Psychology chapter 11

Which of the following is NOT one of Selye's three stages in the general adaptation syndrome?

resilience phase

According to the general adaptation syndrome, the levels of endocrine and sympathetic activity in the _________ are lower than the levels in the alarm reaction but still higher than normal.

resistance stage

The belief that we can bring about desired changes through our own efforts is called _________.

self-efficacy expectation

What is Hans Selye's term for strain that is healthful?

Eustress

According to the general adaptation syndrome, in the resistance stage, levels of endocrine and sympathetic activity are higher than in the alarm reaction.

False

Type B people are highly driven, competitive, impatient, hostile, and aggressive—so much so that they are prone to getting into auto accidents.

False

What are the risk factors associated with coronary heart disease (CHD)?

The risk factors are family history, psychological conditions, patterns of consumption, type A behavior, job strain, chronic fatigue, stress, anxiety, depression, and emotional strain, and a physically inactive lifestyle.

According to Albert Ellis, which of the following is true of beliefs?

Our beliefs about events, not just the events themselves, can be stressors.

Which of the following is true of coronary heart disease (CHD)?

Overtime work, assembly line labor, and exposure to conflicting demands can all contribute to CHD.

Influenza is caused by a virus. This virus is an example of disease-causing organisms called__________.

Pathogens

__________allows us to brace ourselves for the inevitable and, in many cases, plan ways of coping with it.

Predictability

Many health problems are affected by _________, such as attitudes, emotions, and behavior.

Psychological factors

Stress and pathogens interact to influence the immune system.

True

According to the different kinds of social support,__________involves listening to people's problems and expressing feelings of sympathy, caring, understanding, and reassurance.

emotional-concern

Serena has an internal locus of control. This means that she:

feels in control of her own life.

The field of psychology that studies the relationships between psychological factors and the prevention and treatment of physical wellness problems is known as _____.

health psychology

Many health problems are affected by__________, such as attitudes, emotions, and behavior.

psychological-factors

Carole seems to be incredibly healthy; she is able to resist illness despite being severely stressed. She fully involves herself in whatever she is doing. She believes that change is normal and that she has control over the course of her life. Psychologists would say that Carole is:

psychologically hardy.

According to the different kinds of social support,__________involves making conversation, recreation, and even going shopping with someone.

socializing

​_________ can be positive or negative, occur at irregular intervals, and create stress.

​Life changes

Discuss the associations between illnesses (such as cancer and coronary heart disease) and racial and ethnic background.

African Americans have an overall higher percent change of developing cancer and coronary heart disease. Native and European Americans have a higher change than Latin and Asian Americans for developing such conditions.

According to the general adaptation syndrome, the _________ is triggered by perception of a stressor.

Alarm reaction

What is the result of high self-efficacy expectations?

All of these (lower levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline, better ability to function in spite of pain, and less disturbance by adverse events.)

Explain how the approach-approach conflict differs from the avoidance-avoidance conflict.

Approach-approach conflict is the least stressful type of conflict. Each of the two goals are desirable and within reach. avoidance-avoidance conflict is stressful because you are motivated to avoid each of two negative goals. Avoiding one requires approaching the other.

Dawn wants to be a veterinarian because she wants to help animals remain healthy. On the other hand, she cannot see animals suffering from illnesses. According to Neal E. Miller, what is this type of conflict called?

Approach-avoidance conflict

Emily is on a diet. For lunch, she has the choice of a salad with fat-free dressing and a fruit plate. However, she does not like either of them. According to Neal E. Miller, what is this type of conflict called?

Avoidance -avoidance conflict

​_________ is the feeling of being pulled in two or more directions by opposing motives.

Conflict

Explain in detail about the characteristics of people with high self-efficacy expectations.

Have higher psychological and biological reasons for remaining calmer. They are less prone to be disturbed by adverse events. They are more likely to lose weight, quit smoking, and control their alcohol intake. They are also better able to function in spite of pain.

What is health psychology?

Health psychology studies the relationship between psychological factors and the prevention and treatment of physical health problems

Kevin is in the exhaustion stage of Selye's general adaptation syndrome. Which of the following is most likely to occur?

His heart and respiration rates slow down and his muscles become fatigued.

Which of the following is a difference between life changes and daily hassles?

Life changes occur at irregular intervals, whereas daily hassles occur regularly.

Which of the following is a difference between Type A people and Type B people?

Type A people are more likely to continue to strive for more and more as compared to Type B people.

The immune system combats disease:

by generating antibodies, which attach themselves to antigens, deactivating them and marking them for destruction.

The risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) can be reduced by:

lowering LDL serum cholesterol.

