Psychology Chapter 1 Test

How did Sigmund Freud differ from other early psychologists?

Freud gained his understanding of human behavior in consultations with patients

What are functionalists primarily concerned with?

How mental processes help organisms adapt to their environment

William James rejected structuralism. What did he focus on instead?

How mental processes help organisms adapt to their environment

Which of the following is the best definition of the science of psychology?

Scientific study of behavior and mental processes

How did the study of behaviorism define psychology?

Scientific study of observable behavior

Which is an example of a negative correlation?

The greater the stress, the poorer the health

Much of what we know, we know by _______ rather than _______

agreement, experience

What is the term for a predisposition to a certain point of view, despite what the facts may suggest?

bias

Why are scientists cautious about making generalizations from case studies?

case studies cannot always be replicated

The division of psychology that deals primarily with "patterns of thinking" is

cognitive

Which of the following is a step involved in psychological research?

conducting surveys, collecting and analyzing data, drawing logical conclusions

Which of the following methods do scientists use to analyze the data they gather from their studies?

correlation

Which of the following best describes a hypothesis?

educated guess

The science of knowing of perhaps "the science of finding out" is

epistemology

What do scientists need in order to support a theory?

evidence

Which of the following best describes a case study?

in depth investigation

Possible common errors of inquiry include all EXCEPT

induction (include tradition, authority, illogical reasoning)

In what way is the practice of psychology closely related to the practice of the natural sciences?

its reliance on scientific research methodologies

How is standard deviation determined?

measuring the distance of every score to the mean

Observing the way people eat in restaurants is an example of

naturalistic observation

Overgeneralization, selective observation, made up information, and the defense of illogical reasoning all conspire to produce

premature closure of inquiry

To accurately predict the outcome of a national election, what group should researchers survey?

random sample of voters

What is one reason that survey interviews and questionnaires may not be completely accurate?

respondents may not give honest answers

Which is one way researchers ensure that a sample represents a target population?

selecting people at random from the target population

Scientific inquiry CANNOT answer

should? (can answer what, why)

What is a method researchers use to gather information from many people about a particular subject?

survey

In the experimental method, how is the control group different than the experimental group?

the control group does not receive the treatment

What are the main goals of psychology?

to observe, describe, explain, predict, and control behavior

When was modern psychology born?

1800s, after the birth of modern science

What score is most often used as the central tendency?

Mean