Psychology Chapter 2

biological psychologists

Researchers who study the links between biology and behavior are referred to as _______________ _______________.

parasympathetic; homeostasis

The _______________division of the autonomic nervous system produces relaxation. These systems work together to keep us in a steady internal state called ___________________.

B

The axons of certain neurons are covered by a layer of fatty tissue that helps speed neural transmission. This tissue is: a. dopamine b. the myelin sheath c. acetylcholine d. an endorphin

sympathetic

The body is made ready for action by the ____________division of the autonomic nervous system.

somatic

The division of the peripheral nervous system that enables voluntary control of the skeletal muscles is the ________________ nervous system.

B

The neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) is most likely to be found a. at the junction between sensory neurons and muscle fibers b. at the junction between motor neurons and muscle fibers c. at junctions between interneurons d. in all of these locations

A

The pain of heroin withdrawal may be attributable to the fact that a. under the influence of heroin the brain ceases production of endorphins b. under the influence of heroin the brain ceases production of all neurotransmitters c. during heroin withdrawal the brain's production of all neurotransmitters is greatly increased d. heroin destroys endorphin receptors in the brain

neuron or nerve cell

is the basic building block of the nervous system

axon

of a neuron is the extension that sends impulses to other nerve cells or to muscles or glands

The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system becomes aroused in response to an emergency. The physiological changes that occur include accelerated heartbeat, elevated blood sugar, slowing of digestion, and increased perspiration to cool the body. When the emergency is over, the parasympathetic nervous system produces the opposite physical reactions

Describe and explain the sequence of physical reactions that occur in the body as an emergency is confronted and then passes

D

Dr. Hernandez is studying neurotransmitter abnormalities in depressed patients. She would most likely be working as a _________________. a. personality b. phrenology c. psychoanalytic d. biological

agonists; inhibiting; blocking; antagonists; opiate; curare

Drugs that increase a neurotransmitter's action are called ________________. Drugs that decrease a neurotransmitter's action by ___________ or ________their action are called _________________. While certain _______________drugs create a temporary "high" by mimicking the endorphins, the poison _______________produces paralysis by blocking ACh release.

endocrine system

the body's "slower" chemical communication system, consists of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

D

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are _________that are released by the ___________gland. a. neurotransmitters; pituitary b. hormones; pituitary c. neurotransmitters, thyroid d. hormones; adrenal

autonomic nervous system

Following Jayshree's near-fatal car accident, her physician noticed that the pupillary reflex of her eyes was abnormal. This MAY indicate that Jayshree's _____________ _____________ ___________ was damaged in the accident.

B

Heartbeat, digestion, and other self-regulating bodily functions are governed by the a. voluntary nervous system b. autonomic nervous system c. sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system d. somatic nervous system

D

I am a relatively fast-acting chemical messenger that affects mood hunger, sleep, and arousal. What am I? a. acetylcholine b. dopamine c norepinephrine d. serotonin

C

I am a relatively fast-acting chemical messenger that influences muscle action, learning, and memory. What am I? a. dopamine b. a hormone c. acetylcholine d. glutamate

A

I am a relatively slow-acting (but long-lasting) chemical messenger carried throughout the body by the bloodstream. What am I? a. a hormone b. a neurotransmitter c. acetylcholine d. dopamine

a. dendrites b. cell body c. axon d. myelin sheath

I identify the major parts of the neuron diagrammed below. (look at page 32) a. b. c. d.

D

IN a resting state, the axon is a. depolarized, with mostly negatively charged ions outside and positively charged ions inside b. depolarized, with mostly positively charged ions outside and negatively charged ions inside c. polarized, with mostly negatively charged ions outside and positively charged ions inside d. polarized, with mostly positively charged ions outside and negatively charged ions inside

adrenal; epinephrine; norepinephrine; heart rate; blood pressure; blood sugar

In a moment of danger, the autonomic nervous system orders the _____________glands to release _____________and __________. These hormones increase _____________ ______________, _____________ ____________, and _______________ ______________, providing a surge of energy.