The concept of social support has many definitions. What are these, as described in the text, and how do these types of social support serve to reduce the effects of stress?

Emotional concern is listening to people's and expressing feelings of sympathy, caring, understanding, and reassurance. Instrumental aid is the material supports and services that facilitate adaptive behavior. information is guidance and advice appraisal is feedback from others about how one is doing socializing is conversation, recreation, even going shopping with someone

​ _____ is a demand made on an organism to adapt, cope, or adjust.

Stress

The field of psychology that studies the relationships between psychological factors and the prevention and treatment of physical wellness problems is known as__________.

health-psychology

__________such as pathogens, injuries, age, gender, and a family history of disease may strike us as the most obvious causes of illness.

Biological-factors

​________ are regularly occurring experiences that can harm our well-being, even our sex lives.

Daily hassles

Predictability is of greater benefit to externals—that is, to people who wish to exercise control over their situations—than to internals.

False

Unhealthy stress is referred to as eustress.

False

What is a fight-or-flight reaction? Explain its functions.

Fight-or-flight is the innate adaptive response to the perception of danger. It is used when faced with a threatening situation. Your body is able to determine wether fighting or fleeing is the best reaction to this threatening situation.

Susan is in the alarm reaction stage of Selye's general adaptation syndrome. In this scenario, which of the following is most likely to occur?

Her body has been aroused and she experiences a fight-or-flight reaction.

Which of the following is true of cancer?

People whose immune system is damaged by physical or psychological factors may be more likely to develop cancer.

​_________ is a cluster of traits that buffer stress and are characterized by commitment, challenge, and control.

Psychological hardiness

Who among the following exhibits a characteristic of psychological hardiness?

Roanne, who sees change as an opportunity to grow

Eugene believes that he can bring about positive changes in his life through his own efforts. Psychologists would say that Eugene has high__________.

Self-efficacy-expectations

Psychological states such as anxiety and depression can impair the functioning of the immune system.

True

According to the general adaptation syndrome, the__________is triggered by perception of a stressor.

alarm-reaction

According to the different types of social support, _________ involves helping people interpret, or "make sense of," what has happened to them.

appraisal

In _________, each of two goals is desirable, and both are within reach.

approach-approach conflict

In__________, each of two goals is desirable, and both are within reach.

approach-approach-conflict

Type A people:

are highly driven, competitive, impatient, hostile, and aggressive.

In__________conflict, you are motivated to avoid each of the two negative goals. However, avoiding one requires approaching the other.

avoidance-avoidance

To _________ is to interpret negative events as being disastrous or to "blow out of proportion."

catastrophize

Overtime work, assembly line labor, and exposure to conflicting demands can all contribute to__________.

coronary-heart-disease

Lisa is a single parent of three children. During the course of each week, she prepares meals, shops for grocery, and takes care of the household. She also has a demanding job that she does not like, but cannot quit as she is concerned about meeting her everyday expenses. Psychologists refer to these stresses as _____.

daily hassles

When an individual can no longer cope with ongoing stress and becomes ill, he or she has reached the__________of the general adaptation syndrome.

exhaustion-stage

Feeling lonely and being socially isolated are examples of__________.

inner-concern-hassles

Ever since Michelle failed her biology final, she has been thinking that she will never be able to find a job when she eventually graduates. She feels that she will end up homeless. This demonstrates what psychologist Albert Ellis calls:

irrational beliefs.

After getting back from work, Greg is attempting to decide whether he should stay home or exercise at the gym. He wants to stay at home because he likes to relax, but he feels guilty about not getting enough exercise. He knows that if he goes to the gym, he will be glad that he is exercising but unhappy because he does not enjoy the activity. According to Neal E. Miller, this is an example of__________.

multiple-approach-avoidance-conflict

Type B people:

relax more readily and focus more on the quality of life.

Connor was frightened as his cab was weaving in and out of traffic across the city. The level of his endocrine and sympathetic activity eventually lowered as his body attempted to restore lost energy and repair damage. Connor is in the _____ of the general adaptation syndrome.

resistance stage

According to the general adaptation syndrome, the levels of endocrine and sympathetic activity in the__________are lower than the levels in the alarm reaction but still higher than normal.

resistance-stage

​ _________ such as pathogens, injuries, age, gender, and a family history of disease may strike us as the most obvious causes of illness.

Biological factors

Sam wants to be a clinical psychologist. He has been accepted at two different graduate schools. Both schools are equally prestigious and will provide him with an outstanding education. However, he has to choose between the two schools. According to Neal E. Miller, this type of conflict is known as a(n):

approach-approach conflict.