psychology Chapter 12-16
lead to significant distress and impairment in one's life
Patterns of inner experience and behavior are thought to reflect the presence of a psychological disorder if they ________.
theory x:
People dislike work and avoid it. People avoid responsibility. People want to be told what to do. Goals are achieved through rules and punishments.
Describe the DSM-5. What is it, what kind of information does it contain, and why is it important to the study and treatment of psychological disorders?
The DSM-5 is the classification system of psychological disorders preferred by most U.S. mental health professionals, and it is published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). It consists of broad categories of disorders and specific disorders that fall within each category. Each disorder has an explicit description of its symptoms, as well as information concerning prevalence, risk factors, and comorbidity. The DSM-5 provides a common language that enables mental health professionals to communicate effectively about sets of symptoms.
It gives you great pleasure to learn new things.
intrinsic motivation
Knowledge is important to you.
intrinsic motivation
You love learning.
intrinsic motivation
You want to learn as much as you can.
intrinsic motivation
overjustification effect
intrinsic motivation is diminished when extrinsic motivation is given.
Acute stressors
involve brief focal events that sometimes continue to be experienced as overwhelming well after the event has ended, such as falling on an icy sidewalk and breaking your leg
neurodevelopmental disorders
involve developmental problems in personal, social, academic, and intellectual functioning: attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder and autism.
hippocampus
involved in emotional processing. Like the amygdala, research has demonstrated that hippocampal structure and function are linked to a variety of mood and anxiety disorders.
token economy
involves a controlled setting where individuals are reinforced for desirable behaviors with tokens, such as a poker chip, that can be exchanged for items or privileges. Token economies are often used in psychiatric hospitals to increase patient cooperation and activity levels. Patients are rewarded with tokens when they engage in positive behaviors
merger
refers to the joining of two organizations of equal power and status
Involuntary treatment
refers to therapy that is not the individual's choice.
Human factors psychology (ergonomics)
the study of how workers interact with the tools of work and how to design those tools to optimize workers' productivity, safety, and health.
Psychopathology
the study of psychological disorders, including their symptoms, etiology (i.e., their causes), and treatment. can also refer to the manifestation of a psychologyical disorder.
Negative effects of stress are most likely to be experienced when an event is perceived as ________.
threatening and there are no clear apparent options for dealing with it.
industrial, organizational, and human factors
three broad areas of the field of I-O psychology
immutable characteristics
traits of an individual that are fundamental to her identity.
structured interviews (McDaniel, Whetzel, Schmidt & Maurer)
were more effective at predicting subsequent job performance of the job candidate.
repetitive, distressing thoughts; repetitive behaviors
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by obsessions, which are ________ and/or compulsions, which are ________ .
Occupational Health Psychologist
Occupational therapist, research scientist, consultant, human resources (HR) specialist, professor
bipolar disorder
On Saturday, Ramon felt hopelessly sad, overwhelmed, and unmotivated. On Tuesday, however, he felt energized, and powerful, and decided to buy a new car. Ramon may have
social
Once a person feels physiologically comfortable and secure, Maslow would say they can then focus on the ________ level in the hierarchy of needs.
successfully reduces
Once we have engaged in a behavior that _________________ a drive, we are more likely to engage in that behavior whenever faced with that drive in the future
exercise.
One effective tool in regulating stress that can even prevent telomere shortening is
Provide an example of a stressful situation that may cause a person to become seriously ill. How would Selye's general adaptation syndrome explain this occurrence?
One example is when somebody's spouse dies or is unexpectedly diagnosed with a fatal disease. In both cases, the stress experienced by the surviving spouse would be intense, continuous, and—according the general adaptation syndrome—would eventually increase vulnerability to illness or disease (exhaustion stage).
Humanistic Therapy:
One key advantage of person-centered therapy is that it is highly acceptable to patients. In other words, people tend to find the supportive, flexible environment of this approach very rewarding. Furthermore, some of the themes of PCT translate well to other therapeutic approaches. For example, most therapists of any orientation find that clients respond well to being treated with nonjudgmental empathy.
checklist
One of the methods used to reduce accidents in the workplace
difficulty relating to others
One of the primary characteristics of autism spectrum disorder is ________.
Lashawn is a 24-year-old African American female. For years she has been struggling with bulimia. She knows she has a problem, but she is not willing to seek mental health services. What are some reasons why she may be hesitant to get help?
One reason may be that her culture views having a mental illness as a stigma. Additionally, perhaps she doesn't have insurance and is worried about the cost of therapy. She could also be afraid that a White counselor would not understand her cultural background, so she would feel uncomfortable sharing things. Also, she may believe she is self-reliant and tell herself that she's a strong woman who can fix this problem on her own without the help of a therapist.
army beta
Which test designed for the Army was used for recruits who were not fluent in English?
Flow
a particular experience that is so engaging and engrossing that it becomes worth doing for its own sake
habit
a pattern of behavior in which we regularly engage.
hallucination
a perceptual experience that occurs in the absence of external stimulation.
examples of cognitive distortions
all-or-nothing thinking, overgeneralization, and jumping to conclusions.
diagnosis
appropriately identifying and labeling a set of defined symptoms
25%-30%
approximately ___________of the U.S. population meets the criteria for at least one anxiety disorder during their lifetime
Philippe Pinel
argued for more humane treatment of the mentally ill. He suggested that they be unchained and talked to, and that's just what he did for patients at La Salpêtrière in Paris in 1795. patients benefited from this more humane treatment, and many were able to leave the hospital.
Lips (2013)
argues that the education, career, and life choices can, in fact, be constrained by necessities imposed by gender discrimination.
extrinsic motivation
arising from external factors
intrinsic motivation
arising from internal factors
23%
around ________ of Americans experience isolated panic attacks in their lives without meeting the criteria for panic disorder
illegal for a potential employer to:
ask age, if you are married, a U.S. citizen, have disabilities, or what your race or religion is.
not a part of KSAs?
aspiration
set point theory
asserts that each individual has an ideal body weight, or set point, which is resistant to change.
James-Lange theory of emotion
asserts that emotions arise from physiological arousal.
jumping to conclusions
assuming that people are thinking negatively about you or reacting negatively to you, even though there is no evidence.
Bisexual
attracted to people of their own gender and another gender
International Classification of Diseases (ICD):
authoritative index of mental and physical diseases, including infectious diseases, and the criteria for their diagnosis; published by the World Health Organization (WHO)
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)
authoritative index of mental disorders and the criteria for their diagnosis; published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA)
Factors Involved in Job Satisfaction-Dissatisfaction
autonomy, work content, communication, financial rewards, growth and development, promotion, coworkers, supervision and feedback, workload, work demands.
Two counterconditioning techniques
aversive conditioning and exposure therapy.
Which of the following would constitute a safety behavior?
avoiding eye contact
distress:
bad form of stress; usually high in intensity; often leads to exhaustion, fatigue, feeling burned out; associated with erosions in performance and health
Job stress (strain)
caused by specific stressors in an occupation.
NOT included in the DSM-5
causes of disorders
manic episode
characterized as a "distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased activity or energy lasting at least one week," that lasts most of the time each day
obsessions
characterized as persistent, unintentional, and unwanted thoughts and urges that are highly intrusive, unpleasant, and distressing
Dissociative disorders
characterized by an individual becoming split off, or dissociated, from her core sense of self. Memory and identity become disturbed; these disturbances have a psychological rather than physical cause.
anxiety disorders
characterized by excessive and persistent fear and anxiety, and by related disturbances in behavior
Hyperactivity
characterized by excessive movement, and includes fidgeting or squirming, leaving one's seat in situations when remaining seated is expected, having trouble sitting still (e.g., in a restaurant), running about and climbing on things, blurting out responses before another person's question or statement has been completed, difficulty waiting one's turn for something, and interrupting and intruding on others.
bipolar disorder
characterized by mood states that vacillate between sadness and euphoria; a diagnosis requires experiencing at least one manic episode, which is defined as a period of extreme euphoria, irritability, and increased activity.
Depersonalization/derealization disorder
characterized by recurring episodes of depersonalization, derealization, or both. Depersonalization is defined as feelings of "unreality or detachment from, or unfamiliarity with, one's whole self or from aspects of the self"
Mood disorders are:
characterized by severe disturbances in mood and emotions—most often depression, but also mania and elation
borderline personality disorder
characterized chiefly by instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood, as well as marked impulsivity. People with borderline personality disorder cannot tolerate the thought of being alone and will make frantic efforts (including making suicidal gestures and engaging in self-mutilation) to avoid abandonment or separation (whether real or imagined).
nondirective play therapy
children are encouraged to work through their problems by playing freely while the therapist observes
treatment::
children with anxiety disorders were least likely to have received treatment in the past year, while children with ADHD or a conduct disorder were more likely to receive treatment.
phobias can be acquired through three major learning pathways.
classical conditioning, modeling, and verbal transmission or information.
Anxiety disorders are generally characterized by
excessive, persistent fear and anxiety.
defining symptoms of major depressive disorder
"depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day" (feeling sad, empty, hopeless, or appearing tearful to others), and loss of interest and pleasure in usual activities. person will no longer show interest or enjoyment in activities that previously were gratifying, such as hobbies, sports, sex, social events, time spent with family, and so on.
mindfulness therapy components
(1) self-regulation of attention, and (2) orientation toward the present moment
Social anxiety disorder
(formerly called social phobia) is characterized by extreme and persistent fear or anxiety and avoidance of social situations in which the person could potentially be evaluated negatively by others.
safety behaviors include
- assuming roles in social situations that minimize interaction with others (e.g., taking pictures, setting up equipment, or helping prepare food) asking people many questions to keep the focus off of oneself - selecting a position to avoid scrutiny or contact with others (sitting in the back of the room) - wearing bland, neutral clothes to avoid drawing attention to oneself - avoiding substances or activities that might cause anxiety symptoms (such as caffeine, warm clothing, and physical exercise)
To receive a diagnosis of major depressive disorder, one must experience a total of five symptoms for at least a two-week period
- significant weight loss (when not dieting) or weight gain and/or significant decrease or increase in appetite; - difficulty falling asleep or sleeping too much; psychomotor agitation (the person is noticeably fidgety and jittery, demonstrated by behaviors like the inability to sit, pacing, hand-wringing, pulling or rubbing of the skin, clothing, or other objects) or psychomotor retardation (the person talks and moves slowly, for example, talking softly, very little, or in a monotone); - fatigue or loss of energy; - feelings of worthlessness or guilt; - difficulty concentrating and indecisiveness; and suicidal ideation: thoughts of death (not just fear of dying), thinking about or planning suicide, or making an actual suicide attempt.
unstable emotions
Which of the following is a sign of borderline personality disorder?
Psychological disorder qualifications
1. significant disturbances in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. 2. disturbances reflect some kind of biological, psychological, or developmental dysfunction. 3. disturbances lead to significant distress or disability in one's life. 4. disturbances do not reflect expected or culturally approved responses to certain events.
three factors work that together to produce successful treatment.
1. use of evidence-based treatment that is deemed appropriate for your particular issue. 2. the clinical expertise of the psychologist or therapist. 3. your own characteristics, values, preferences, and culture.
cognitive engineering
A human factors psychologist who studied how a worker interacted with a search engine would be researching in the area of ________.
mental illness
26% of homeless adults living in shelters experience____________
Hosoda, Stone-Romero, & Coats, 2003
A meta-analysis of experimental studies found that physical attractiveness benefited individuals in various job-related outcomes such as hiring, promotion, and performance review
instinct
A new born baby knowing how to suck to get food is an example of a
panic attack, 10, significant.
A period of time characterized by sudden anxiety and terror is known as a_________These usually last about _____minutes. Sufferers of panic attacks exhibit _______change in behavior as a result of feeling fear about having another panic attack and its consequences.
surgical team
A ________ is an example of a tactical team.
focus on the client's unconscious thoughts and feelings
A commonality among the techniques used in psychoanalysis is that they ________.
a psychological disorder.
A condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors is called
significant disturbances in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
A person must experience inner states (e.g., thoughts and/or feelings) and exhibit behaviors that are clearly disturbed—that is, unusual, but in a negative, self-defeating way. Often, such disturbances are troubling to those around the individual who experiences them.
The disturbances lead to significant distress or disability in one's life.
A person's inner experiences and behaviors are considered to reflect a psychological disorder if they cause the person considerable distress, or greatly impair his ability to function as a normal individual (often referred to as functional impairment, or occupational and social impairment).
specific fear; significantly
A phobia is a(n) ____________ (1) regarding a certain object, situation, or activity. The level of anxiety and fear__________(2) interfere(s) with normal routine, occupational functioning, or social relationships.
systematic desensitization,
A popular form of exposure therapy. The idea is that you can't be nervous and relaxed at the same time.
trephining
A small hole was made in the afflicted individual's skull to release spirits from the body. Most people treated in this manner died.
major depressive disorder
A study based on over 9,000 U. S. residents found that the most prevalent disorder was ________.
if they were raised in a disturbed adoptive home environment
A study of adoptees whose biological mothers had schizophrenia found that the adoptees were most likely to develop schizophrenia ________.
intake
A therapist's first meeting with a client is called ________.
group therapy.
A treatment modality in which 5-10 people with the same issue or concern meet together with a trained clinician is known as ________
growth mindset
David is a decent student in school and enjoys learning. He feels that he can be just as "smart" as anyone else, just as long as he works hard. David's way of thinking could be called a ________.
performance appraisal
A___________is often used for the supervisor to communicate specific concerns about the employee's work and to positively reinforce elements of good performance.
comorbidity
Abbie has suffered from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) ever since she was in a car accident last year. Recently, she has also become depressed. What term best describes her condition?
esteem
According to Maslow, which needs should be met just before self-actualization can be achieved?
increased activation in the amygdala.
According to a study by Raineki, Cortés, Belnoue, and Sullivan (2012), rat pups who experience abuse early in their lives were likely to show depressive behaviors and
gender-balanced
According to research by Hoogendoorn, Oosterbeek, & van Praag, which type of sales team is likely to bring in the most profits?
a panic disorder.
According to the DSM-5, the person must experience unexpected panic attacks to qualify for a diagnosis of ______________
Death of a family member
According to the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS), which life event requires the most adjustment, of the following options?
Personal injury or illness
According to the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS), which life event requires the most adjustment, of the following options?
james-lange
According to the ________ theory of emotion, emotional experiences arise from physiological arousal.
The Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion
According to this theory, emotions are composed of two factors: physiological and cognitive. In other words, physiological arousal is interpreted in context to produce the emotional experience.
one third
According to your reading, nearly ________ of the adult population in the United States can be classified as obese.