Biological

In the most basic sense, every idea, mood, memory, and behavior that an individual has ever experienced is a _____________________happening.

sensory; motor; interneurons

Information arriving in the brain and spinal cord from the body's tissues and sensory receptors travels in ______________ neurons. Instructions from the brain and spinal cord are sent to the body's tissues via ______________neurons. The neurons that enable internal communication within the brain and spinal cord are called _____________.

B

Melissa has just completed running a marathon. She is so elated that she feels little fatigue or discomfort. Her lack of pain is probably the result of the release of a. ACh b. endorphins c.. dopamine d. norepinephrine

endorphins; heroin; morphine

Naturally occurring opiate-like neurotransmitters that are present in the brain are called _____________. When the brain is flooded with drugs such as _____________________ or ________________, it may stop producing these neurotransmitters.

exciting; inhibiting; reuptake

Neurotransmitters influence neurons either by ___________or ___________ their readiness to fire. Excess neurotransmitters drift away, are broken down by enzymes, or are reabsorbed by the sending neuron in a process called ______________.

neurons

Our body's neural system is built from billions of nerve cells, or _____________________.

oversupply; glutamate. Glutamate is in MSG, which is sometimes used in Chinese cooking. Glutamate can cause migraines because an over-supply can overstimulate the brain

Punjab had lunch at the local Chinese restaurant. Afterward, he suffered a migraine, most likely caused by an _____________________ of __________________.

A

Several shy neurons send an inhibitory message to neighboring neuron Joni. At the same time, a larger group of party-group neurons sends Joni excitatory messages. What will Joni do? a. fire, assuming that her threshold has been reached b. not fire, even if her threshold has been reached c. enter a refractory period d. become hyperpolarized

B

Since Malcolm has been taking a drug prescribed by his doctor, he has been depressed. His doctor explains that this is because the drug a. triggers release of dopamine b. inhibits release of dopamine c. triggers release of ACH inhibits release of ACH

nervous system

Taken altogether, the neurons of the body form the _______________ ________________.

endocrine system; hormones; slower; a longer time

The body's chemical communication network is called the __________________ __________________. This system transmit information through chemical messengers called _______________ at a much ______________(faster/slower) rate than the nervous system, and its effects last ______________ (a longer time/ a shorter time).

central

The brain and spinal cord form the ______________nervous system.

neural networks

The brain's neurons cluster into work groups called __________________ ___________________.

glial cells; learning; thinking

The cells that support, protect, and nourish cortical neurons are called ___________. These cells may also play a role in __________________ and _________________.

neurotransmitters; atoms

The chemical messenger that convey information across the gaps between neurons are called _________________. These chemicals bind to receptor sites and unlock tiny channels, allowing electrically charged ___________________ to enter the neuron.

B

The effect of a drug that is an agonist is to a. cause the brain to stop producing certain neurotransmitters b. mimic a particular neurotransmitter c. block a particular neurotransmitter d. disrupt a neuron's all-or-none firing pattern

C

The effect of a drug that is an antagonist is to a. cause the brain to stop producing certain neurotransmitters b. mimic a particular neurotransmitter c. block a particular neurotransmitter d. disrupt a neuron's all or none firing pattern

dendrites; axon; myelin sheath

The extensions of a neuron that receive messages from other neurons are the ______________. The extension of a neuron that transmits information to other neurons is the _________________. Some of these extensions are insulated by a fatty tissue called the ________________-, which helps speed the neuron's impulses.

negatively; positively; resting potential; selectively permeable

The fluid interior of a resting axon carries mostly _______________(positively/negatively) charged ions, while the fluid outside has mostly __________________(positively/negatively) charged ions. This polarization, called the ______________ _______________, occurs because the cell membrane is ___________________.

D

The gland that regulates body growth is the a. adrenal b. thyroid c. hypothalamus d. pituitary

synapse, synaptic cleft (gap); Sir Charles Sherrington

The junction between two neurons is called a ____________, and the gap is called the ____________. This discovery was made by _____________.

pituitary; hypothalamus; growth; oxytocin; pair bonding, group cohesion, and social trust

The most influential gland is the _______________, which, under the control of an adjacent brain area called the _____________, helps regulate __________ and the release of hormones by other endocrine glands. The hormone __________enables contractions associated with birthing, milk flow during nursing, and orgasm. It also promotes __________________.

