Psychology Chapter 13,14,15

Adler and the other neo-freudians

Alfred Adler - Proposed that the primary human motivation is striving for superiority in a quest for self-improvement and perfection -- Inferiority complex: Adults who have not been able to overcome the feelings of inferiority they developed as children -Erik Erikson -Anna Freud

Creative nonadherence

Alter a treatment prescribed by a physician by substituting their own medical judgement

Psychoanalytic (Perspectives on Abnormality)

Argues that psychological disorders stem from childhood conflicts

Self-report measures

Asks people questions about a sample of their behavior

Psychodynamic approaches to personality

Assume that personality is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which people have little awareness and over which they have no control

Behavioral (Perspectives on Abnormality)

Assumes that abnormal behaviors are learned responses

Cognitive (Perspectives on Abnormality)

Assumes that cognitions (people's thoughts and beliefs are central to psychological disorders

Medical (Perspectives on Abnormality)

Assumes that physiological causes are at the root of psychological disorders

Unconditional postive regard (Carl Rogers)

Attitude of acceptance and respect on the part of an observer

Abnormality

Behavior that causes people to experience distress and prevents them from functioning in their daily lives

Self-efficacy

Belief that we have the personal capabilities to master a situation and produce positive outcomes

Hardiness

Characteristics associated with a lower rate of stress-related illness

Type B behavior pattern (heart disease)

Characterized by a patient, cooperative, noncompetitive, and nonaggressive manner

Type A behavior pattern (heart disease)

Cluster of behaviors involving hostility, competitiveness, time urgency, and feeling driven.

Factors (Cattell)

Combination of traits

Jung's collective unconscious

Common set of ideas, feelings, and images, and symbols, that we inherit from our relatives, the whole human race, and even animal ancestors from the past

Fixations (Freud)

Concerns that persist beyond the developmental period in which they first occur

Traits

Consistent personality characteristics and behaviors displayed in different situations

Indirect health-related behaviors

Decreased compliance with medical advice Increase in delays in seeking medical advice Decrease in likelihood of seeking medical advice

Psychoticism (Eysenck)

Degree to which reality is distorted

Direct physiological effects

Elevated blood pressure Decrease in immune system functioning Increased hormonal activity Psychophysiological conditions

Neuroticism (Eysenck)

Encom passes emotional stability

Horney's neo-freudian perspective

First feminist psychologist Suggested that personality develops in the context of social relationships and depends particularly on the relationship between parents and child Stressed the importance of cultural factors in the determination of personality

Freud's Psycho analytic theory

Freud's theory that unconscious forces act as determinants of personality. Preconscious: Holds material easily brought to mind.

Learning theories have:

Helped make personality psychology a scientific venture by focusing on observable behavior and the effects of their environments Produced important, successful means of treating a variety of psychological disorders

Temperament

Inborn behavioral style and characteristic way of responding that emerges early in life

Harmful behaviors

Increased smoking, alcohol use Decreased nutrition Decreased sleep Increased drug use

Psychosexual stages (Freud)

Individuals encounter conflicts between the demands of society and their own sexual urges.

Health Psychology

Investigates the psychological factors related to wellness and illness, including the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of medical problems

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

Main consequences of stress are physiological results, harmful behaviors, and indirect health-related behaviors

Centrail Trait (Allport's)

Major characteristics of an individual

Psychological disorders

Medical problems influenced by an interaction of psychological, emotional, and physical difficulties

Perspectives on Abnormality

Medical, Psychoanalytic, Behavioral, Cognitive, Humanistic, and Sociocultural

Quitting smoking

Nicotine replacement drugs, behavioral strategies, changes in societal norms and attitudes toward the habit, and long-term effect of information about the negative consequence

Smoking

People smoke because heredity, genetics, and environmental factors such as "cool," media exposure, and a rite of passage.