Anti-depressants
Alter levels of neurotransmitters such as serotonin and norepinephrine
extrinsic
Amber, a manager for a large company, wants to motivate her employees by offering them large bonuses for productivity. This is an example of which type of motivation?
obese
An adult with a BMI of 30 or higher
orientation training
An important goal of____________is to educate the new employee about the organizational culture, the values, visions, hierarchies, norms and ways the company's employees interact—essentially how the organization is run, how it operates, and how it makes decisions.
What about a Type A personality has the strongest correlation with heart disease?
Anger
medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus
Animal research suggests that in male rats the ________ is critical for the ability to engage in sexual behavior, but not for the motivation to do so.
emotional deficits
Antisocial personality disorder is associated with ________.
26%
Approximately what percentage of homeless adults living in shelters experience mental illness?
exposure therapy
As a behavioral therapist, you are looking for a method to allow Miriam to learn a new response to the thought of public speaking. Now the idea terrifies her. After therapy is over, she should no longer be terrified and she may even look forward to the opportunity to speak in front of other people. You know that everyone is not the same and different problems may call for different approaches to therapy. For these reasons, you have been trained in a variety of techniques that you can use to customize Miriam's therapy to meet her particular needs. It is time to decide how you are going to help Miriam. Which of the two approaches listed below seems to be the more promising therapeutic approach for Miriam's case?
exhaustion stage
At which stage of Selye's general adaptation syndrome is a person especially vulnerable to illness?
biological
Attributing psychological disorders to genetic factors, chemical imbalances, and brain abnormalities gives merit to the ________ perspective.
Cognitive therapy
Awareness of cognitive process helps patients eliminate thought patterns that lead to distress
optimism
Axel tends to look on the bright side of things. His tendency towards ________ is a good predictor of positive health outcomes.
Cluster A
Barry is extremely suspicious of most people, especially his girlfriend. Although he doesn't have any firm evidence that she has been unfaithful, he has attached a GPS monitor to her car so he can monitor where she goes. He also worries that his neighbors go through his trash to find out information about him.
"I like the way you're working so hard on that."
Based on the Carol Dweck's research on mindsets, what would be the best advice a teacher could offer his student while working on some difficult problems?
dopamine
Based on the effectiveness of drugs used to treat schizophrenia, researchers believe that the neurotransmitter ________ has a primary role in the disease.
People with psychological disorders have been treated poorly throughout history. Describe some efforts to improve treatment, include explanations for the success or lack thereof.
Beginning in the Middle Ages and up until the mid-20th century, the mentally ill were misunderstood and treated cruelly. In the 1700s, Philippe Pinel advocated for patients to be unchained, and he was able to affect this in a Paris hospital. In the 1800s, Dorothea Dix urged the government to provide better funded and regulated care, which led to the creation of asylums, but treatment generally remained quite poor. Federally mandated deinstitutionalization in the 1960s began the elimination of asylums, but it was often inadequate in providing the infrastructure for replacement treatment.
behavioral inhibition
Behavioral inhibition is thought to be an inherited trait, and it is characterized by a consistent tendency to show fear and restraint when presented with unfamiliar people or situations
extrinsic
Ben asks his daughter to clean her room and always rewards her when she does. He's doing this because he thinks it's a good way to get her motivated to do it on her own. What type of motivation is Ben using?
those ages 45-64
Between 2006 and 2009, the greatest increases in stress levels were found to occur among _______
growth mindset
Blackwell, Trzesniewski, and Dweck's research found that students with a ________ prefered challenging work and were not discouraged by failure.
anorexia
Bradley is constantly checking his weight in the mirror and on the scale. He restricts his diet to a small amount of calories a day and forces himself to run at least 10 miles a day. His body weight is excessively low. He probably suffers from ________ nervosa.
ventricles
Brain imaging studies reveal that people with schizophrenia have enlarged__________, implying that schizophrenia is associated with a loss of brain tissue.
Cognitive task analysis:
Breaking down the elements of a cognitive task
Task analysis
Breaking down the elements of a task
How is bulimia different from binge eating
Bulimia consists of binge eating and then purging the food, while binge eating consists of overeating and then feeling guilty.
How is bulimia different from binge eating?
Bulimia consists of binge eating and then purging the food, while binge eating consists of overeating and then feeling guilty.
voluntary
Deja has been having dark thoughts for a few months, and is also feeling lethargic, unmotivated, and depressed. She talks to her parents and together they decide she should see a counselor. What kind of treatment does this describe?
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
CBT interventions tend to be relatively brief, making them cost-effective for the average consumer. In addition, CBT is an intuitive treatment that makes logical sense to patients. It can also be adapted to suit the needs of many different populations. One disadvantage, however, is that CBT does involve significant effort on the patient's part, because the patient is an active participant in treatment. Therapists often assign "homework" (e.g., worksheets for recording one's thoughts and behaviors) between sessions to maintain the cognitive and behavioral habits the patient is working on. The greatest strength of CBT is the abundance of empirical support for its effectiveness.
Promotion
Career advancement opportunity
extrinsic
Carl mows the yard of his elderly neighbor each week for $20. What type of motivation is this?
flow
Carson enjoys writing mystery novels, and has even managed to publish some of his work. When he's writing, Carson becomes extremely focused on his work; in fact, he becomes so absorbed that that he often loses track of time, often staying up well past 3 a.m. Carson's experience best illustrates the concept of ________.
amygdala
Changes in ________ structure and function have been demonstrated in adolescents who are either at-risk or have been diagnosed with various mood and/or anxiety disorders.
an example of self-efficacy
Christina believes she can earn a college scholarship.
free association; psychoanalysis
Clay is in a therapy session. The therapist asks him to relax and say whatever comes to his mind at the moment. This therapist is using ________, which is a technique of ________.
Interviews that are structured.
Clayton Brothers' law firm is hiring. Which type of interview should the firm use as a predictor of future job performance?
humanistic
Client: Thank you for meeting with me on such short notice, Dr. Lovelace. I've heard such good things about you and how warm and understanding you are, which is why I decided to see you for therapy./p> Therapist: I am here to help. I believe that every person has the capacity to change and grow. We all have the answers to our problems, we just may need a little guidance sometimes. Tell me more about yourself and why you are here, Susan./p> Client: Well, I'm here because I've been doing bad things lately. I've been yelling at my kids, and I've been very irritable with my coworkers. This is so unlike me. Do you think that makes me a bad person?/p> Therapist: I can understand why you might feel upset with yourself, Susan. This doesn't match with your concept of yourself, and it makes you feel bad. I'm not judging you; I accept you for who you are. How do you think you can better line up your ideas about yourself (as being a good person) with reality?/p> What type of therapy is taking place between the client and the therapist?
a delusion
Clifford falsely believes that the police have planted secret cameras in his home to monitor his every movement. Clifford's belief is an example of ________.
periods of extreme elation and euphoria
Common symptoms of major depressive disorder include all of the following except ________.
Psychodynamic therapy
Compare and evaluate various forms of psychotherapy ________ emphasizes early childhood experiences and internal forces.
Researchers have identified a number of factors that are related to happiness. Which of the following is not one of them?
physical attractiveness
Symptoms of PTSD include all of the following except ________.
physical complaints that cannot be explained medically
Anti-anxiety agents
Depress central nervous system activity
Problem focused
Destinee failed three of her classes during her first semester of college. She decides to set things in order and visits a school counselor, arranges for tutoring, and adopts better time management strategies. What type of coping does Destinee demonstrate?
schizophrenia
Devin was convinced that people were following him. He started hearing voices, and would stare out the window for hours without moving. He eventually dropped out of school and lost his job because of the paranoia. Devin most likely has ________.
Which of the following is a primary characteristic of ADHD?
Difficulty concentrating and distractibility
In America, who is most likely to receive mental health treatment?
Dillon, a 50-year old white male.
memory loss following stress
Dissociative amnesia involves ________.
psychological
Dissociative disorders, which dramatically affect memory and identity in those afflicted are thought to be primarily ________ in nature.
people may fake symptoms to avoid punishment.
Dissociative identity disorder is controversial because the rates of the disorder suddenly skyrocketed in the 1980s and then rapidly declined and also because
different personalities
Dissociative identity disorder mainly involves ________.
disturbances do not reflect expected or culturally approved responses to certain events
Disturbances in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors must be socially unacceptable responses to certain events that often happen in life. For example, it is perfectly natural (and expected) that a person would experience great sadness and might wish to be left alone following the death of a close family member. Because such reactions are in some ways culturally expected, the individual would not be assumed to signify a mental disorder.
disturbances reflect some kind of biological, psychological, or developmental dysfunction.
Disturbed patterns of inner experiences and behaviors should reflect some flaw (dysfunction) in the internal biological, psychological, and developmental mechanisms that lead to normal, healthy psychological functioning.
unconditional positive regard:
Donna tells her therapist that she came home from work in a bad mood and kicked her dog. Her humanistic therapist does not judge her for this action, but rather asks Donna to discuss what she was feeling at that time. The therapist is using ________.
biological
Dr. Anastasia believes that major depressive disorder is caused by an over-secretion of cortisol. His view on the cause of major depressive disorder reflects a ________ perspective.
antidepressants
Drugs like Paxil, Prozac, and Zoloft are ________ that alter levels of neurotransmitters such as serotonin and norepinephrine.
adrenal glands
During an encounter judged as stressful, cortisol is released by the ________.
orgasm (3rd phase)
During the ________ phase of the sexual response cycle, individuals experience rhythmic contractions of the pelvis that are accompanied by uterine contractions in women and ejaculation in men.
Discuss the common elements of each of the three disorders covered in this section: obsessive-compulsive disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, and hoarding disorder.
Each of the three disorders is characterized by repetitive thoughts and urges, as well as an uncontrollable need to engage in repetitive behavior and mental acts. For example, repetitive thoughts include concerns over contamination (OCD), imaged physical defects (body dysmorphic disorder), and over discarding one's possessions (hoarding disorder). An uncontrollable need to engage in repetitive behaviors and mental acts include persistent hand-washing (OCD), constantly looking in the mirror (body dysmorphic disorder), and engaging in efforts to acquire new possessions (hoarding disorder).
Dorothea Dix
Efforts by ________ led to mental health care reform and some of the first mental asylums in the United States.
Which of the following exemplifies the Hawthorne effect?
Elementary students behave well when observers come watch their class to take note on the effectiveness of discipline.
human interaction factors
Elton Mayo's studies at the Western Electric's Hawthorne Works in Chicago began with a study of the physical work environment but evolved into studying____________, like motivation and interpersonal relations.
human interaction factors.
Elton Mayo's studies at the Western Electric's Hawthorne Works in Chicago began with a study of the physical work environment but evolved into studying__________________, like motivation and interpersonal relations.
Although problem-focused coping seems to be a more effective strategy when dealing with stressors, do you think there are any kinds of stressful situations in which emotion-focused coping might be a better strategy?
Emotion-focused coping would likely be a better coping strategy in situations in which a stressor is uncontrollable, or in which nothing could otherwise be done about it, such as a fatal illness.
terminal cancer
Emotion-focused coping would likely be a better method than problem-focused coping for dealing with which of the following stressors?
participate in
Employees function better under leadership that allows them to ____________, and provide input about, setting their personal and work goals.
observable artifacts
Everyone in a company knows the story of how the company was founded, and they share it with new employees as a legend, complete with jargon and slang that one would only understand as an employee of that company. Which aspect of organizational culture is being described?
replacing a negative response with a positive response
Exposure therapy worked by ________.
work demands
Extra work requirements, insecurity of position
Transformational
Finley is a positive, motivator leader who encourages his employees to socialize, harness their creativity, and set goals. What type of leader is Finley?
Usually someone is hospitalized only if they are an imminent threat to themselves or others. Describe a situation that might meet these criteria.
Frank is severely depressed. He lost his job one year ago and has not been able to find another one. A few months after losing his job, his home was foreclosed and his wife left him. Lately, he has been thinking that he would be better off dead. He's begun giving his possessions away and has purchased a handgun. He plans to kill himself on what would have been his 20th wedding anniversary, which is coming up in a few weeks.
greater
Genetic and neurological factors have a ________ impact on ADHD compared to social or environmental factors.
Compare the factors that are important in the development of ADHD with those that are important in the development of autism spectrum disorder.
Genetic factors appear to play a major role in the development of both ADHD and autism spectrum disorder: studies show higher rates of concordance among identical twins than among fraternal twins for both disorders. In ADHD, genes that regulate dopamine have been implicated; in autism spectrum disorder, de novo genetic mutations appear to be important. Imaging studies suggest that abnormalities in the frontal lobes may be important in the development of ADHD. Parenting practices are not connected to the development of either disorder. Although environmental toxins are generally unimportant in the development of ADHD, exposure to cigarette smoke during the prenatal period has been linked to the development of the disorder; a number of environmental factors are thought to be associated with an increased risk for autism spectrum disorder: exposure to pollutants, an urban versus rural residence, and vitamin D deficiency. Although some people continue to believe that MMR vaccinations can cause autism spectrum disorder (due to an influential paper that was later retracted), there is no scientific evidence that supports this assertion.
bipolar disorder
Genetic factors play a large role in ________. Twin studies show that identical twins are have a 67% chance of getting this disorder if their twin has it as well.
flow.
Georgette was practicing her saxophone and got so involved improvising on a song that she completely lost track of time. She described it as exciting and awesome and was proud of the creativity in what she played. This is an example of
human factors
Giselle visits warehouses and recommends changes to the equipment and processes in order to optimize the productivity and health of the employees. She is likely a(n)_______________pyschologist
International Classification of Disease; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Globally, the ________ is more frequently used for clinical diagnosis, whereas the ________ is more valued for research.
strengths-based management.
Greg has one employee, Sasha, who is a weak presenter and gets incredibly stressed out about presenting in workshops, but is an excellent writer. Greg decides to emphasize Sasha's writing abilities and gives her opportunities to shine outside of the spotlight. Greg is practicing
cheaper
Group therapy tends to be ________ than individual therapy.
psycho-educational groups
Groups that have a strong educational component
Organizational Psychologist
HR research specialist, professor, project consultant, personnel psychologist, test developer, training developer, leadership developer, talent developer
major depression
Harry is a 49 year-old bank manager. He has had a lot of uncertainty about his job recently, and many of his coworkers have been laid off. For the past two weeks, he has been extremely sad and hasn't been able to go to work at all. He has used up all of his sick days, and spends his time sleeping or sitting on his couch watching television. He can't concentrate on anything very long, and he has a lot of trouble deciding what he should do about his situation.
