Psychology Chapter 13 Review

operant conditioning person; behavioral

B.F. Skinner

Carl Rogers; emphasizes creation of a warm, therapeutic atmosphere that frees clients to engage in self-exploration and self-expression

client-centered therapy

same duties as counseling psychologist plus people with formal diagnosis

clinical psychologist

__________ therapists focus on the beliefs, attitudes, and automatic thoughts that create and compound their clients' problems

cognitive

approach to therapy that uses cognitive and behavioral techniques that have been validated by research

cognitive behavioral therapy

focuses on how clients' cognitions lead to distress and may be modified to relieve distress and promote adaptive behavior

cognitive therapy

usually deal with people with no formal diagnosis

counseling psychologist

helps couples enhance their relationship by improving their communication skills and helping them manage conflict

couple therapy

Behavior-therapy methods for reducing fears include systematic ____________ in which a client is gradually exposed to more fear-arousing stimuli.

desensitization

Freud; to view subconscious, where desire and impulses were expressed most

dream analysis

psychodynamically oriented therapist who focuses on the conscious coping of behavior of the ego instead of the hypothesized unconscious functioning of the id

ego analyst

treatment of disorders like major depression by passing an electric current (causes convulsions) through the head

electroconvulsive therapy

(training groups) asking members to express their true feelings. Try to enhance communication skills. People more emotional they open up about more things

encounter group

helps stress disorders; client imagines traumatic scene, therapist moves figure before clients eyes for 20-30 seconds and repeated until client's anxiety resolved

eye-movement desensitization

form of group therapy in which 1 or more families constitute the group. Talk and discuss problems and get help

family therapy

The chief psychoanalytic method is ______ association.

free

psychoanalysis; uncensored uttering of all thoughts that come to mind

free association

psychotherapist has several clients with similar problems so it often makes sense to treat them in a group than an individual session

group therapy

psychotherapy; focuses on client's subjective, conscious experience in the "here and now"

humanistic therapy

form of exposure therapy similar to the imagined form of flooding. Patient imagines scenes that are exaggerated by a therapist and will experience these visual images until the fear factor is reduced

implosive therapy

patients are repeatedly injected with large doses of insulin to induce comas for several weeks to help with mental illnesses

insulin shock therapy

what we say to ourselves in our inner voices; Elli's term

internalized sentences

Albert Ellis's form of therapy confronts clients with the ways in which _______ beliefs contribute to anxiety and depression.

irrational

ideas that do not hold up when challenged by careful logic

irrational ideas

behavior-therapy; client observes and imitates a person who approaches and copes with feared objects or situations

modeling

stabilize moods of patients especially with bipolar disorder help with mania (uses estrogen)

mood stabilizers

response from the environment neither increases of decreases the probability of the behavior being repeated

neutral operants

person-centered therapy; humanistic, therapist lets clients choose a course of action

nondirective therapy

__________-conditioning methods reinforce desired responses and extinguish undesired responses.

operant

method of learning that involves reward and punishment

operant conditioning

repeated behavior reinforced, behavior not reinforced extinguished

operant conditioning procedures

patient visits the center for treatment, but lives at home

outpatient care

counseling or psychotherapy where play is used as a means of helping children express or communicate their feelings

play therapy

controlled environment where people are reinforced for desired behaviors with tokens that may be exchanged for priviledges

token economy

operations between people and put large group of people together and the therapist will observe them and analyze them

transactional analysis

responding to one person (a psychoanalyst) in a way similar to how one responded to another person (a patient) in childhood

transference

therapist needs to do this for client, accepting and respecting others without judgement and evaluation

unconditional positive regard

Freud's method of psychoanalysis attempts to shed light on __________ conflicts that are presumed to lie at the roots of clients' problems.

unconscious

clients exposed to virtual stimuli that represent the sources of their anxiety and stress helping them gradually confront and overcome their fears

virtual therapy

occurs in dreams and it is the acting out of ideas and impulses that are repressed when one is conscious. Freud considered dreams the "royal road to the unconscious." Believed that the content of dreams is determined by unconscious processes as well as by the events of the day

wish fulfillment

came up with cognitive therapy and cognitive errors

Aaron Beck

rational emotive behavior therapy to fight and correct irrational expectations; internalized sentences, (in your head)

Albert Ellis

intelligence scale, helped find mental illnesses

Alfred Binet

What purpose is aversive conditioning most often used?