A

The myelin sheath that is on some neurons a. increases the speed of neural transmission b. slows neural transmission c. regulates the release of neurotransmitters d. prevents positive ions from passing through the membrane

action potential; axon

The neural impulse, or _____________, is a brief electrical charge that travels down a (n)_____________________.

peripheral

The neurons that link the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body form the ________________ nervous system.

does not; can

The strength of a stimulus _____________(does/does not) affect the intensity of a neural impulse. A strong stimulus _______________ (can/cannot) trigger more neurons to fire and to fire more often.

excitatory; inhibitory; threshold; will not; all or none

To trigger a neural impulse, _______________ signals minus ___________signals must exceed a certain intensity, called the ________________. Increasing a stimulus above this level _____________ (will/will not) increase the neural impulse's intensity. This phenomenon is called an ____________-_________-_______________ response.

B

Voluntary movements, such as writing with a pencil, are directed by the a. sympathetic nervous system b. somatic nervous system c. parasympathetic nervous system d. autonomic nervous system

A

When Sandy scalded her toe in a tub of hot water, the pain message was carried to her spinal cord by the _____________nervous system a. somatic b. sympathetic c. parasympathetic d. central

D

Which is the correct sequence in the transmission of a neural impulse? a. axon, dendrite, cell body, synapse b. dendrite, axon, cell body, synapse c. synapse, axon, dendrite, cell body d. dendrite, cell body, axon, synapse

C

Which is the correct sequence in the transmission of a simple reflex? a. sensory neuron, interneuron, sensory neuron b. interneuron, motor neuron, sensory neuron c. sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron d. interneuron, sensory neuron, motor neuron

C

Which of the following are governed by the simplest neural pathways? a. emotions b. physiological drives, such as hunger c. reflexes d. movements, such as walking

B

Which of the following is true of a refractory period? a. A neurotransmitter's action is increased because it remains in the synaptic gap b. Action potentials cannot occur c. the inhibitory signals exceed the excitatory signals d. A neurotransmitter's action is decreased by blocking its production or release

A

You are able to pull your hand quickly away from hot water before pain is felt because a. movement of the hand is a reflex that involves intervention of the spinal cord only b. movements of the hand does not require intervention by the central nervous system c. the brain reacts quickly to prevent severe injury d. the autonomic division of the peripheral nervous system intervenes to speed contraction of the muscles of the hand

C

Chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands are called a. agonists b. neurotransmitters c. hormones d. enzymes

norepinephrine. An undersupply can cause depression

Lolita is feeling depressed for no particular reason. It is possible that she has an undersupply of ________________.

autonomic

Responses of the glands and muscles of internal organs are controlled by the _______________nervous system.

all-or-none response

neurons have an _____________, that is they either fire or do not fire

dendrites

of a neuron are the bushy, branching extensions that receive messages from other nerve cells and conduct impulses toward the cell body

pituitary gland

under the influence of the hypothalamus, regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands; it is the endocrine system's most influential gland

A

A bodybuilder friend suddenly seems to have grown several inches in height. You suspect that your friend's growth spurt has occurred because he has been using drugs that affect the a. pituitary gland b. pancreas c. adrenal glands d. parathyroids

C

A neuron will generate action potentials when it a. remains below its threshold b. receives an excitatory input c. receives more excitatory than inhibitory inputs d. is stimulated by a neurotransmitter

acetylcholine (ACh); memory

A neurotransmitter that is important in muscle contraction is ____________________; it is also important in learning and __________________________.

positively; depolarized; refractory period; resting state

An action potential occurs when the first part of the axon opens its gates and ____________ (positively/negatively) charged ions rush in, causing that part of the neuron to become ___________. Neurons need tiny breaks between action potentials. During a resting pause called the _____________ ____________ action potentials do not occur until the axon returns to its _____________________. Then the neuron can fire again.

reflexes; spinal cord; knee-jerk; pain

Automatic responses to stimuli, called _____________________, illustrate the work of the __________________ _______________________. Simple pathways such as these are involved in the ____________________- _______________ response and in the __________________reflex.

nerves

Axons are bundled into electrical cables called _______________, which link the CNS with muscles, glands, and sensory receptors.