Transactional
Hershel is a strict, goal-oriented manager. When his team achieves their daily productivity goals he rewards them with long lunches and bonus pay. When his team falls behind, he extends the work day by an hour and cuts lunch by fifteen minutes. What type of leader is Hershel?
no, it is impossible for humans to multitask
Is being able to multitask, or cognitively focus on two different tasks at the same time, something that humans can do?
ledoux
His research into the neuroscience of emotion has demonstrated the amygdala's primary role in fear
Imagine that you are a psychiatrist. Your patient, Pat, comes to you with the following symptoms: anxiety and feelings of sadness. Which therapeutic approach would you recommend and why?
I would recommend psychodynamic talk therapy or cognitive therapy to help the person see how her thoughts and behaviors are having negative effects.
study found that:
ICD is more frequently used for clinical diagnosis, whereas the DSM is more valued for research
nondirective play therapy.
If Dr. Marshall quietly watches Mateo play in the corner with toys in order to observe his behavior and make a diagnosis, he is utilizing
aversion therapy
If Henry gets help for his alcoholism and is given the drug Antabuse to take before drinking. He gets uncomfortable and sick every time he drinks, which is teaching him to dislike alcohol. This is an example of
bisexual
If Jan is emotionally and sexually attracted to both men and women, she is ________.
ask other people lots of questions
If Jeremy has social anxiety disorder, which is a safety behavior he might adopt in order to reduce anxiety in social situations?
produce fewer lymphocytes.
If Keith had a stressful and busy month at work, his body will likely
homosexual
If Mekhi is a man who feels attracted to other men, he is ________.
bipolar disorder
If a person experiences mood states that vacillate between depression and mania, they may have ________.
comorbidity
If a person has two diagnoses at the same time, like anxiety and depression, they fit the criteria for ________.
gender dysphoria
If someone is uncomfortable identifying with the gender normally associated with their biological sex, then he could be classified as experiencing ________.
prevalence
Imagine that your professor asked you to look up what percentage of people in the United States currently have a diagnosis of depression. What is another term for this number?
The James-Lange theory would predict that I would not feel fear because I haven't had the physiological arousal necessary to induce that emotional state.
Imagine you find a venomous snake crawling up your leg just after taking a drug that prevented sympathetic nervous system activation. What would the James-Lange theory predict about your experience?
Stimulants
Improve ability to focus on a task and maintain attention
Most dogs remained where they were.
In Martin Seligman's famous study on learned helplessness, how did the dogs who had received electric shocks react when they were eventually given the opportunity to escape?
dislike
In Theory X management, the assumption is that most employees____________ their work.
like
In Theory Y management, the assumption is that most employees_______their work
with a friend.
In an experiment where participants had to complete stressful tasks either alone, with a stranger, or with a friend, participants had the lowest blood pressure when tested
Compare and contrast individual and group therapies.
In an individual therapy session, a client works one-on-one with a trained therapist. In group therapy, usually 5-10 people meet with a trained group therapist to discuss a common issue, such as divorce, grief, eating disorder, substance abuse, or anger management.
negative effects
In fact, tangible rewards (i.e., money) tend to have more ____________ on intrinsic motivation than do intangible rewards (i.e., praise).
40 or more
In order to be classified as morbidly obese, an adult must have a BMI of ________.
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
It involves using an electrical current to induce seizures to help alleviate the effects of severe depression. The exact mechanism is unknown, although it does help alleviate symptoms for people with severe depression who have not responded to traditional drug therapy
orbitofrontal cortex
In people with OCD, the ______________becomes especially hyperactive when they are provoked with tasks in which, for example, they are asked to look at a photo of a toilet or of pictures hanging crookedly on a wall
all-male
In sales teams, gender-balanced teams generally brought in greater sales and profits than______teams.
360-degree feedback appraisal
In this system, the employee's appraisal derives from a combination of ratings by supervisors, peers, employees supervised by the employee, and from the employee herself. Occasionally, outside observers may be used as well, such as customers.
Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)
In this treatment, a child's behavior is charted and analyzed. The ABA therapist, along with the caregivers, determines what reinforces the child, what sustains a behavior to continue, and how best to manage a behavior.
generalized anxiety disorder
In which of the following anxiety disorders is the person in a continuous state of excessive, pointless worry and apprehension?
humanistic
In which type of therapy might a therapist not give advice or provide interpretations to her client?
Cognitive engineering
Includes human software interactions in complex automated systems, especially the decision-making processes of workers as they are supported by the software system
Attention
Includes vigilance and monitoring, recognizing signals in noise, mental resources, and divided attention
Humanistic therapy
Increase self-awareness and acceptance through focus on conscious thoughts
self-awareness
Increasing___________results in more accurate reality monitoring.
Autonomy
Individual responsibility, control over decisions
occupational health psychology
Individuals in this field seek to examine the ways in which the organization affects the quality of work life for an employee and the responses that employees have towards their organization or as a result of their organization's influence on them.
Hippocampus
Individuals suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder have been shown to have reduced volumes of the ________.
achievement
It is the need for _____________ that drives accomplishment and performance.
bipolar disorder
Jack is a 19 year-old artist. About once per year, he has a period of several days where he feels on top of the world, like he can do anything. During these times, he needs very little sleep--he can feel energized after only 2 or 3 hours of sleep. He frantically paints during these times and feels exceptionally creative. People who know him tell him that he is not acting like his usual self, and they also notice that he is much more talkative than usual. He spends all his time painting and neglects his work.
a stressor
Jackie's landlord told her she has to pay her rent by the 1st (instead of the 5th) this next month, or she will be evicted. Jackie is worried about how she will get the money on time. This demand is ________ for Jackie.
Autism Spectrum Disorder
James is 6 years old and in first grade. His teacher notices that he has serious problems relating to adults and other children. He won't make eye contact with other people and barely speaks. He often fidgets and wiggles his fingers when he sits at his desk. He gets very upset whenever his teacher doesn't follow the usual classroom schedule. She has spoken to his parents about it, and they told her that he has had trouble communicating with others since he was a toddler. His pediatrician noticed that James's limited level of communication is abnormal compared to other children his age.
work-family conflict.
Jennifer is a single mom of two who is working and taking college classes at night. The demands of work and her work projects are stressing Jennifer out, which results in
In America, who is most likely to receive mental health treatment?
Jenny, a 40-year old white female.
acrophobia
Jessica, an 18 year-old woman, is terrified of heights. She recently went on a vacation with her family, and insisted that they stay in a hotel room that was on the first floor. She also hates climbing ladders.
life satisfaction
Job satisfaction affects ______________ positively, and vice versa
job strain.
Jobs that are demanding but provide few opportunities for decision-making or job control are jobs with high levels of
involuntary
Joey was convicted of domestic violence. As part of his sentence, the judge has ordered that he attend therapy for anger management. This is considered ________ treatment.
relapse.
John was drug-free for almost six months. Then he started hanging out with his addict friends, and he has now started abusing drugs again. This is an example of ________.
specific phobia.
Jonte has such a extreme fear of flying that she almost never gets home to see family in Georgia, ever since she took a job in New Jersey. Her excessive, distressing, and persistent fear is considered a/an
Discuss why thoughts, feelings, or behaviors that are merely atypical or unusual would not necessarily signify the presence of a psychological disorder.
Just because something is atypical or unusual does not mean it is disordered. A person may experience atypical inner experiences or exhibit unusual behaviors, but she would not be considered disordered if they are not distressing, disturbing, or reflecting a dysfunction. For example, a classmate might stay up all night studying before exams; although atypical, this behavior is unlikely to possess any of the other criteria for psychological disorder mentioned previously.
knowledge, skills, and abilities.
KSAs describe the_______required for a job
Cluster C
Karen is very distressed whenever she has to go out in public by herself. She prefers to have someone accompany her whenever she goes out, and asks her teenage son to go grocery shopping with her. Although her son will be graduating from high school soon, she has insisted that he continue to live at home with her.
Describe how cognitive theories of the etiology of anxiety disorders differ from learning theories.
Learning theories suggest that some anxiety disorders, especially specific phobia, can develop through a number of learning mechanisms. These mechanisms can include classical and operant conditioning, modeling, or vicarious learning. Cognitive theories, in contrast, assume that some anxiety disorder, especially panic disorder, develop through cognitive misinterpretations of anxiety and other symptoms.
generalized anxiety disorder.
Leini is constantly worried about nearly everything in her life. She worries she will perform poorly in school, she worries about her health, and she worries about her family and friends. All of the worry makes it hard for her to focus and concentrate. She could possibly be diagnosed with
Task analysis.
Leo is a human factors psychologist who breaks down the steps in the factory production lines. He recently visited a cheese factory and recorded the process needed for each employee to get to his or her station. Leo found three recommendations for making the process more safe and effective. This is an example of
hypothalamus
Lesions to the medial preoptic area of the ________ in rats disrupt a male rat's ability to engage in sexual behavior.
relapse
Lia hasn't had alcohol since her rehab program for over 2 years, but then starts drinking again after the death of her mother. This is known as ________.
increases
Life satisfaction usually ________ the older people get.
Transactional
Lydia is a typical or traditional type of manager who focuses on a workplace incentives like bonus pay for good work and longer hours when his team falls behind on a project. What type of leader is Lydia?
persistent depressive disorder
Maggie is a 27 year old waitress. For the past 2 years, she hasn't felt quite like herself. Most days, she feels down in the dumps. She finds herself eating a bit more than she would like to, usually snacks in the evening. Sometimes, she has trouble falling asleep at night and feels tired the next day.
schizophrenia
Major disturbances in thought, emotion, perception, and behavior characterize ________.
Job burnout tends to be high in people who work in human service jobs. Considering the three dimensions of job burnout, explain how various job aspects unique to being a police officer might lead to job burnout in that line of work.
Many calls that police officers make can be emotionally draining (e.g., tragic deaths, suicides, and children who live in squalid conditions), which might eventually lead to feelings of exhaustion that one can no longer deal with such things. Depersonalization may occur if a police officer works in an environment in which she feels disrespected and unappreciated, which may lead to cynical and callous feelings toward the public. Constant disrespect from others may diminish a police officer's sense of personal accomplishment.
a personality disorder
Mariah feels okay and shows no signs of anxiety or major stress, but has a general nervousness about her. She is incredibly fearful of separation and lacks self-confidence. She may have
agoraphobia
Mary, a 51 year-old woman, stays in her home virtually all of the time. She has had panic attacks in public places before, and she found this to be very embarrassing. She relies on her son to bring her groceries.
job satisfaction
Measures of ______________ are somewhat correlated with job performance; in particular, they appear to relate to organizational citizenship or discretionary behaviors on the part of an employee that further the goals of the organization
body mass index
Measuring a person's height and weight reveals their ________, which is in the normal range between 18-25.
cognitive-behavioral therapy
Melissa and Brian are going to marriage counseling, as they have had a difficult time getting along and supporting each other since their daughter was born. Which therapeutic method is likely used for their treatment?
heart disease
Milo has been battling depression for several years. This puts him at a higher risk for
bipolar disorder
Mood stabilizers, such as lithium, are used to treat ________.
master's or doctorate
Most I-O psychologists have a_________degree
best therapy would be Humanistic Therapy
Nathan is 24-years-old and finishing his bachelors degree. Despite being passionate about what he is majoring in for school, Nathan sometimes feels empty about life. Sometimes the days seem to drag on forever, and Nathan finds himself in a constant routine. Nathan often sees his friends happy with where they are and where they are going, and he wants to experience that too. What type of therapy would best help Nathan and his situation?
15%
Nearly ________ of women who had recently given birth screen positive for peripartum onset depression.
affiliation
Need for ________ refers to maintaining positive relationships with others.
Cluster B
Neil believes that he is "special" and should only associate with other people who are like him. He goes through a lot of trouble to make sure his clothing and grooming are impeccable. He is working on writing a novel, and is certain that it will be a best seller.
Do learning styles help you learn more effectively?
No, learning styles do not help you learn more effectively
If I study with my preferred learning style will I learn more?
No, learning styles do not impact learning
false statement about employee training
Orientation training involves a performance appraisal where supervisors share concerns about an employee's performance
the same amount as
Overall, the research on the effectiveness of highlighting as a study technique shows that students who highlight learn ________ students who don't highlight.
antisocial personality disorder
Paris is manipulative and impulsive. She frequently steals or commits minor crimes and feels no remorse. What personality disorder seems to describe her?
Theory Y:
People enjoy work and find it natural. People are more satisfied when given responsibility. People want to take part in setting their own work goals. Goals are achieved through enticements and rewards.
Provide an example (other than the one described earlier) of a situation or event that could be appraised as either threatening or challenging.
People may perceive a divorce as a threat if they believe it will result in loneliness, change of lifestyle (due to loss of additional income), or humiliation in the eyes of their family. However, divorce may be perceived as a challenge if they view it as an opportunity to find somebody more compatible, and if they consider the process of finding a new partner a pleasant one, perhaps involving mystery and excitement.
are impulsive and unpredictable
People with borderline personality disorder often ________.
Growth and development
Personal growth, training, education
Industrial Psychologist
Personnel analyst, instructional designer, professor, research analyst
psychophysiological disorders
Physical disorders or diseases whose symptoms are brought about or worsened by stress and emotional factors
positive affect.
Positive engagement with your surroundings and states of being such as joy, alertness, enthusiasm, and confidence are considered
Behavior therapy
Principles of learning applied to change undesirable behaviors
Coworkers
Professional relations or adequacy
Human Factors and Engineering Psychologist
Professor, ergonomist, safety scientist, project consultant, inspector, research scientist, marketer, product development
Humanitarian Work Psychologist
Professor, instructional designer, research scientist, counselor, consultant, product manager, senior response officer
Psychoanalysis:
Psychoanalysis was once the only type of psychotherapy available, but presently the number of therapists practicing this approach is decreasing around the world. Psychoanalysis is not appropriate for some types of patients, including those with severe psychopathology or mental retardation. Further, psychoanalysis is often expensive because treatment usually lasts many years. Still, some patients and therapists find the prolonged and detailed analysis very rewarding.
Play therapy
Psychoanalytical therapy wherein interaction with toys is used instead of talk; used in child therapy
tend to tolerate stress well
Relative to those with low levels of social support, individuals with high levels of social support ________.
the diathesis-stress model
Research finds that chronic stress may activate one's biological or psychological stress response system over an extended period of time, which is related to an increased risk of major depressive disorder. This is consistent with ________.
Interviews that are structured.