Cognitive-affective processing system theory(CAPS) (Walter Mischel)

People's thoughts and emotions about themselves and the world determine how they view, and then react in situations

Projective personality test

Person is shown an ambiguous stimulus and asked to describe it or tell a story about it Rorschach test Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

B.F. Skinner's behaviorist approach

Personality is a collection of learned behavior patterns Humans are infinitely changeable through the process of learning new behavior patterns

Walter Mischel

Personality is variable from one situation to another Situationism

Ego (Freud)

Provides a buffer between the id and the outside world. Reality Principle

Id (Freud)

Raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality

Extraversion (Eysenck)

Relates to the degree of sociability

Superego (Freud)

Represents the rights and the wrongs of society as handed down by important figures

Noncompliance

Result of misunderstanding medical directions

Trait theory

Seeks to identify the basic traits necessary to describe personality

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2)

Self-report test that identifies people with psychological diffuculties

Relationship harmony

Sense of success in forming close bonds with other people

Cardinal Trait (Allport's)

Single characteristics that directs most of a person's activities

Self-Actualization (Carl Rogers)

State of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential

Factor Analysis (Cattell)

Statistical method of identifying associations among a large number of variables to reveal more general patterns

Psychoneuroimmunology

Study of the relationship among psychological factors, the immune system, and the brain

Test Standardization

Technique used to validate questions in which personality tests by studying the responses of people with known diagnose

Self-esteem

The component of personality that encompasses our positive and negative self-evaluations

Social cognitive approaches to personality

Theories that emphasize the influence of a person's cognitions and observation of other's behavior

Social support

Turning to others

Defense machanisms (Freud)

Unconscious strategies that people use to reduce anxiety by distorting reality and concealing the source of the anxiety from themselves

Archetypes

Universal symbolic representations of a particular person, object, or experience

Repression (Freud)

Unpleasant id impulses are pushed back into the unconscious

Type D behavior pattern (heart disease)

insecurity, anxiety, and the negative outlook puts them at risk for repeated heart attacks

Oedipal Conflict (Freud)

A child's sexual interest in his or her opposite-sex parent, typically resolved through identification with the same-sex parent.

Secondary Trait (Allport's)

Affect behavior of an individual

Psychosexual Stages

1. Oral - Birth to 12-18 Months - Interest in gratification from sucking, caling, mouthing, biting. 2. Anal - 12-18 months to 3 years - Gratification from expelling and withholding feces: coming to terms with society's control relating to toilet training 3. Phallic - 3 to 5-6 years - Interest in the genitals coming to terms with Oedipal conflict leading to identification with same-sex parent 4. Latency - 5-6 years to adolescence - Sexual concerns largely unimportant 5. Genital - Adolescence to adulthood - Reemergence of sexual interest and establishment of mature sexual relationships.

Look at Figure 3 - Defense Mechanisms

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Look at figure 7 - Comparing approaches to personality

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Physiological response to stress follows

1. Alarm and mobilization 2. Resistance 3. Exhaustion

Stress affects us in multiple ways

1. Increases the risk of illness 2. Slow recovery from diseases 3. Reduce ability to cope with stress in future

1. Emotion-focused coping 2. Problem-focused coping 3. Avoidant coping

1. Managing emotions in the face of stress, seeking to change the way one feels about or perceives a problem 2. Attempting to modify the stressful problem or source of 3. Use more direct escape routes such as drug or alcohol use

1. Cataclysmic Events 2. Personal stressors 3. Background stressors

1. Occur suddenly and typically affect many people simultaneously 2. Major life events, post-traumatic stress disorder 3. Daily hassles, uplifts minor positive events

Five Personality Traits

1. Openness to experience - independent, imaginative 2. Conscientiousness - careful, disciplined, organized 3. Extraversion - talkative, fun-loving, sociable 4. Agreeableness - Sympathetic, kind, appreciative 5. Neuroticism(Emotional Stability) - stable, calm, secure

Psychological Tests

1. Reliability - The measurement consistency of a test 2. Validity - When a test measures what it is designed to measure 3. Norms - standard of test performance that permit the comparison of one's person score on a test with the scores of others who have taken the same test.