of _____ bias.

observer

Multiple observers might be used in a naturalistic observation study to see whether they make similar observations. If they make different observations, this may be an indication of:

observer bias

Kiesha indicates that she will measure happiness as the number of times an individual smiles per hour. She has provided a(n):

operational definition

Autopsy studies of Einstein's brain suggest that the _____ lobe may be involved in spatial and mathematical intelligence.

parietal

In an experiment, Casimer assigned all males to a group in which participants drank three glasses of fruit punch. All females were assigned to a group in which participants drank three glasses of wine. Casimer found that the participants who drank the wine made more errors on a simulated driving test than did the participants who drank the punch. An obvious problem with this experiment is that:

participants were not randomly assigned to groups

When thinking about her own nervous system, Gabriella first thinks broadly about the central and _____ nervous systems.

peripheral

Jay is a graduate teaching assistant for an introductory course in psychology. The course instructor has offered to let Jay spend 15 minutes teaching her class about the nervous system. She has asked Jay to organize the presentation from the most broad to the most specific systems within the nervous system. Which order of information would enable Jay to meet the instructor's expectations?

peripheral> autonomic>sympathetic

Neuropsychologist Ling Chew gives half of the participants in her experiment a pill that contains a stimulant drug. She gives the other half of her participants an identical-looking pill that does not contain the drug. Dr. Chew is using a pill without the drug as a(n):

placebo

Taytiana is attempting to replicate a study by Foroughi, Werner, Barragan, and Boehm-Davis (2015) on the effects of interruptions on reading comprehension. The hypothesis of Taytiana's experiment is that interruptions while reading will lead to:

poor comprehension of the material

_____ psychology is a relatively new approach that counters the field's more traditional focus on abnormality and maladaptive behavior.

positive

Antwon is an industrial/organizational psychologist who advises a petroleum company on selecting offshore oil rig workers who will most likely comply with safety regulations. Antwon is pursuing psychology's goal of:

prediction

Today phrenology would be considered _____.

pseudoscience

Using the _____ perspective, the differences or similarities between identical twins Sam and Anaïs would be explained by how they were raised early in life by their caregivers.

psychoanalytic

Redoing and expanding on a study to see if its results hold up in different conditions with new samples is to:

replicate

Neurotransmitters that attach to receptors may be reabsorbed by the sending axon terminal in a process known as:

reuptake

Bali serves on an Institutional Review Board (IRB) at his university. As a member of the IRB, he would:

review research proposals to protect the rights of participants

Mamie Phipps Clark conducted research on how prejudice, discrimination, and segregation impact the development of the self. Mamie probably would have associated herself with the _____ perspective.

socioculture

Raising your hand, kicking a soccer ball, and swinging a tennis racquet are all under the influence of the ___________ nervous system.

somatic

The focus of _____ was to uncover the elements of the mind, while _____ focused on identifying what thoughts, feelings, and behaviors could be used for.

structuralism; functionalism

Emily has to give a presentation on the nervous system in front of her biological psychology class. Right before it's her turn to present, Emily's heart starts to beat rapidly. This is due to activation of her _____ nervous system.

sympathetic

The _____ nervous system initiates what is often referred to as the "fight-or-flight" response.

sympathetic

The job of the _____ is to process and relay sensory information to appropriate parts of the cortex.

thalamus

A sports psychologist conducted an experiment on the effects of whey protein on people's muscle development. In this experiment, whether or not people consumed whey protein is:

the independent variable

The role of _____ is to protect and insulate the axon and to speed up the neural message.

the myelin sheath

In a recent study Leiserowitz et al. (2014) asked half of their participants about harm to their families from "global warming" and the other half about harm to their families from "climate change." They found that most participants were significantly more alarmed by:

the phrase "global warming" than by the phrase "climate change."

In a social psychology experiment, one group of participants is reminded of a social stereotype they are likely to believe, while another group is not. All participants then interact with a member of the group to which the stereotype applies, and the nature of their interactions is recorded. Which statement is true?

the reminded group receives the treatment and is the experimental group

In a research study, Dr. Nancy Segal had identical twins and fraternal twins work together on a puzzle. She and her colleagues then rated the twins on different measures of "cooperative behavior." In this study, cooperative behavior was operationally defined as:

the researchers' observations of how often twins worked together

In a recent study Leiserowitz et al. (2014) asked half of their participants about harm to their families from "global warming" and the other half about harm to their families from "climate change." Their results illustrated that:

the wording of the question influences how people respond

Functionalism was an early school of psychology that sought to:

understand the purpose of the mind

Dr. Johnannsen is a psychologist whose research is based on that of Mamie Phipps Clark, the first Black woman to be awarded a PhD in psychology. Dr. Johanssen's research would likely focus on:

ways to improve education for minority children

An experiment conducted by Lillard and Peterson (2011) showed that four-year-old children who watched a fast-paced, fantastical cartoon did _____ than did those who did not watch such a cartoon.

worse on cognitive tests