Research has shown that structured interviews are more effective at predicting job performance than other types of interviews. In structured interviews, the questions are prepared in advance, the interviewer asks the same questions of every candidate, and the interviewer uses a standardized rating system for each response.
work-content factor
Research has suggested that the _________________, which includes variety, difficulty level, and role clarity of the job, is the most strongly predictive factor of overall job satisfaction
are related to hyperactivity in the orbitofrontal cortex
Research indicates that the symptoms of OCD ________.
not "self-promotion and smiling."
Research on interviewing has shown the importance of:
effect of first impressions
Research on the __________during the rapport building period before an interview begins indicated that initial judgments by interviewers during this period were related to job offers.
Human Factors and Engineering
Researches advances and changes in technology in an effort to improve the way technology is used by consumers, whether with consumer products, technologies, transportation, work environments, or communications. Seeks to be better able to predict the ways in which people can and will utilize technology and products in an effort to provide improved safety and reliability.
List some of the risk factors associated with the development of PTSD following a traumatic event.
Risk factors associated with PTSD include gender (female), low socioeconomic status, low intelligence, personal and family history of mental illness, and childhood abuse or trauma. Personality factors, including neuroticism and somatization, may also serve as risk factors. Also, certain versions of a gene that regulates serotonin may constitute a diathesis.
the Americas or Europe
Risk factors for depression include being unemployed, being separated, divorced, or widowed, earning less than $20,000 per year, and living in ________.
U.S. entry into WWI.
Robert Yerkes was the president of the APA who played an important role in evaluating and screening military personnel. This need for industrial psychologists to work with the military began after the
financial rewards
Salary and benefits from the position
a belief
Self-efficacy is _____________in your capacity to complete a task.
hypothalamus
Several areas of the ________ are particularly important to regulating eating behavior.
The prevalence of most psychological disorders has increased since the 1980s. However, as discussed in this section, scientific publications regarding dissociative amnesia peaked in the mid-1990s but then declined steeply through 2003. In addition, no fictional or nonfictional description of individuals showing dissociative amnesia following a trauma exists prior to 1800. How would you explain this phenomenon?
Several explanations are possible. One explanation is that perhaps there is little scientific interest in this phenomenon, maybe because it has yet to gain consistent scientific acceptance. Another possible explanation is that perhaps the dissociative amnesia was fashionable at the time publications dealing with this topic peaked (1990s); perhaps since that time it has become less fashionable.
guards in male prisons
Sex has been determined as a bona fide occupational qualification (BFOQ) for:
metabolism
Shalisha doesn't play sports or workout at the gym, but she does make an effort to walk to class everyday. She seems to always have a big appetite and eats large meals at least 4 times a day. She still remains quite thin. You could say that Shalisha probably has a high
cluster A
Shianne harbors a pervasive and unjustifiable suspiciousness and mistrust of others and has a hard time making or keeping friends. Daniel has unusual perceptual experiences, idiosyncratic speech, and displays inappropriate emotions. Shianna and Daniel both have personality disorders categorized in ________ of the DSM-V.
Which is an example of all-or-nothing thinking?
Shiloh didn't get a date to Homecoming and thinks in extremes, like, "I will die alone." either she has a date to the homecoming dance and lives happily ever after, or she does not and is miserable for the rest of her life.
Which is an example of overgeneralization?
Shiloh didn't get asked to the Homecoming dance and instead of thinking that it was just the first dance and she is still adjusting to her new school, she thinks, "I am such a loser. No one wants to even be my friend."
set point theory
Social and environmental factors play large roles in the regulation of body weight. These factors are not necessarily considered in the ________, which claims that each individual has an ideal body weight that is resistant to change.
Describe how social support can affect health both directly and indirectly.
Social support seems to have a direct effect on immune system functioning. Social support can affect health indirectly by influencing health-related behaviors, such as exercise and eating properly.
meaningful life
Some researchers have suggested that happiness consists of the pleasant life, the good life, and the ________.
Type B
Someone with a ________ behavior pattern is likely to feel relaxed and laid-back much of the time.
social anxiety disorder
Steven, a 22 year-old college student, is very nervous around most people. He dreads having to speak to other students in his classes. Whenever he has to speak in public, he feels nauseated, and worries that others can tell how nervous he is.
serotonin
Studies examining the genetic predisposition of some people to depression have focused on the neurotransmitter ________.
perceived control
Studies of British civil servants have found that those in the lowest status jobs are much more likely to develop heart disease than those who have high status jobs. These findings attest to the importance of ________ in dealing with stress.
males; females
Suicide among ________ is more common that among ________.
higher; lower
Suicide rates are ________ among men than among women, and they are ________ during the winter holiday season than during the spring months
Supervision and feedback
Support, recognition, fairness
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Symptoms of PTSD include intrusive and distressing memories of the event, flashbacks (states that can last from a few seconds to several days, during which the individual relives the event and behaves as if the event were occurring at that moment [APA, 2013]), avoidance of stimuli connected to the event, persistently negative emotional states (e.g., fear, anger, guilt, and shame), feelings of detachment from others, irritability, proneness toward outbursts, and an exaggerated startle response (jumpiness).
Psychodynamic psychotherapy
Talk therapy based on belief that the unconscious and childhood conflicts impact behavior
team halo effect:
Teams are given credit for their successes. but individuals within a team are blamed for team failures
cluster A disorders,
schizoid, schizotypal, and paranoid.
The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and the DSM differ in various ways. What are some of the differences in these two classification systems?
The ICD is used primarily for making clinical diagnoses and more broadly for examining the general health of populations and monitoring the international prevalence of diseases and other health problems. While the DSM is also used for diagnostic purposes, it is also highly valued as a research tool. For example, much of the data regarding the etiology and treatment of psychological disorders are based on diagnostic criteria set forth in the DSM.
physiological arousal.
The James-Lange theory holds that we experience an emotion first after
simple tasks; complex tasks
The Yerkes-Dodson law, which holds that ________ are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high and ________ are best performed when arousal levels are lower.
orbitofrontal cortex
The ________ is an area of the frontal lobe involved in learning and decision-making and the perceived emotional value of things. It plays a critical role in obsessive-compulsive disorder.
hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal glands
The ________ make up the HPA axis which is involved in the body's physiological stress response.
James-Lange Theory
Which of the following theories of emotion would suggest that polygraphs should be quite accurate at differentiating one emotion from another?
being a member of the ethnic majority
Which of the following was not listed as a barrier to mental health treatment?
dissociative identity disorder
Which personality disorder is the most controversial?
Consider the study in which volunteers were given nasal drops containing the cold virus to examine the relationship between stress and immune function (Cohen et al., 1998). How might this finding explain how people seem to become sick during stressful times in their lives (e.g., final exam week)?
The results of the study showed that people exposed to the virus were more likely to develop a cold if they had high stress scores. The implication of this finding is that during stressful times, like final exam weeks, the immune system becomes compromised. Thus, it's much easier to get sick during these periods because the immune system is not working at full capacity.
work-content factor
The best predictor of overall job satisfaction is the_________, which includes variety, difficulty level, and clarity of the job.
work content factor
The best predictor of overall job satisfaction is the____________, which includes variety, difficulty level, and clarity of the job.
Resistance Stage.
The body tries to return to a state of homeostasis (attempts to return to previous levels of functioning). As such, the body will keep fighting the perceived danger. Towards the end of the stage, levels of exhaustion, weariness, and anxiousness may occur as the body is becoming physically exhausted. Which stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) is this?
Industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology
The branch of psychology that studies how human behavior and psychology affect work and how they are affected by work.
inability of dogs to attempt to escape avoidable shocks after having received inescapable shocks
The concept of learned helplessness was formulated by Seligman to explain the ________.
vulnerability and adverse experiences
The diathesis-stress model presumes that psychopathology results from ________.
Imagine that a child has a genetic vulnerability to antisocial personality disorder. How might this child's environment shape the likelihood of developing this personality disorder?
The environment is likely to be very instrumental in determining the likelihood of developing antisocial personality disorder. Research has shown that adverse family environments (e.g., divorce or marital problems, legal problems, and drug use) are connected to antisocial personality disorder, particularly if one is genetically vulnerable. Beyond one's family environment, peer group delinquency and community variables (e.g., economic deprivation, community disorganization, drug use, and the presence of adult antisocial models) heighten the risk of violent behavior.
causes.
The etiology for mental disorders is a description of its
hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal glands
The experience of stress is created by physiological changes through the HPA axis which consists of the ________.
dimensions of job burnout
The first dimension is exhaustion—a sense that one's emotional resources are drained or that one is at the end of her rope and has nothing more to give at a psychological level. Second, job burnout is characterized by depersonalization: a sense of emotional detachment between the worker and the recipients of his services, often resulting in callous, cynical, or indifferent attitudes toward these individuals. Third, job burnout is characterized by diminished personal accomplishment, which is the tendency to evaluate one's work negatively by, for example, experiencing dissatisfaction with one's job-related accomplishments or feeling as though one has categorically failed to influence others' lives through one's work.
depression
The risk of heart disease is especially high among individuals with ________.
Why is research following individuals who show prodromal symptoms of schizophrenia so important?
This kind of research is important because it enables investigators to identify potential warning signs that predict the onset of schizophrenia. Once such factors are identified, interventions may be developed.
leptin
The hormone ________ signals feelings of fullness to the brain.
cognitive therapy
The idea behind ________ is that how you think determines how you feel and act.
How might someone espousing an arousal theory of motivation explain visiting an amusement park?
The idea of optimal levels of arousal is similar to a drive theory of motivation. Presumably, we all seek to maintain some intermediate level of arousal. If we are underaroused, we are bored. If we are overaroused, we experience stress. The rides at an amusement park would provide higher arousal (however, we would hope that these rides don't actually pose significant threats to personal safety that would lead to a state of panic) to push us toward our own optimal level of arousal. Individuals at the park would choose different rides based on their specific arousal thresholds; for example, one person might find a simple water ride optimally arousing and an extreme roller coaster overarousing, while others would find the extreme roller coaster optimally arousing.
Alarm Reaction Stage
The initial stage where a perceived threat or danger is experienced. This is when physiological reaction occurs that includes heightened energy and/or facial expressions of fear or tension. You may also experience shallow breathing with perspiration and accelerated heart beat. Which stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) is this?
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
The letters in the abbreviation DSM-5 stand for ________.
hostility
The most lethal dimension of Type A behavior pattern seems to be ________.
Which of the following is true of EXPOSURE THERAPY?
The person starts with a fear of something and in therapy replaces fear with a positive response.
Why is the perspective one uses in explaining a psychological disorder important?
The perspective one uses in explaining a psychological disorder consists of assumptions that will guide how to best study and understand the nature of a disorder, including its causes, and how to most effectively treat the disorder.
Deinstitutionalization
The process of closing large asylums and providing for people to stay in the community to be treated locally is known as ________.
we cannot make causal claims regarding the relationship between the volume of the hippocampus and PTSD because
The research that exists is correlational in nature. It could be the case that reduced hippocampal volume predisposes people to develop PTSD or the decreased volume could result from PTSD. Causal claims can only be made when performing an experiment
Describe several of the factors associated with suicide.
The risk of suicide is high among people with mental health problems, including mood disorders and substance abuse problems. The risk is also high among those who have made a prior suicide attempt and who have lethal means to commit suicide. Rates of suicide are higher among men and during the springtime, and they are higher in the mountain states of the west than in other regions of the United States. Research has also shown that suicides can have a "contagious" effect on people, and that it is associated with serotonin dysfunction.
health psychology
The scientific study of how stress and emotional factors impact health and well-being
happiness, surprise, sadness, fright, disgust, contempt, and anger
The seven universal emotions:
culture and background
The sociocultural perspective looks at you, your behaviors, and your symptoms in the context of your ________.
what happens during an intake
The therapist gathers specific information to address the client's immediate needs such as the presenting problem, the client's support system, and insurance status. the therapist informs the client about confidentiality, fees, and what to expect in a therapy session.
lymphocytes
The white blood cells that attack foreign invaders to the body are called ________.
psychodynamic
Therapist: So, tell me about your childhood. Client: Well, I had a tough relationship with my father. He never seemed to trust me to do the right thing. I think that still influences how I deal with men today. It even has had an impact on my sleeping habits too. Therapist: Tell me more about your sleeping habits. Please feel free to recall any dreams you can remember so we can explore them. Client: Just last night I had the wildest dream. I was running in a forest being chased by ninjas. I couldn't seem to escape. They were all around me. What does it mean? What type of therapy is taking place between the client and the therapist?
Multicultural counseling and therapy
Therapists who use this perspective work with clients to obtain and integrate information about their cultural patterns into a unique treatment approach based on their particular situation aims to offer both a helping role and process that uses modalities and defines goals consistent with the life experiences and cultural values of clients. It strives to recognize client identities to include individual, group, and universal dimensions, advocate the use of universal and culture-specific strategies and roles in the healing process, and balance the importance of individualism and collectivism in the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of client and client systems.
As indicated in this section, Caucasian women from industrialized, Western cultures tend to be at the highest risk for eating disorders like anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Why might this be?
These disorders are closely associated with sociocultural emphasis on a thin-ideal that is often portrayed in media. Given that non-Caucasians are under-represented in popular media in the West and that the thin-ideal is more heavily emphasized for women, this particular group is most vulnerable.
Type A behavior pattern
These individuals tend to be intensively driven workaholics who are preoccupied with deadlines and always seem to be in a rush.
The day before the drawing of a $300 million Powerball lottery, you notice that a line of people waiting to buy their Powerball tickets is stretched outside the door of a nearby convenience store. Based on what you've learned, provide some perspective on why these people are doing this, and what would likely happen if one of these individuals happened to pick the right numbers.
These individuals' affective forecasting is such that they believe their lives would be immeasurably happier if they won the lottery. Although winning would certainly lead to a surge of euphoria in the short term, long term they would likely adjust, and their happiness levels would likely return to normal. This fact is lost on most people, especially when considering the intensity and duration of their emotions following a major life event.
psychodynamic perspective
This approach to therapy remains centered on the role of people's internal drives and forces, but treatment is less intensive than Freud's original model.
Mental Retardation Facilities and Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act
This legislation changed how mental health services were delivered in the United States. provided federal support and funding for community mental health centers
Workload
Time pressure, tedium
are an imminent threat to themselves or others
Today, most people with psychological problems are not hospitalized. Typically they are only hospitalized if they ________.
best therapy would be Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Tonya has been working at a successful company for four years. Although Tonya has been with the company for a while, her anxiety seems to increase when she is at work. While the company is still successful and Tonya has a lot of co-workers who enjoy her company, Tonya still finds herself thinking negative thoughts about the company going bankrupt and her losing her job. Tonya even thinks that her co-workers secretly dislike her. What type of therapy would best help Tonya with her anxiety?
fatigue and depression
Too much cortisol can result in ________.
