Psychology Chapter 12 Questions

Discrimination is a negative _____, whereas prejudice is a negative _____.

Behavior; attitude.

An ad agency creates two ads for a particular car. One stresses the car's safety and gas mileage; the other simply shows how fun it is to drive. The first ad relies on _____ route persuasion; the second, on _____ route persuasion.

Central; peripheral.

Clay would get angry very quickly when he was a teenager. Now he is in his fifties and it takes a lot to make him angry. What has changed?

Clay's levels of the hormone testosterone have decreased.

Mrs. Crane frequently thinks she has to shout at her husband to get his attention, but he thinks she yells because she is angry. Mr. Crane typically feels he has to shout back at his wife to defend himself, but she thinks his screaming proves that he is hostile. This couple's experience BEST illustrates:

Mirror-image perceptions.

During a test, Abe impulsively copied several answers from a nearby student's paper. He felt very uncomfortable about having done this until he convinced himself that copying answers is not wrong if classmates are careless enough to expose their test sheets. Which theory BEST explains why Abe adopted this new attitude?

Cognitive dissonance theory.

_____ is a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.

A conflict.

Social scripts refer to:

A culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations.

Dwayne has over $100,000 in credit card debt. He is able to have much of his credit card debt forgiven through a debt consolidation company. He does not realize that his debt forgiveness impacts the global economy because of:

A social trap.

Lucas needs a new car but does not want to purchase a fuel-efficient car because he thinks it is more expensive than the car he would like to buy. He also reasons that the fuel he would burn in his new car would not alter the greenhouse gases. His reasoning is an example of:

A social trap.

Mr. Rogers thinks that all teenagers are reckless, promiscuous, irresponsible delinquents. Mr. Rogers appears to be associating qualities that are unrelated to the objective evidence that define all members of this particular age group. Mr. Rogers is demonstrating:

A stereotype.

Kelly is a Republican, and Carlos is a Democrat. Both believe that the members of their own political party are more fair-minded and trustworthy than members of any other party. This belief BEST illustrates:

An ingroup bias.

When people suggest reasons for behavior, they are demonstrating:

Attributions.

What might account for the increased level of violence by hooded Ku Klux Klan members against African-Americans?

Deindividuation.

Which phenomenon BEST reflects reduced self-restraint?

Deindividuation.

Laurie and Jim have been married for 20 years. When asked, Laurie indicated that what she most appreciated about their marriage was that they both freely give and receive affection and that they share decision making and household responsibilities. Laurie's description is an example of:

Equity.

Group members sometimes fail to consider a range of viewpoints and alternatives in an effort to maintain cohesiveness and a united front. This is called:

Groupthink.

Janie is amazed how Jim can recognize and identify people who are of Asian ethnic groups, while she really struggles with this type of identification. One can assume from this example that Jim:

Has more experience interacting with Asian people.

A jury deliberated on a rape case for more than eight hours. Some of the jurors commented that the rape victim had a history of going out to various bars and had been dressed too provocatively. These jurors said that by looking like that, she had been asking to be assaulted. Their opinion is BEST explained in terms of the:

Just-world phenomenon.

Bullying younger children earns Diego the attention and respect of many classmates. As a result, his bullying behavior increases. This MOST clearly suggests that his aggression is a(n):

Learned response.

As passionate love matures into a calm and steady companionate love, the bonding of two partners is MOST likely to be facilitated by:

Oxytocin.

_____ love is an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.

Passionate.

Alexandra wants to buy a new car before she goes off to college. She wants one that looks good and has a nice stereo system so that she can listen to her favorite music while driving to class. Which form of persuasion would probably be more convincing to her?

Peripheral route persuasion.

Martina knows little about politics and is not especially interested in the outcome of political races. Martina would MOST likely be persuaded by a campaign message relying on the _____ route to persuasion.

Peripheral.

Olivia, a 21-year-old university student, is quiet, relaxed, reflective, and politically liberal. Research suggests that she would MOST likely become a good friend of:

Philip, who is reflective and quiet.

The correlation between temperature and the likelihood that Major League Baseball batters will be hit by pitched balls is:

Positive.

DeWayne is a police officer. When he is off the job, he is an easygoing, fun-loving person who enjoys life. When he is on the job, he is a very stern, serious, and no-nonsense police officer. DeWayne's professional behavior is an example of a:

Role.

The _____ theory proposes that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

Scapegoat.

Owen and his boyfriend are becoming more serious. "I feel I can tell him absolutely anything," Owen remarks. This example illustrates the contribution of _____ to the growing intimacy Owen and his boyfriend are experiencing.

Self-disclosure.

Class members are asked to work cooperatively in groups on major course papers. Every member of a group is to receive exactly the same grade based on the quality of the group's paper. This situation is MOST likely to lead to:

Social loafing.

Marty enjoys watching violent action movies and television shows on most evenings as well as listening to music with violent lyrics. When faced with real-life conflict he tends to respond with aggressive behavior because he believes that he needs to act like a man. According to social psychologists, his beliefs are due to _____, which is/are mental tapes for how to act due to exposure to media violence.

Social scripts.

Thomas enjoys watching violent pornography. When he goes out with a woman, he expects her to be submissive to his sexual demands; when he is turned down he becomes violent. Research done by social psychologists suggests that his beliefs are caused by _____, which are mental files for how to act.

Social scripts.

Tameka volunteers twice a week at a homeless shelter along with members of her church youth group. They tutor and read to young elementary age children who are housed in the shelter. Tameka's volunteerism is an example of:

Social-responsibility norm.

A close friend visits Katy and asks her to lend her ten dollars for gas. She happily agrees. Two weeks later her friend visits again and this time asks for twenty dollars for gas and she agrees again. This is known as:

The foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

Researchers asked homeowners for permission to install a large, poorly lettered sign on their front yards. Only 17 percent of the homeowners consented to the installations. Researchers then approached different homeowners and asked if they could post a small sign. Nearly all agreed. Then, when asked two weeks later if they could post the large, ugly sign, 76 percent consented. The results of this experiment support:

The foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

The concept of a superordinate goal is BEST illustrated by:

The intent of management and labor to produce a fuel-efficient automobile that will outsell any car on the market.

Joshua is on trial for simple assault. He has pleaded not guilty. A psychiatrist has testified that Joshua has a gene that has altered the area of his brain related to aggressive behavior. What is likely to happen?

The judge will give him a lighter sentence.

Melissa and Amanda are taking several classes together, just by chance. Prior to the semester they did not know each other. What is MOST likely to happen by the end of the term?

They will become close friends.

A contestant on a popular dating show takes a blind date to an escape room. According to the _____ theory, the somewhat frightening setting for the date may well lead to a love connection.

Two-factor.