D

A biological psychologist would be more likely to study a. how you learn to express emotions b. how to help people overcome emotional disorders c. life-span changes in the expression of emotion d. the chemical changes that accompany emotions

C

A strong stimulus can increase the a. speed of the impulse the neuron fires b. intensity of the impulse the neuron fires c. number of times the neuron fires d. threshold that must be reached before the neuron fires

A biological psychologist might study chemical changes that accompany emotions, how muscle tension varies with facial expression, how heart rate changes as people become angry, and so on.

Cite some possible areas a biological psychologist would be like to study.

When you hear the creaking, you become afraid. The sympathetic division of your autonomic nervous system becomes aroused, causing these physiological changes: accelerated heartbeat, elevated blood sugar, increase in blood pressure, slowing of digestion, and increased perspiration to cool the body. When you realize it's only your parents, your parasympathetic nervous system produces the opposite physical reactions, calming your body

You are sitting at your desk at home, studying for an exam. No one else is home, but you hear creaking floorboards. You sneak downstairs, only to discover your parents have returned home early. Describe and explain the sequence of physical reactions that occurred in your body as you felt fear and then relief.

B

Your brother has been taking prescription medicine and experiencing a number of unpleasant side effects, including unusually rapid heartbeat and excessive perspiration. It is likely that the medicine is exaggerating activity in the a. central nervous system b. sympathetic nervous system c. parasympathetic nervous system d. somatic nervous system

adrenal glands

are a pair of endocrine glands that produce epinephrine and norepinephrine, hormonesthat help arouse the body in time of stress

Nerves

are bundles of neural axons, which are part of the PNS, that connect the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs

hormones

are chemical messengers, mostly manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and circulate through the bloodstream of their target tissues, on which they have specific effects

neurotransmitters

are chemicals that are released into synaptic gaps and so transmit neural messages from neuron to neuron

endorphins

are natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure

Interneurons

are the neurons of the central nervous system that link the sensory and motor neurons in the transmission of sensory inputs and motor outputs

Sensory (afferent) neurons

carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

Motor (efferent) neurons

carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands

central nervous system (CNS)

consists of the brain and spinal cord; it is located at the center; or internal core, of the body

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

includes the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the body's sense receptors, muscles, and glands; it is at the periphery of the body relative to the brain and spinal cord

refractory period

is a brief resting period after a neuron has fired; subsequent action potentials cannot occur until the axon returns to its resting state.

myelin sheath

is a layer of fatty tissue that segmentally covers many axons and helps speed neural impulses

antagonist

is a molecule that binds to receptors and inhibits a response

agonist

is a molecule that mimics a neurotransmitter and stimulates a response

action potential

is a neural impulse generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon's membrane

reflex

is a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus; it is governed by a very simple neural pathway

biological psychologist

is concerned with the links between biology and behavior

Reuptake

is the absorption of excess neurotransmitters by a sending neuron

sympathetic nervous system

is the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy

parasympathetic nervous system

is the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy

somatic nervous system

is the division of the peripheral nervous system that enables voluntary control of the skeletal muscles; also called the skeletal nervous system

autonomic nervous system

is the division of the peripheral nervous that controls the glands and the muscles of internal organs and thereby controls internal functioning; it regulates the automatic behaviors necessary for survival

synapse; synaptic gap or cleft

is the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the __________ or ___________

a neuron's threshold

is the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

nervous system

is the speedy, electrochemical communication system, consisting of all the nerve cells in the peripheral and central nervous systems

glial cells

more numerous than cortical neurons; of the brain guide neural connections, provide nutrients and insulating myelin, and help remove excess ions and neurotransmitters

A neural impulse is generated by excitatory signals minus inhibitory signals exceeding a certain threshold. The stimuli are received through the dendrites, combined in the cell body, and electrically transmitted in an all or none fashion down the length of the axon. When the combined signal reaches the end of the axon, chemical messengers called neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft, or gap between two neurons. Neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptor sites on the dendrites of neighboring neurons and have either an excitatory or inhibitory influence on that neuron's tendency to generate its own neural impulse

outline the sequence of reactions that occur when a neural impulse is generated and transmitted from one neuron to another