Mood Stabilizers
Treat episodes of mania as well as depression
Antipsychotics
Treat positive psychotic symptoms such as auditory and visual hallucinations, delusions, and paranoia by blocking the neurotransmitter dopamine
Atypical Antipsychotics (developed in the late 1980s)
Treat the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, such as withdrawal and apathy, by targeting both dopamine and serotonin receptors; newer medications may treat both positive and negative symptoms
Discuss the concept of Type A behavior pattern, its history, and what we now know concerning its role in heart disease.
Type A was conceptualized as a behavioral style characterized by competitiveness, time urgency, impatience, and anger/hostility. It was later discovered, however, that anger/hostility seems to be the dimension that most clearly predicts heart disease.
Mentoring
Which term describes a form of informal training in which an experienced employee guides the work of a new employee?
The index that is often used to classify people as being underweight, normal weight, overweight, obese, or morbidly obese is called BMI. Given that BMI is calculated solely on weight and height, how could it be misleading?
Using BMI as a sole metric can actually be misleading because people who have large amounts of lean muscle mass can actually be characterized as being overweight or obese based on their height and weight. Weight versus height is a somewhat crude measurement as it doesn't distinguish the amount of body weight that comes from lean versus fatty tissue.
Work content
Variety, challenge, role clarity
360-degree feedback appraisal.
Waylan's boss asks him to write his own performance review, then his boss compiles reviews from peers, supervisors, and customers for them to discuss at their meeting. This is an example of
Schools often use concrete rewards to increase adaptive behaviors. How might this be a disadvantage for students intrinsically motivated to learn? What are educational implications of the potential for concrete rewards to diminish intrinsic motivation for a given task?
We would expect to see a shift from learning for the sake of learning to learning to earn some reward. This would undermine the foundation upon which traditional institutions of higher education are built. For a student motivated by extrinsic rewards, dependence on those may pose issues later in life (post-school) when there are not typically extrinsic rewards for learning.
Joshua has a hard time relating to others, is an expert on bugs, and gets angry if the drive to school takes longer than the normal 10 minutes.
Which of the following is an example of behavior consistent with someone who has autism?
melancholy
Which of the following is not one of the seven universal emotions described in this section?
fear of snakes
Which of the following is the best example of a specific phobia?
Highlighting has a low impact on their learning.
Which of the following is true about students who highlight the texts they read?
excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
What are the stages of the sexual response cycle?
Task analysis
What area are human factors psychologists researching when they study what steps people take to successfully wash their hands before performing surgery?
height of the chair
What aspect of an office workstation would a human factors psychologist be concerned about?
How old are you?
What is an employer not allowed to ask in a job interview?
it does not take into account how the person appraises the event
What is one of the major criticisms of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale? Multiple Choice Question
3 months
What is the minimum amount of time addicts should receive treatment if they are to achieve a desired outcome?
checklist.
When Claire shows up for her shift at the restaurant, she follows a(n)__________to ensure she is ready to work and that everything is safe.
Cognitive task analysis
When airline captain Chelsey Sullenberger "Sully" made the decision to land his plane in the Hudson river after the airplane's engines died, more research was done to examine how pilots make decisions and what mental steps they take when faced with danger. This is an example of:
comorbid disorder
When an individual has two or more diagnoses, which often includes a substance-related diagnosis and another psychiatric diagnosis, this is known as ________.
create work-family conflict.
When it becomes difficult to fulfill family requirements because of time devoted to work, participation in work, or specific work behaviors, it is likely to
positive affect vs optimism
Whereas positive affect is mostly concerned with positive feeling states, optimism has been regarded as a generalized tendency to expect that good things will happen
organizational psychology
Which area of I-O psychology measures job satisfaction?
observable artifacts
Which aspect of organizational culture is identified by a company's language (jargon, slang, and humor) and narratives (stories and legends)?
ADHD
Which disorder includes symptoms of inattentiveness and impulsive behavior?
Alfred Kinsey
Which early researcher(s) conducted surveys and interviews to gather data about sexual behavior?
testosterone
Which hormone plays a major role in sexual motivation for both men and women?
asylums
Which institutions were created to house, and remove, people with psychological disorders?
A medical journal published an article saying autism was linked with the MMR vaccine.
Which is a major reason that parents do not want to vaccinate their children for fear of them developing autism?
having an identical twin with schizophrenia
Which of the following has been shown to have a connection with having a greater risk for schizophrenia?
loss of interest in usual activities
Which of the following is a behavior associated with depression?
4, 6, 5, 3, 1, 2
Which would be the correct order of Miriam's list, beginning with the LEAST frightening situation and ending with the MOST stressful? 1. Actually give a well-prepared and practiced talk to a small friendly audience. 2. Actually give a well-prepared and practiced talk to a large audience of strangers. 3. Watch a video of someone similar to you giving a talk to a small friendly audience as you imagine it is you. 4. Chat with some close friends about everyday topics. 5. Think about giving a talk about something you know to a large, neutral audience. 6. Think about giving a talk about something you know well to a small, friendly audience.
Given the stigma associated with being non-heterosexual, participants who openly identify as homosexual or bisexual in research projects may not be entirely representative of the non-heterosexual population as a whole.
While much research has been conducted on how an individual develops a given sexual orientation, many people question the validity of this research citing that the participants used may not be representative. Why do you think this might be a legitimate concern?
panic disorder
While nearly ¼ of Americans may experience a panic attack at some point during their lives, in order to be diagnosed with a ________, a person should have attacks along with at least one month of anxiety and worry about the attacks.
daily hassles
While waiting to pay for his weekly groceries at the supermarket, Paul had to wait about 20 minutes in a long line at the checkout because only one cashier was on duty. When he was finally ready to pay, his debit card was declined because he did not have enough money left in his checking account. Because he had left his credit cards at home, he had to place the groceries back into the cart and head home to retrieve a credit card. While driving back to his home, traffic was backed up two miles due to an accident. These events that Paul had to endure are best characterized as ________.
U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC).
Who is responsible for enforcing federal laws that make it illegal to discriminate against a job applicant?
Walter dill scott
Who was the first psychologist to use psychology in advertising?
tanya
Who would be statistically more likely to develop PTSD: Tanya, who experienced sexual assault, or Miguel, who lost his house during a devastating tornado?
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
Work to change cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors
A fear stimulus
______________is processed by the brain through one of two paths: from the thalamus (where it is perceived) directly to the amygdala or from the thalamus through the cortex and then to the amygdala. The first path is quick, while the second enables more processing about details of the stimulus.
bona fide occupational qualifications (BFOQs).
______________provide exceptions for employers to deny someone employment for certain occupations.
psychological disorders
____________represent extremes of inner experience and behavior.
Emotional information is often conveyed through
___________tone, facial expressions, and body language.
Emotion focused
Yesenia applied for a summer internship that she was really excited about and was not selected. Although she was stressed about the lack of income, she reminded herself that she could really enjoy her summer and now she could plan that exciting road trip she had wanted to do with her friends. Which type of coping approach is Yesenia using?
james-lange
You feel sad because you are crying. This is an example of the ________ theory of emotion.
cannon-bard
You feel your heart pounding and experience surprise at the same time. This is an example of the ________ theory of emotion. Multiple Choice Question
schachter-singer
You feel your heart pounding when someone cuts you off on the freeway. You interpret the arousal as anger. This fits the ideas behind the ________ of emotion.
primary
________ appraisal involves judging whether a stressor is either a threat or a challenge
Primary
________ appraisal involves judging whether a stressor is either a threat or a challenge.
Psychophysiological disorders
________ are those in which the physical symptoms of a disorder can be produced or exacerbated by psychological factors.
a Schachter-Singer
________ believed that physiological arousal is very similar across the different types of emotions that we experience. For example, our body might respond similarly to getting a new job or getting fired from a job. These researchers claim that the cognitive appraisal of the situation is critical to the actual emotion experienced.
Autoimmune
________ diseases are those that involve the immune system functioning erroneously, such as when the body mistakes its own healthy cells as invaders.
Psychodynamic therapy
________ emphasizes early childhood experiences and internal forces.
leptin
________ is a chemical messenger secreted by fat cells that acts as an appetite suppressant.
bulimia nervosa
________ is characterized by episodes of binge eating followed by attempts to compensate for the excessive amount of food that was consumed.
self-efficacy
________ is/are an individual's belief in her capability to complete some task.
Abraham Maslow
________ proposed the hierarchy of needs.
Cognitive-behavioral; psychoanalysis
________ therapy is cost-effective and doesn't typically last too long, while ________ may take several years.
Persistent depressive disorder; long
________ typically lasts a ________ time and is less severe than major depressive disorder.
problem-focused; emotion-focused
______________coping is more likely to occur when encountering stressors we perceive as controllable, while ___________coping is more likely to predominate when faced with stressors that we believe we are powerless to change
basolateral complex
__________has dense connections with a variety of sensory areas of the brain. It is critical for classical conditioning and for attaching emotional value to learning processes and memory.
verbal praise
________might actually increase intrinsic motivation
18.9%
_______of U.S. adults experienced mental illness in 2017. 14.8% of adults received treatment for a mental health issue (NIMH, 2017).
phobia
a Greek word that means fear
performance appraisal
a ___________________is often used for the supervisor to communicate specific concerns about the employee's work and to positively reinforce elements of good performance.
Macro Expression:
a clear facial expression that last 2 to 5 seconds.
counterconditioning
a client learns a new response to a stimulus that has previously elicited an undesirable behavior.
All or nothing thinking
a common type of cognitive distortion for people suffering from depression, reflects extremes. In other words, everything is black or white. After being turned down for a date, Jon begins to think, "No woman will ever go out with me. I'm going to be alone forever." He begins to feel anxious and sad as he contemplates his future.
psychological disorder
a condition that is characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
Organizational psychology
a discipline interested in how the relationships among employees affect those employees and the performance of a business.
mentoring
a form of informal training in which an experienced employee guides the work of a new employee.
Lobotomy
a form of psychosurgery in which parts of the frontal lobe of the brain are destroyed or their connections to other parts of the brain severed. The goal of lobotomy was usually to calm symptoms in people with serious psychological disorders, such as schizophrenia.
Cognitive therapy
a form of psychotherapy that focuses on how a person's thoughts lead to feelings of distress. The idea behind cognitive therapy is that how you think determines how you feel and act.
eustress
a good kind of stress associated with positive feelings, optimal health, and performance. A moderate amount of stress can be beneficial in challenging situations.
Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders
a group of overlapping disorders that generally involve intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and repetitive behaviors.
Avolition
a lack of motivation to engage in self-initiated and meaningful activity, including the most basic of tasks, such as bathing and grooming.
panic attack
a period of extreme fear or discomfort that develops abruptly and reaches a peak within 10 minutes. Its symptoms include accelerated heart rate, sweating, trembling, choking sensations, hot flashes or chills, dizziness or lightheadedness, fears of losing control or going crazy, and fears of dying
refractory period
a period of time that follows an orgasm during which an individual is incapable of experiencing another orgasm. In men, the duration can vary dramatically from individual to individual with some as short as several minutes and others as long as a day.
personality disorder
a personality style that differs markedly from the expectations of their culture, is pervasive and inflexible, begins in adolescence or early adulthood, and causes distress or impairment
disability
a physical or mental impairment that limits one or more major life activities such as hearing, walking, and breathing.
Personnel selection
a process used by recruiting personnel within the company to recruit and select the best candidates for the job.
stress is
a process whereby an individual perceives and responds to events that he appraises as overwhelming or threatening to his well-being
mood
a prolonged, less intense, affective state that does not occur in response to something we experience
Psychotherapy
a psychological treatment that employs various methods to help someone overcome personal problems, or to attain personal growth.
Schizophrenia
a psychotic disorder, or one in which the person's thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors are impaired to the point where she is not able to function normally in life. main symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, disorganized or abnormal motor behavior, and negative symptoms
generalized anxiety disorder:
a relatively continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable, and pointless worry and apprehension. People with generalized anxiety disorder often worry about routine, everyday things, even though their concerns are unjustified. accompanied by any three of the following symptoms: restlessness, difficulty concentrating, being easily fatigued, muscle tension, irritability, and sleep difficulties.
job stress
a result of an employee's perception that the demands placed on them exceed their ability to meet them
cultural display rule
a rule that regulates the types of emotions that someone will display in alignment to their culture.
leptin
a satiety hormone secreted by fat cells
schizophrenia
a severe disorder characterized by a complete breakdown in one's ability to function in life and includes both delusions and hallucinations
optimism
a significant predictor of positive health outcomes.
instinct
a species-specific pattern of behavior that is not learned.
Negative affectivity
a tendency to experience distressed emotional states involving anger, contempt, disgust, guilt, fear, and nervousness. it is a potentially vital risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disorders.
scientific management
a theory of management that analyzes and synthesizes workflows with the main objective of improving economic efficiency, especially labor productivity
nondirective therapy
a therapeutic approach in which the therapist does not give advice or provide interpretations but helps the person to identify conflicts and understand feelings, Rogers (1951) emphasized the importance of the person taking control of his own life to overcome life's challenges.
behavior therapy
a therapist employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors—rather than digging deeply into one's unconscious. Therapists with this orientation believe that dysfunctional behaviors, like phobias and bedwetting, can be changed by teaching clients new, more constructive behaviors.
dream analysis
a therapist interprets the underlying meaning of dreams.
exposure therapy
a therapist seeks to treat clients' fears or anxiety by presenting them with the object or situation that causes their problem, with the idea that they will eventually get used to it. This can be done via reality, imagination, or virtual reality.
Confidentiality refers to ________.
a therapist's requirement to not disclose information about their client unless required by law.
distorted body image
a type of body dysmorphia, meaning that they view themselves as overweight even though they are not.
Bariatric surgery
a type of surgery specifically aimed at weight reduction, and it involves modifying the gastrointestinal system to reduce the amount of food that can be eaten and/or limiting how much of the digested food can be absorbed
job strain
a work situation that combines excessive job demands and workload with little discretion in decision making or job control
performance appraisal.
a______________is often used for the supervisor to communicate specific concerns about the employee's work and to positively reinforce elements of good performance.
four main contexts of Industrial and organizational psychology
academia, government, consulting firms, and business.
job analysis
accurately describing the task or job.
When a powerful organization purchases a smaller company, it is called a
acquisition.
rationale behind using group therapy for addiction treatmentrationale behind using group therapy for addiction treatment
addicts are much more likely to maintain sobriety in a group format. It has been suggested that this is due to the rewarding and therapeutic benefits of the group, such as support, affiliation, identification, and even confrontation
Cognitive-behavioral therapy:
aims to change cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors using techniques like the ABC model. Action (sometimes called an activating event), the Belief about the event, and the Consequences of this belief.