Break bad habits, excessive drinking, nail-biting, and the like

client-centered therapy method (1951), personal growth, self-actualization (working to become who you can possibly be)

Carl Rogers

Some qualities for an effective nondirective _________-_________ therapist must have. 1. Unconditional Positive Regard 2. Empathy 3. Genuineness

Client-centered

(mid 1900s) started National committee for Mental Hygiene. Wrote "A Mind that Found Itself" about his recover with mental illness

Clifford Beers

Benefits or Criticisms of the Community of Mental Health Movement? Patients who have been in hospitals for decades felt lost in these "homes", do not receive adequate follow-up care, some become homeless

Criticism

(1900s) campaigned for improvement of conditions after exploring New York's hospitals. Pushed for national legislation to reform the treatment of mental patients

Dorothea Dix

Fritz Perls' psychotherapy form, attempts to integrate conflicting parts of the personality through directive methods designed to help clients perceive their whole selves

Gestalt therapy

classical conditioning, dog and bell

Ivan Pavlov

drugs or other medical items used to cure the body and mental illnesses

Medical therapy

(1700s) unchained patients at his "hospital" and began "humane" treatment for mental ill patients

Philippe Pinel

another name for client-centered therapy; Carl Rogers

Rogerian Therapy

How do modern therapist like Carl Rogers differ from traditional psychologist?

Rogers focuses on the client's subjective conscious experience Traditional focuses on early childhood experiences

Why are many modern therapists called "ego analysts"?

There is more focus on the ego as the "executive" of personality and less emphasis on the id

help patients with anxiety and panic attacks, also used as sleeping pills calm down, slow down neurotransmitters

antianxiety drugs

acting to relieve depression speed up neurotransmitters

antidepressants

reduce agitation, delusions, and hallucinations (shizo.) counters false firings

antipsychotic drugs

feeling of worry, nervousness, typically about an imminent event of something with an uncertain outcome; severe can get meds

anxiety

behavior therapy technique in which undesired responses are inhibited by pairing repugnant or offensive stimuli with them

aversive conditioning

used by Ellis; refers to an irrational and dramatic thought pattern, characterized by the tendency to overestimate the potential of seriousness or negative consequences of events, situations or perceived threats

awfulize

systematic application of the principles of learning to the direct modification of a client's problem behaviors

behavioral therapy

Benefits or Criticisms of the Community of Mental Health Movement? Allows the patients to live as normally as possible, be with others of the same illness and can help each other

benefit

systematic feeding back to an organism of information about a bodily function so that the organism can gain control of that function

biofeedback training

study of brain, immune system, nervous system, and genetics that have some kind of connection with mental health

biological perspective

in psychoanalysis, the expression of repressed feelings and impulses to allow the release of the psychic energy associated with them

catharsis

treatment of disease by use of chemical substances, especially the treatment of cancer by cytotoxic and other drugs (biological)

chemotherapy

_________-________ therapy is a nondirective method that provides clients with an accepting atmosphere that enables them to overcome roadblocks to self-actualization.

client-centered

severing or destruction of a section of the frontal lobe of the brain

prefrontal lobotomy

(RN) specialize in psychiatric medicine

psychiatric nurse

(Masters) work with individuals and families on everyday living problems

psychiatric social workers

(MD) emphasize the role of medicine, specialize in mental health, prescribes meds

psychiatrists

Freud's method of psychotherapy

psychoanalysis

play out their feelings and play out roles (other person's role)

psychodrama

type of psychotherapy that is based on Freud's thinking and assumes that psychological problems reflect early childhood experiences and internal conflicts

psychodynamic therapy

Psychotherapy is a systematic interaction between a therapist and a client that applies _____________ principles to influence clients' thoughts, feelings, or behavior.

psychological

(PhD) downplays the role of medicine

psychologist

surgery intended to promote psychological changes or to relieve disordered behavior

psychosurgery

relieves problems of the mind, refers to other professionals

psychotherapist

What are these the essentials for? 1. Systematic Interaction 2. Psychological Principles 3. Thoughts, Feelings, and Behavior 4. Psychological disorders. adjustment to problems, and personal growth

psychotherapy

interaction between client and therapist that brings psychological principles to bear an influencing clients thoughts, feelings, or behavior to help the client overcome psychological disorders, adjust to problems in living, or develop as an individual

psychotherapy

responses form the environment decreases the probability behavior is repeated

punishers

Albert Ellis; encourages clients to challenge and correct irrational expectations and maladaptive behaviors

rational emotive behavioral therapy

explanation or justification for something or understand and form judgements by process of logic

reason

anxiety that can occur when one discontinues use of a tanquilizer

rebound anxiety

therapist says it back to clients to find actual problem; usually feelings a client has Client: I hate my mother. Therapist: So you're mad at you mother.

reflection of feelings

positive or negative. response from environment increases the probability of behavior being repeated

reinforcers

The tendency to block free expression of impulses and primitive ideas- a reflection of the defense mechanism of repression

resistance

same as support group; communicate with others Meet in person, online, by phone and allows people with similar experiences to share problems and possible solutions

self-help group

used for bad habits/behavior. Remove reward for behavior; becomes extinct

simple extinction therapy

behavior-therapy method for helping people in their interpersonal relations that utilizes self-monitoring, behavior, rehearsal and feedback

social skills training

operant conditioning, series of behaviors that gradually become more similar to target behavior

successive approximations

people with the same issues meet in person, online, or by phone and allows them to share problems and possible solutions

support group

physical or mental feature which is regarded as indicated a condition of disease

symptom

Wolpe's method for reducing fears by associating a hierarchy of images of fear-evoking stimuli with deep muscle relaxation

systematic desensitization