Dependent
allows others to take over and run ones life; is submissive, clingy, and fears separation; cannot make decisions without advice and reassurance from others; lacks self-confidence; cannot do things on their own; feels uncomfortable or helpless when alone
What societal and management attitudes might have caused organizational psychology to develop later than industrial psychology?
allude to the fact that organizational psychology finds social relations of employees important and that historically workers were thought of more as individual machines rather than a social group.
eclectic psychotherapy.
also called integrative psychotherapy, this term refers to approaches combining multiple orientations (e.g., CBT with psychoanalytic elements).
orbitofrontal cortex is
an area of the frontal lobe involved in learning and decision-making
happiness
an enduring state of mind consisting of joy, contentment, and other positive emotions, plus the sense that one's life has meaning and value
anhedonia
an inability to experience pleasure.
downsizing
an increasingly common response to a business's pronounced failure to achieve profit goals, and it involves laying off a significant percentage of the company's employees.
Gender expression
an individual's behavioral manifestations of gender
Self-efficacy
an individual's belief in her own capability to complete a task, which may include a previous successful completion of the exact task or a similar task.
micro-expressions
an involuntary facial expression that last less than 1/25 of a second.
Cisgender
an umbrella terms used to describe people whose sense of personal identity and gender corresponds with their birth sex
agoraphobia:
anxiety disorder characterized by intense fear, anxiety, and avoidance of situations in which it might be difficult to escape if one experiences symptoms of a panic attack
panic disorder
anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks, along with at least one month of worry about panic attacks or self-defeating behavior related to the attacks
Workplace violence
any act or threat of physical violence, harassment, intimidation, or other threatening, disruptive behavior that occurs at the workplace. It ranges from threats and verbal abuse to physical assaults and even homicide
in the original Hawthorne-effect experiment:
any change in a variable, such as lighting levels, led to an improvement in productivity; this was true even when the change was negative, such as a return to poor lighting. The effect faded when the attention faded
seasonal pattern
applies to situations in which a person experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder only during a particular time of year
peripartum onset
applies to women who experience major depression during pregnancy or in the four weeks following the birth of their child (APA, 2013). These women often feel very anxious and may even have panic attacks. They may feel guilty, agitated, and be weepy.
Mindfulness is
being aware of how your own thoughts differ.
Delusions
beliefs that are contrary to reality and are firmly held even in the face of contradictory evidence.
grandiose delusions
beliefs that one holds special power, unique knowledge, or is extremely important.
bulimia nervosa
binge eating behavior that is followed by an attempt to compensate for the large amount of food consumed (purging via vomiting, excessive exercise, or laxatives).
overweight
body mass index (BMI) between 25 and 29.9
Human factors psychology studies
can involve interactions as straightforward as the fit of a desk, chair, and computer to a human having to sit on the chair at the desk using the computer for several hours each day. They can also include the examination of how humans interact with complex displays and their ability to interpret them accurately and quickly.
What might be useful mechanisms for avoiding bias during employment interviews?
clear measurement standards for answer and applicant quality, ensuring diversity in interviewers or multiple interviews with different diverse interviewers, and clear education about the nature of bias for interviewers and those who make hiring decisions.
aversion therapy
clients will typically engage in a specific behavior (such as nail biting) and at the same time are exposed to something unpleasant, such as a mild electric shock or a bad taste. After repeated associations between the unpleasant stimulus and the behavior, the client can learn to stop the unwanted behavior.
components of emotion
combinations of physiological arousal, psychological appraisal, and subjective experiences
Douglas McGregor
combined scientific management and human relations into the notion of leadership behavior. his theory lays out two different leadership styles called theory x and theory y.
relaxation response technique
combines relaxation with transcendental meditation, and consists of four components: sitting upright on a comfortable chair with feet on the ground and body in a relaxed position, a quiet environment with eyes closed, repeating a word or a phrase—a mantra—to oneself, such as "alert mind, calm body," passively allowing the mind to focus on pleasant thoughts, such as nature or the warmth of your blood nourishing your body.
amygdala
composed of various subnuclei, including the basolateral complex and the central nucleus
Espoused values
concepts or beliefs that the management or the entire organization endorses. They are the rules that allow employees to know which actions they should take in different situations and which information they should adhere to.
Derealization
conceptualized as a sense of "unreality or detachment from, or unfamiliarity with, the world, be it individuals, inanimate objects, or all surroundings"
Industrial psychology
concerned with describing job requirements and assessing individuals for their ability to meet those requirements.
emotions
consciously experienced and intentional.
Kurt Lewin
considered the founder of social psychology. coined the term group dynamics
Organizational psychology,
considers the subjects of harassment, including sexual harassment, and workplace violence (because of the field's interest in worker wellbeing and relationships)
Emotion-focused coping
consists of efforts to change or reduce the negative emotions associated with stress. These efforts may include avoiding, minimizing, or distancing oneself from the problem, or positive comparisons with others
Antisocial
continuously violates the rights of others; history of antisocial tendencies prior to age 15; often lies, fights, and has problems with the law; impulsive and fails to think ahead; can be deceitful and manipulative in order to gain profit or pleasure; irresponsible and often fails to hold down a job or pay financial debts; lacks feelings for others and remorse over misdeeds
James Cattell (1860-1944)
contribution to industrial psychology is largely reflected in his founding of a psychological consulting company, which is still operating today called the Psychological Corporation, and in the accomplishments of students at Columbia in the area of industrial psychology.
problem resolution teams
created for the purpose of solving a particular problem or issue
Antabuse
creates a conditioned aversion to alcohol because it replaces the original pleasure response with an unpleasant one.
A psychological disorder encompasses all of the behaviors below except:
culturally appropriate behavior that doesn't cause distress or impair normal functioning
Occupational health psychology (OHP)
deals with the stress, diseases, and disorders that can affect employees as a result of the workplace.
According to the Holmes and Rahe scale, which life event requires the greatest amount of readjustment?
death of a spouse
Severe, or morbid, obesity
defined as having a BMI over 40.
two general categories of mood disorders:
depressive disorders and Bipolar and related disorders
Alarm reaction
describes the body's immediate reaction upon facing a threatening situation or emergency, and it is roughly analogous to the fight-or-flight response described by Cannon. During an alarm reaction, you are alerted to a stressor, and your body alarms you with a cascade of physiological reactions that provide you with the energy to manage the situation.
job specification
describes the characteristics required of the worker to successfully perform the job. the knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs) that the job requires are identified.
Job satisfaction
describes the degree to which individuals enjoy their job. It was described by Edwin Locke (1976) as the state of feeling resulting from appraising one's job experiences.
The Hawthorne effect:
describes the impact on the performance of individuals who are aware of being noticed, watched, and paid attention to by observers, researchers, or supervisors.
Hawthorne effect
describes the increase in performance of individuals who are aware they are being observed by researchers or supervisors
Cognitive therapy
developed by psychiatrist Aaron Beck in the 1960s. His initial focus was on depression and how a client's self-defeating attitude served to maintain a depression despite positive factors in her life
humanitarian work psychology (HWP)
developed in 2009 as the brainchild of a small group of I-O psychologists who met at a conference.
drive theory of motivation
deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs.
Gender dysphoria
diagnostic category in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) that describes individuals who do not identify as the gender that most people would assume they are.
Hans Selye
discovered that when exposed to prolonged negative stimulation (stressors)—such as extreme cold, surgical injury, excessive muscular exercise, and shock—the rats showed signs of adrenal enlargement, thymus and lymph node shrinkage, and stomach ulceration.
Disorganized thinking
disjointed and incoherent thought processes—usually detected by what a person says. The person might ramble, exhibit loose associations (jump from topic to topic), or talk in a way that is so disorganized and incomprehensible that it seems as though the person is randomly combining words.
dissociative fugue
disorder in which one travels away from home and is unable to remember details of his past, including often his identity
Dissociative disorders:
dissociative amnesia, depersonalization/derealization disorder, and dissociative identity disorder.
asexual
do not experience sexual attraction or have little or no interest in sexual activity.
CBT-enhancing pharmaceutical agents
drugs used to improve the effects of therapeutic interventions. Based on research from animal experiments, researchers have found that certain drugs influence the biological processes known to be involved in learning. Thus, if people take these drugs while going through psychotherapy, they are better able to "learn" the techniques for improvement.
binge eating disorder
eating binges are not followed by inappropriate behavior, such as purging, but are followed by distress, including feelings of guilt and embarrassment.
diversity training
educates participants about cultural differences with the goal of improving teamwork.
Theory Y workplaces
employees participate in decisions about prioritizing tasks; they may belong to teams that, once given a goal, decide themselves how it will be accomplished. In such a workplace, employees are able to provide input on matters of efficiency and safety.
Telecommuting
employees' ability to set their own hours allowing them to work from home at different parts of the day
Behavior therapy
employs both classical and operant conditioning techniques to change behavior.
Organizational culture
encompasses the values, visions, hierarchies, norms, and interactions among its employees. It is how an organization is run, how it operates, and how it makes decisions—the industry in which the organization participates may have an influence.
stressors:
environmental events that may be judged as threatening or demanding; stimuli that initiate the stress process
Histrionic
excessively overdramatic, emotional, and theatrical; feels uncomfortable when not the center of others' attention; behavior is often inappropriately seductive or provocative; speech is highly emotional but often vague and diffuse; emotions are shallow and often shift rapidly; may alienate friends with demands for constant attention
4 phases of the sexual response cycle
excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
dissociative identity disorder
exhibit two or more separate personalities or identities, each well-defined and distinct from one another. They also experience memory gaps for the time during which another identity is in charge
Schizotypal
exhibits eccentricities in thought, perception, emotion, speech, and behavior; shows suspiciousness or paranoia; has unusual perceptual experiences; speech is often idiosyncratic; displays inappropriate emotions; lacks friends or confidants; not due to schizophrenia or other psychotic disorder, or to autism spectrum disorder
pansexual
experience attraction without regard to sex, gender identity or gender expression
persistent depressive disorder
experience depressed moods most of the day nearly every day for at least two years, as well as at least two of the other symptoms of major depressive disorder. People with persistent depressive disorder are chronically sad and melancholy, but do not meet all the criteria for major depression.
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
experience thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted (obsessions) and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions).
specific phobia
experiences excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation (such as animals, enclosed spaces, elevators, or flying)
You expect to earn more money.
extrinsic motivation
You want a better job.
extrinsic motivation
You want good grades.
extrinsic motivation
You want to please your parents.
extrinsic motivation
facial feedback hypothesis
facial expressions are capable of influencing our emotions, meaning that smiling can make you feel happier
set point theory
fails to account for the influence of social and environmental factors in the regulation of body weight
communication
feedback from the employer
atypical feelings
feeling that deviate from the norm and could be an indication of a psychological disorder.
Which of the following is a behavior associated with depression?
feelings of hopelessness
organizational psychology:
focus is on social interactions and their effect on the individual and on the functioning of the organization.
mindfulness:
focuses on helping a person identify and acknowledge their thoughts and emotions.
humanistic therapy
focuses on helping people become more self-aware and accepting of themselves. In contrast to psychoanalysis, humanistic therapists focus on conscious rather than unconscious thoughts.
industrial psychology
focuses on identifying and matching persons to tasks within an organization.
human factors psychology
focuses on the individual worker's interaction with a machine, work station, information displays, and the local environment, such as lighting
Allen, Eby, Poteet, Lentz, & Lima (2004)
found that mentoring positively affected a protégé's compensation and number of promotions compared with non-mentored employees. In addition, protégés were more satisfied with their careers and had greater job satisfaction.
Atkins and Wood (2002)
found that the self and peer ratings were unreliable as an assessment of an employee's performance and that even supervisors tended to underrate employees that gave themselves modest feedback ratings.
rational emotive therapy (RET)
founded by Albert Ellis and grew out of his dislike of Freudian psychoanalysis
job burnout
general sense of emotional exhaustion and cynicism in relation to one's job (Maslach & Jackson, 1981). Job burnout occurs frequently among those in human service jobs (e.g., social workers, teachers, therapists, and police officers).
Constant worry is a key feature of
generalized anxiety disorder.
seven universal emotions
happiness, surprise, sadness, fright, disgust, contempt, and anger
Paranoid
harbors a pervasive and unjustifiable suspiciousness and mistrust of others; reluctant to confide in or become close to others; reads hidden demeaning or threatening meaning into benign remarks or events; takes offense easily and bears grudges; not due to schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders
Selye's model
has had an enormous impact on the field of stress because it offers a general explanation for how stress can lead to physical damage and, thus, disease.
comorbidity means
having two or more diagnoses at the same time.
humanistic therapy aims to
help people become more self-aware and accepting of themselves.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
helps clients examine how their thoughts affect their behavior. It aims to change cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors. has been found to be effective in decreasing levels of hopelessness and suicidal thoughts in previously suicidal teenagers
________alcohol use disorder
high rate of comorbidity between social anxiety disorder and_______________
Yerkes-Dodson law
holds that a simple task is performed best when arousal levels are relatively high and complex tasks are best performed when arousal levels are lower.
not a dimension of job burnout...
hostility
prevalence.
how many people have the disorder
focus of human factors psychology
how workers interact with the tools of their work and how to design those tools and equipment to optimize workers' productivity, safety, and health.
Many of the examples of I-O psychology are applications to businesses. Name four different non-business contexts that I-O psychology could impact?
identify organizations that are dedicated to accomplishing specific tasks, in the general sense. Examples are hospitals, non-profit organizations, government agencies (including the military), law enforcement, universities, schools, and so on.
Industrial/organizational psychology is essentially the study of people:
in the workplace
Autism
inability to form close emotional ties with others, speech and language abnormalities, repetitive behaviors, and an intolerance of minor changes in the environment and in normal routines
dissociative amnesia
inability to recall important personal information, usually following an extremely stressful or traumatic experience such as combat, natural disasters, or being the victim of violence.
Cluster B disorders
include antisocial personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, and borderline personality disorder. People with these disorders usually are impulsive, overly dramatic, highly emotional, and erratic.
Cluster C disorders
include avoidant personality disorder, dependent personality disorder, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (which is not the same thing as obsessive-compulsive disorder). People with these disorders often appear to be nervous and fearful.
Chronic stressors
include events that persist over an extended period of time, such as caring for a parent with dementia, long-term unemployment, or imprisonment.
Downsizing has commonly shown to result in a period of lowered productivity for the organizations experiencing it. What might be some of the reasons for this observation?
include factors like lower job satisfaction, higher job stress, disruption of organizational culture, and other factors related to the concepts covered.
Organizational psychology.
includes studying worker satisfaction, motivation, and commitment. This field also studies management, leadership, and organizational culture, as well as how an organization's structures, management and leadership styles, social norms, and role expectations affect individual behavior.
diathesis-stress model
integrates biological and psychosocial factors to predict the likelihood of a disorder. This diathesis-stress model suggests that people with an underlying predisposition for a disorder (i.e., a diathesis) are more likely than others to develop a disorder when faced with adverse environmental or psychological events (i.e., stress), such as childhood maltreatment, negative life events, trauma, and so on.
the hippocampus
integrates emotional experience with cognition
Eclectic therapy is
integrating more than one approach to psychotherapy.
Which statement is TRUE about the ICD and DSM?
internationally, the ICD is used more often for clinical diagnosis while the DSM is used more often for research and by US mental health professionals.
fear
involves an instantaneous reaction to an imminent threat
anxiety
involves apprehension, avoidance, and cautiousness regarding a potential threat, danger, or other negative event
Biomedical therapy
involves medication and/or medical procedures to treat psychological disorders.
unconditional positive regard
involves not judging clients and simply accepting them for who they are.
Cognitive engineering
involves studying how a worker interacts with software, such as a search engine, to get information.
Mindfulness
is a process that tries to cultivate a nonjudgmental, yet attentive, mental state. It is a therapy that focuses on one's awareness of bodily sensations, thoughts, and the outside environment. Whereas other therapies work to modify or eliminate these sensations and thoughts, mindfulness focuses on non-judgmentally accepting them.
what state were you born in?
is illegal to ask in a job interview in the United States
lilian Gilbreth
is known for recommending foot-pedal trash cans, shelves in refrigerators doors, and improving employee motivation.
U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
is responsible for enforcing federal laws that make it illegal to discriminate against a job applicant or an employee.
The Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978
it prohibits job (e.g., employment, pay, and termination) discrimination of a woman because she is pregnant as long as she can perform the work required.
appraisal:
judgment about the degree of potential harm or threat to well-being that a stressor might entail
primary appraisal
judgment about the degree of potential harm or threat to well-being that a stressor might entail. A stressor would likely be appraised as a threat if one anticipates that it could lead to some kind of harm, loss, or other negative consequence; conversely, a stressor would likely be appraised as a challenge if one believes that it carries the potential for gain or personal growth.
secondary appraisal:
judgment of the options available to cope with a stressor, as well as perceptions of how effective such options will be
an example of Theory X management
keystroke monitoring
KSAs
knowledge, skills, and abilities
Schizoid
lacks interest and desire to form relationships with others; aloof and shows emotional coldness and detachment; indifferent to approval or criticism of others; lacks close friends or confidants; not due to schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders, not an autism spectrum disorder
effort praise
lead to improvement over time
Which of the following is not one of the presumed components of happiness?
learning new skills
Dorothea Dix
led reform efforts for mental health care in the United States in the nineteenth century. Her efforts led to the creation of the first mental asylums in the United States.
sexual motivation
limbic system structures such as the amygdala and nucleus accumbens are especially important for____________
agoraphobia
listed in the DSM-5 as a separate anxiety disorder.
Griggs v. Duke Power Co
made it illegal under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act to include educational requirements in a job description (e.g., high school diploma) that negatively impacts one race over another if the requirement cannot be shown to be directly related to job performance.
cardiovascular disorders
major focal point in the study of psychophysiological disorders because of the cardiovascular system's centrality in the stress response
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
makes it illegal to treat individuals unfavorably because of their race or color of their skin: An employer cannot discriminate based on skin color, hair texture, or other immutable characteristics in hiring, benefits, promotions, or termination of employees.
Theory X
managers assume that most people dislike work and are not innately self-directed. managers perceive employees as people who prefer to be led and told which tasks to perform and when. The employees are watched carefully to be sure that they work hard enough to fulfill the organization's goals. workplaces will often have employees punch a clock when arriving and leaving the workplace: Tardiness is punished. Supervisors, not employees, determine whether an employee needs to stay late, and even this decision would require someone higher up in the command chain to approve the extra hours. Supervisors will ignore employees' suggestions for improved efficiency and reprimand employees for speaking out of order. These supervisors blame efficiency failures on individual employees rather than the systems or policies in place. Managerial goals are achieved through a system of punishments and threats rather than enticements and rewards. Managers are suspicious of employees' motivations and always suspect selfish motivations for their behavior at work (e.g., being paid is their sole motivation for working).
Theory Y
managers assume that most people seek inner satisfaction and fulfillment from their work.
Review the items on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale. Select one of the items and discuss how it might bring about distress and eustress.
many people look forward to celebrating the Christmas holiday, but it can be stressful in that it requires some degree of readjustment. Getting together with family may bring eustress, while the schedule and travel demands of may bring distress. Giving gifts to others and seeing their enjoyment may bring eustress, but the financial burden associated with buying presents could produce distress. Each of these things requires making some minor adjustments to one's life, and thus is considered somewhat stressful.
orgasm
marked in women by rhythmic contractions of the pelvis and uterus along with increased muscle tension. In men, pelvic contractions are accompanied by a buildup of seminal fluid near the urethra that is ultimately forced out by contractions of genital muscles, (i.e., ejaculation).
mood states
may not be consciously recognized and do not carry the intentionality that is associated with emotion
Voluntary treatment
means the person chooses to attend therapy to obtain relief from symptoms.
association test
measures automatic or subconscious associations between an individual's negative or positive values
polygraph
measures the physiological arousal of an individual responding to a series of questions.
Who of the following does not support the humane and improved treatment of mentally ill persons?
medieval priests
reconsolidation theory
memories can change once they are put into long-term memory
safety behaviors:
mental or behavioral acts that reduce anxiety in social situations by reducing the chance of negative social outcomes. Safety behaviors include avoiding eye contact, rehearsing sentences before speaking, talking only briefly, and not talking about oneself
coping:
mental or behavioral efforts used to manage problems relating to stress, including its cause and the unpleasant feelings and emotions it produces
Which of the following best illustrates a compulsion?
mentally counting backward from 1,000
prodromal symptoms
minor symptoms of psychosis, such as unusual thought content, paranoia, odd communication, delusions, problems at school or work, and a decline in social functioning
directive play therapy
more structure and guidance in the play session by suggesting topics, asking questions, and even playing with the child
Rogerian (client-centered therapy):
non-directive form of humanistic psychotherapy developed by Carl Rogers that emphasizes unconditional positive regard and self-acceptance
Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders.
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), body dysmorphic disorder, and hoarding disorder are all_____________
Auditory hallucinations
occur in roughly two-thirds of patients with schizophrenia and are by far the most common form of hallucination
stage of exhaustion
occurs If exposure to a stressor continues over a longer period of time. the person is no longer able to adapt to the stressor: the body's ability to resist becomes depleted as physical wear takes its toll on the body's tissues and organs. As a result, illness, disease, and other permanent damage to the body—even death—may occur.
stage of resistance
occurs If exposure to a stressor is prolonged. During this stage, the initial shock of alarm reaction has worn off and the body has adapted to the stressor. Nevertheless, the body also remains on alert and is prepared to respond as it did during the alarm reaction, although with less intensity.
fight-or-flight response
occurs when a person experiences very strong emotions—especially those associated with a perceived threat. the body is rapidly aroused by activation of both the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system.
work-family balance
occurs when people juggle the demands of work life with the demands of family life
bipolar disorder (commonly known as manic depression)
often experiences mood states that vacillate between depression and mania; that is, the person's mood is said to alternate from one emotional extreme to the other (in contrast to unipolar, which indicates a persistently sad mood).
Play therapy
often used with children since they are not likely to sit on a couch and recall their dreams or engage in traditional talk therapy. This technique uses a therapeutic process of play to "help clients prevent or resolve psychosocial difficulties and achieve optimal growth"
cultural display rule
one of a collection of culturally specific standards that govern the types and frequencies of displays of emotions that are acceptable
Walter Dill Scott (1869-1955)
one of the first psychologists to apply psychology to advertising, management, and personnel selection.
Gender identity
one's sense of being male or female. Generally, our gender identities correspond to our chromosomal and phenotypic sex, but this is not always the case.
universal.
our ability to recognize and produce facial expressions of emotion appears to be ___________
Perceived control
our beliefs about our personal capacity to exert influence over and shape outcomes, and it has major implications for our health and happiness
Narcissistic
overinflated and unjustified sense of self-importance and preoccupied with fantasies of success; believes he is entitled to special treatment from others; shows arrogant attitudes and behaviors; takes advantage of others; lacks empathy
Cluster A disorders
paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, and schizotypal personality disorder. personality style that is odd or eccentric.
cognitive bias modification
patients are given exercises, often through the use of video games, aimed at changing their problematic thought processes. For example, researchers might use a mobile app to train alcohol abusers to avoid stimuli related to alcohol. One version of this game flashes four pictures on the screen—three alcohol cues (e.g., a can of beer, the front of a bar) and one health-related image (e.g., someone drinking water). The goal is for the patient to tap the healthy picture as fast as s/he can. Games like these aim to target patients' automatic, subconscious thoughts that may be difficult to direct through conscious effort.
perceived control:
peoples' beliefs concerning their capacity to influence and shape outcomes in their lives
why do evaluations often fail to accomplish their purpose in organizations?
performance appraisal systems are often used incorrectly or are of an inappropriate type for an organization's particular culture
Intrinsically motivated behaviors
performed because of the sense of personal satisfaction that they bring
extrinsically motivated behaviors
performed in order to receive something from others.
Obsessive-Compulsive
pervasive need for perfectionism that interferes with the ability to complete tasks; preoccupied with details, rules, order, and schedules; excessively devoted to work at the expense of leisure and friendships; rigid, inflexible, and stubborn; insists things be done his way; miserly with money
stress responses can be:
physiological (e.g., accelerated heart rate, headaches, or gastrointestinal problems), cognitive (e.g., difficulty concentrating or making decisions), and behavioral (e.g., drinking alcohol, smoking, or taking actions directed at eliminating the cause of the stress).
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously, yet independently
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
physiological, security, social, esteem, self-actualization
central nucleus
plays a role in attention, and it has connections with the hypothalamus and various brainstem areas to regulate the autonomic nervous and endocrine systems' activity
the amygdala
plays a role in processing emotional information and sending that information on to cortical structures
positive affect
pleasurable engagement with the environment, such as happiness, joy, enthusiasm, alertness, and excitement
Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)
popular scale designed to measure stress; consists of 43 potentially stressful events, each of which has a numerical value quantifying how much readjustment is associated with the event
How does positive affect differ from optimism?
positive affect involves feeling states, whereas optimism involves expectations.
transformational leadership
possess four attributes to varying degrees: They are charismatic (highly liked role models), inspirational (optimistic about goal attainment), intellectually stimulating (encourage critical thinking and problem solving), and considerate.
Carrie was the first responder at a horrific car accident that happened right in front of her on the road. She's had flashbacks to the accident almost daily and has been tense and irritable since then. She likely has
posttraumatic stress disorder
hopelessness theory
postulates that a particular style of negative thinking leads to a sense of hopelessness, which then leads to depression
growth midset
prefers challenging work, believes that effort leads to improvement, sees failure as motivating.
fixed mindset
prefers easy success, believes that effort does not lead to improvement, sees failure as discouraging
body dysmorphic disorder
preoccupied with a perceived flaw in her physical appearance that is either nonexistent or barely noticeable to other people. These perceived physical defects cause the person to think she is unattractive, ugly, hideous, or deformed.
three basic types of teams:
problem resolution teams, creative teams, and tactical teams.
stress:
process whereby an individual perceives and responds to events that one appraises as overwhelming or threatening to one's well-being
Conditioning theories of panic disorder
propose that panic attacks are classical conditioning responses to subtle bodily sensations resembling those normally occurring when one is anxious or frightened
dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia
proposed that an overabundance of dopamine or too many dopamine receptors are responsible for the onset and maintenance of schizophrenia
The facial feedback hypothesis
proposes that your facial expression can actually affect your emotional experience
antipsychotic medications
proved a tremendous help in controlling the symptoms of certain psychological disorders, such as psychosis. Started in 1954 and gaining popularity in the 1960s
Hugo Münsterberg (1863-1916)
published Psychology and Industrial Efficiency, which covered topics such as employee selection, employee training, and effective advertising.
MBCT,
rather than reducing one's general stress to address a specific problem, attention is focused on one's thoughts and their associated emotions. For example, MBCT helps prevent relapses in depression by encouraging patients to evaluate their own thoughts objectively and without value judgment
Alogia
reduced speech output; in simple terms, patients do not say much.
If conditioning theories about panic disorder are correct, how might it be treated?
reducing thoughts about catastrophes caused by sensations
compulsions are:
repetitive and ritualistic acts that are typically carried out primarily as a means to minimize the distress that obsessions trigger or to reduce the likelihood of a feared event
bona fide occupational qualifications (BFOQs)
requirements of certain occupations for which denying an individual employment would otherwise violate the law.
Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act of 2008
requires group health plans and insurers to make sure there is parity of mental health services
The Equal Pay Act
requires that equal pay for men and women in the same workplace who are performing equal work.
Gilbreth's
research found that employees could overcome fatigue and improve time management if they were motivated by money and job satisfaction.
U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)
responsible for enforcing federal laws that make it illegal to discriminate against a job applicant or an employee because of the person's race, color, religion, sex (including pregnancy), national origin, age (40 or older), disability, or genetic information.
Which of the following is not a primary characteristic of ADHD?
restricted and fixated interest
relapse
return to abusing drugs and/or alcohol after a period of improvement
The Schacter-Singer theory
says we experience arousal and then, depending on the situation we are in, connect it with an emotion. Thus, different situations can result in the experience of different emotions, despite the same state of arousal.
humanitarian work psychology (HWP).
seeks to help marginalized members of society, such as low-income individuals, find work. In addition, they help to determine ways to deliver humanitarian aid during major catastrophes.
the thalamus
serves as a sensory relay center whose neurons project to both the amygdala and the higher cortical regions for further processing.
fight-or-flight response:
set of physiological reactions (increases in blood pressure, heart rate, respiration rate, and sweat) that occur when an individual encounters a perceived threat; these reactions are produced by activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
set of structures found in both the limbic system (hypothalamus) and the endocrine system (pituitary gland and adrenal glands) that regulate many of the body's physiological reactions to stress through the release of hormones
Which of the following elevates the risk for developing PTSD?
severity of trauma
Which of the following findings was not a result of the Kinsey study?
sexual desire and ability can be separate functions
sexual harassment
sexually-based behavior that is knowingly unwanted and has an adverse effect of a person's employment status, interferes with a person's job performance, or creates a hostile or intimidating work environment
If you designed an assessment of job satisfaction, what elements would it include?
should include that the assessment would include more than one question to try to understand the reasons for the level of job satisfaction. It may also include questions that assess the importance of emotional and cognitive job satisfaction factors.
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
shows a constant pattern of inattention and/or hyperactive and impulsive behavior that interferes with normal functioning. some of the signs of inattention include great difficulty with and avoidance of tasks that require sustained attention (such as conversations or reading), failure to follow instructions (often resulting in failure to complete school work and other duties), disorganization (difficulty keeping things in order, poor time management, sloppy and messy work), lack of attention to detail, becoming easily distracted, and forgetfulness.
antisocial personality disorder
shows no regard at all for other people's rights or feelings. This lack of regard is exhibited a number of ways and can include repeatedly performing illegal acts, lying to or conning others, impulsivity and recklessness, irritability and aggressiveness toward others, and failure to act in a responsible way
asociality
social withdrawal and lack of interest in engaging in social interactions with others.
Research on interviewing has shown that
the first impression and interactions before the interview begins have an impact getting a job offer.
Avoidant
socially inhibited and oversensitive to negative evaluation; avoids occupations that involve interpersonal contact because of fears of criticism or rejection; avoids relationships with others unless guaranteed to be accepted unconditionally; feels inadequate and views self as socially inept and unappealing; unwilling to take risks or engage in new activities if they may prove embarrassing
overgeneralization
someone takes a small situation and makes it huge—for example, instead of saying, "This particular woman was not interested in me," the man says, "I am ugly, a loser, and no one is ever going to be interested in me."
There is no reliable scientific evidence that gay conversion therapy actually works. What kinds of evidence would you need to see in order to be convinced by someone arguing that she had successfully converted her sexual orientation?
something more than self-reports of successful conversion would be necessary to support such a claim. Longitudinal, objective demonstrations of a real switch in both erotic attraction and the actual behavior in which the individual engaged would need to be presented in addition to assurances that this type of therapy was safe.
homosexual
somewhere between 3% and 10% of the population identifies as__________
family therapy:
special form of group therapy consisting of one or more families
strengths-based management.
specific style of management which is exemplified by focusing on what someone is good at doing.
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
states people may not be discriminated against due to the nature of their disability.
Problem-focused coping
strategies are similar to strategies used in everyday problem-solving: they typically involve identifying the problem, considering possible solutions, weighing the costs and benefits of these solutions, and then selecting an alternative
cortisol:
stress hormone released by the adrenal glands when encountering a stressor; helps to provide a boost of energy, thereby preparing the individual to take action
biofeedback
stress-reduction technique using electronic equipment to measure a person's involuntary (neuromuscular and autonomic) activity and provide feedback to help the person gain a level of voluntary control over these processes
intrinsic motivation
students are more likely to experience____________to learn when they feel a sense of belonging and respect in the classroom.
Industrial psychology.
studies and develops ways to train, evaluate, and respond to those evaluations once the employees are hired
Industrial-Organizational Psychology
studies how human behavior and psychology affect work.
PTSD learning models
suggest that some symptoms are developed and maintained through classical conditioning. The traumatic event may act as an unconditioned stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response characterized by extreme fear and anxiety. Cognitive, emotional, physiological, and environmental cues accompanying or related to the event are conditioned stimuli. These traumatic reminders evoke conditioned responses (extreme fear and anxiety) similar to those caused by the event itself
diathesis-stress model:
suggests that people with a predisposition for a disorder (a diathesis) are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with stress; model of psychopathology
males; females.
suicide among ________ is more common that among ________.
lowered
suppression of facial expression of emotion__________the intensity of some emotions experienced by participants
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia
symptoms of commission, meaning they are something that individuals do or think. Examples include the hallucinations, delusions, and bizarre or disorganized behavior describe above.
Negatively
tasks impact learning _____________
Behavioral therapy
teaches the client to cope with an anxiety-producing situation by replacing fear with an alternative response. A common alternative response is relaxation. This idea is that fear and anxiety cannot coexist with relaxation—if you are relaxed, you can't be fully afraid.
How would you handle the situation if you were being sexually harassed? What would you consider sexual harassment?
telling the person that you are not comfortable with these actions and then reporting it to human resources. The definition of sexual harassment may discuss the sexual nature of the event, feelings of discomfort, fear, or anxiety, and recurrences of events.
praise for ability
tells the child that performance comes from something mysterious inside of you ("intelligence" or "talent") rather than from what you do.
praise for effort
tells the child that the process of learning is important and reward comes from trying hard.
transgender
term used to describe people whose sense of personal identity does not correspond with their birth sex.
paranoid delusions
the (false) belief that other people or agencies are plotting to harm the person.
reality monitoring
the ability to tell the difference between memories that are imagined and memories that are real.
metabolic rate
the amount of energy that is expended in a given period of time
Linguistic Text Analysis
the analysis of written or spoken extended text.
excitement phase
the arousal phase of the sexual response cycle, and it is marked by erection of the penis or clitoris and lubrication and expansion of the vaginal canal.
Which statement best describes the Hawthorne effect?
the attention of researchers on subjects causes the effect the experimenter is seeking
somatic delusion
the belief that something highly abnormal is happening to one's body (e.g., that one's kidneys are being eaten by cockroaches).
In cases of comorbidity
the best treatment is thought to address both (or multiple) disorders simultaneously
locus coeruleus
the brain's major source of norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter that triggers the body's fight-or-flight response. Activation of the locus coeruleus is associated with anxiety and fear, and research with nonhuman primates has shown that stimulating the locus coeruleus either electrically or through drugs produces panic-like symptoms
individual therapy
the client and clinician meet one-on-one. These meetings typically occur weekly or every other week, and sessions are conducted in a confidential and caring environment (Figure 2). The clinician will work with clients to help them explore their feelings, work through life challenges, identify aspects of themselves and their lives that they wish to change, and set goals to help them work towards these changes.
deinstitutionalization
the closing of large asylums, by providing for people to stay in their communities and be treated locally.
immunosuppression
the decreased effectiveness of the immune system.
The first steps in systematic desensitization
the development of a "hierarchy of fears."
Body language
the expression of emotion in terms of body position or movement.
Procedural justice
the fairness of the processes by which outcomes are determined in conflicts with or among employees.
Psychoneuroimmunology
the field that studies how psychological factors such as stress influence the immune system and immune functioning.
Asylums
the first institutions created for the specific purpose of housing people with psychological disorders, but the focus was ostracizing them from society rather than treating their disorders. Often these people were kept in windowless dungeons, beaten, chained to their beds, and had little to no contact with caregivers.
transactional leadership
the focus is on supervision, maintaining the status quo, and organizational goals, which are achieved through a system of rewards and punishments.
structured interview
the interviewer asks the same questions of every candidate, the questions are prepared in advance, and the interviewer uses a standardized rating system for each response.
unstructured interview
the interviewer may ask different questions of each different candidate and responses to questions asked are generally not scored using a standard system
"Subjective well-being"
the label given by scientists to the various forms of happiness taken together.
the level of diathesis.
the level of stress needed to produce the disorder is inversely proportional to
goes up
the likelihood of choosing difficult problems ________as you go from praise for ability to praise for effort.
Anorexia nervosa
the maintenance of a body weight well below average through starvation and/or excessive exercise.
Daily hassles
the minor irritations and annoyances that are part of our everyday lives (e.g., rush hour traffic, lost keys, obnoxious coworkers, inclement weather, arguments with friends or family)—can build on one another and leave us just as stressed as life change events
automatic emotion regulation (AER)
the non-deliberate control of emotions
free association
the patient relaxes and then says whatever comes to mind at the moment. However, Freud felt that the ego would at times try to block, or repress, unacceptable urges or painful conflicts during free association. Consequently, a patient would demonstrate resistance to recalling these thoughts or situations.
transference
the patient transfers all the positive or negative emotions associated with the patient's other relationships to the psychoanalyst.
hoarding disorder
the person cannot bear to part with personal possessions, regardless of how valueless or useless these possessions are. As a result, these individuals accumulate excessive amounts of usually worthless items that clutter their living areas
Resolution
the relatively rapid return to an unaroused state accompanied by a decrease in blood pressure and muscular relaxation. While many women can quickly repeat the sexual response cycle, men must pass through a longer refractory period as part of resolution.
positive psychology
the science of happiness; it is an area of study that seeks to identify and promote those qualities that lead to greater fulfillment in our lives.
Organizational psychology is
the second major branch of study and practice within the discipline of industrial and organizational psychology
What role could a flight simulator play in the design of a new aircraft?
the simulator would be used to determine how pilots interact with the controls and displays within the cockpit, including under conditions of simulated emergencies.
Social support
the soothing impact of friends, family, and acquaintances. can take many forms, including advice, guidance, encouragement, acceptance, emotional comfort, and tangible
observable artifacts are
the symbols, language (jargon, slang, and humor), narratives (stories and legends), and practices (rituals) that represent the underlying cultural assumptions.
Confidentiality
the therapist cannot disclose confidential communications to any third party unless mandated or permitted by law to do so.
client-centered therapy
the therapist uses the technique of active listening. In active listening, the therapist acknowledges, restates, and clarifies what the client expresses. Therapists also practice what Rogers called unconditional positive regard
intake
the therapist's first meeting with the client. The therapist gathers specific information to address the client's immediate needs, such as the presenting problem, the client's support system, and insurance status. the therapist and client will work together to discuss treatment goals. Then a treatment plan will be formulated, usually with specific measurable objectives. Also, the therapist and client will discuss how treatment success will be measured and the estimated length of treatment.
Human factors psychology
the third subject area within industrial and organizational psychology. This field is concerned with the integration of the human-machine interface in the workplace, through design, and specifically with researching and designing machines that fit human requirements.
Motivation
the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal
diathesis-stress
theory in which certain predispositions or vulnerability factors influence one's reaction to stress
structural family therapy:
therapist examines and discusses with the family the boundaries and structure of the family: who makes the rules, who sleeps in the bed with whom, how decisions are made, and what are the boundaries within the family
strategic family therapy:
therapist guides the therapy sessions and develops treatment plans for each family member for specific problems that can addressed in a short amount of time
In considering the three dimensions of happiness discussed in this section (the pleasant life, the good life, and the meaningful life), what are some steps you could take to improve your personal level of happiness?
things that boost positive emotions (the pleasant life), developing and using skills and talents (the good life), and using one's talents to help others (the meaningful life).
fixed mindset
thinking of intelligence as an "entity"—something that is part of a person's essential self.
growth mindset
thinking of intelligence as being "incremental"—a quality that can change for better or worse depending on what we do and on the experiences we have.
mood disorders
those in which the person experiences severe disturbances in mood and emotion. appear to have a genetic component, with genetic factors playing a more prominent role in bipolar disorder than in depression.
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia
those that reflect noticeable decreases and absences in certain behaviors, emotions, or drives
Type B behavior pattern
those who are more relaxed and laid-back
group therapy
treatment modality in which 5-10 people with the same issue or concern meet together with a trained clinician
biomedical therapy
treatment that involves medication and/or medical procedures to treat psychological disorders
couples therapy:
two people in an intimate relationship, such as husband and wife, who are having difficulties and are trying to resolve them with therapy
Performance appraisals
typically documented several times a year, often with a formal process and an annual face-to-face brief meeting between an employee and his supervisor.
cultural competence
understanding and addressing issues of race, culture, and ethnicity as well as developing strategies to effectively address the needs of various populations for which Eurocentric therapies have limited application
Borderline
unstable in self-image, mood, and behavior; cannot tolerate being alone and experiences chronic feelings of emptiness; unstable and intense relationships with others; behavior is impulsive, unpredictable, and sometimes self-damaging; shows inappropriate and intense anger; makes suicidal gestures
Disorganized or abnormal motor behavior
unusual behaviors and movements: becoming unusually active, exhibiting silly child-like behaviors (giggling and self-absorbed smiling), engaging in repeated and purposeless movements, or displaying odd facial expressions and gestures.
Performance appraisal
used for the supervisor to communicate specific concerns about the employee's performance and to positively reinforce elements of good performance. It may also be used to discuss specific performance rewards, such as a pay increase, or consequences of poor performance, such as a probationary period.
creative teams
used to develop innovative possibilities or solutions
tactical teams
used to execute a well-defined plan or objective
360-degree feedback system
used to give the employee and supervisor different perspectives of the employee's job performance; the system should help employees make improvements through their own efforts or through training.
Aversive conditioning
uses an unpleasant stimulus to stop an undesirable behavior. Therapists apply this technique to eliminate addictive behaviors, such as smoking, nail biting, and drinking.
MBSR
uses meditation, yoga, and attention to physical experiences to reduce stress. The hope is that reducing a person's overall stress will allow that person to more objectively evaluate his or her thoughts.
Life satisfaction
usually increases the older people get, but there do not appear to be gender differences in happiness
workplace violence
violence or the threat of violence against workers; can occur inside or outside the workplace
posturing
where the person maintains a rigid and bizarre posture for long periods of time, or catatonic stupor, a complete lack of movement and verbal behavior.
lymphocytes
white blood cells that circulate in the body's fluids that are important in the immune response
plateau
women experience further swelling of the vagina and increased blood flow to the labia minora, and men experience full erection and often exhibit pre-ejaculatory fluid. Both men and women experience increases in muscle tone during this time.
Systematic desensitization
works by gradually—step-by-step—exposing the person to situations that are increasingly more anxiety-producing. This is called "progressive exposure." By learning to cope with anxiety with less-threatening situations first, the person is better prepared to handle the more-threatening situations.
mindfulness therapy
works to acknowledge and accept the thought, understanding that the thought is spontaneous and not what the person truly believes. There are two important components of mindfulness: (1) self-regulation of attention, and (2) orientation toward the present moment
Gilbreth
wrote the book title, The Psychology of Management: The Function of the Mind in Determining, Teaching, and Installing Methods of Least Waste, and she is known as the mother of modern management.
Quid pro quo
you give something to get something, and it refers to a situation in which organizational rewards are offered in exchange for sexual favors.
appraisal theory
you have thoughts (a cognitive appraisal) before you experience an emotion, and the emotion you experience depends on the thoughts you had
In flooding therapy
you would skip the earliest situations described in systematic desensitization and you would move directly to highly threatening situations.