Psychology Chapter 2

Erik works as a counselor. He strongly believes in an individual's capacity for self-fulfillment, self-awareness, and decision making. He works on the principle that people are free to choose their own ethical conduct and are also responsible for choosing their conduct. Erik can be said to be following the__________perspective.

humanistic-existential

David is a sixty-year-old man. He has suffered from pain in the joints for several years now. As a result, he finds it difficult to get sleep. He is further troubled by autonomic activity and muscle tension when he tries to consciously fall asleep. And now, he simply tries to relax his body without the effort of trying to fall asleep. David most likely suffers from__________.

insomnia

A(n)__________is a stereotyped pattern of behavior that is triggered in a specific situation.

instinct

The term _________ is derived from the ancient Greek words for "motion" and "perception".​

kinesthesis

According to behaviorists,__________is a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior that arises from practice or experience.

learning

The__________minimizes leakage of the electrical current being carried along the axon, thereby allowing messages to be conducted more efficiently.

myelin-sheath

When Anna moved to her new apartment, she often used to wake up from her sleep because of the traffic noise in the neighbourhood. However, she gradually became accustomed to the sound of the vehicles as days progressed, and the disturbance outside failed to disturb her sleep. This scenario illustrates__________.

negative-adaptation

​Side effects of _________ include cancer, heart disease, lung and respiratory diseases.

nicotine

​Stewart is a stage performer who wants to control his weight. He regularly smokes cigarettes and is also addicted to many other tobacco products. He thinks that it helps him relax and improve his performance on stage. In this case, Sandy is likely addicted to _____.

nicotine

​Circulation of blood is an example of a _________ process.

nonconscious

William's father was a gardener. As a child, William often watched his father at work. As an adult, William takes care of his garden himself. Though he was never taught the art of gardening, he is very good at it and prides himself on having the best garden on the block. William acquired the knowledge and skills of gardening by the process of__________.

observational-learning

Biofeedback training, behavior modification, and programmed learning are all applications of__________.

operant-conditioning

Allen was adopted at an early age by a Japanese-American couple. As a result, he grew up speaking both Japanese and English fluently. In terms of genetics, this manifestation of Allen's ability to speak is called__________.

phenotype

​Liz was involved in a car accident that led her to sustain a head injury. When she was fully awake, the doctor approached her and asked her some questions ranging from "What is the last thing you remember?" to "when were you born?" to "what is your mother's maiden name?" Liz was able to answer all of this correctly. Such information constitutes her _________ material.

preconscious

__________refers to the tendency to perceive a broken figure as being complete or whole.

Closure

__________psychologists define learning as the process by which organisms change the way they represent the environment because of experience.

Cognitive

Which of the following terms also refers to the waking state?

Conscious

On a bright, sunny day, Manny leaves a dimly-lit movie theater, which exits into the courtyard of a mall. The _____ in his eyes adjust to the sudden increase in light.​

pupils

On a bright, sunny day, Manny leaves a dimly-lit movie theater, which exits into the courtyard of a mall. The__________in his eyes adjust to the sudden increase in light.

pupils

Carl is conducting a study to determine the effects of new technology-assisted learning methods among students. As part of this study, he has selected a group of university students, male and female, in the age group of 18 to 24 years. These students have been using the new methods of learning. In terms of research methodology, this group best describes a__________.

sample

​As we develop, our _____ forms intentions and guides behavior.

self

​Exposure to very loud sounds can lead to damage of the auditory nerve or hair cells resulting in _________.​

sensorineural deafness

As a child, Peter was bitten by a big, white dog due to which he developed a fear of dogs. Over the years, his fear of dogs got gradually extinguished. Recently, on his way to work, he saw a similar big, white dog barking ferociously at a cat. Suddenly, he felt the fear of dogs again. This recurrence of Peter's fear of dogs is known as__________.

spontaneous-recovery

In classical conditioning, the term extinction can be misleading because__________.

spontaneous-recovery-of-extinguished-conditioned-responses-can-occur

As we enter__________sleep, our brain waves slowdown from the alpha rhythm and enter a pattern of theta waves.

stage-1

Delta waves are strong, slow brain waves usually emitted during__________sleep.

stage-4

Carl is teaching his dogs to jump through a hoop. At the onset of training, Carl gives the dogs treats for each movement toward the hoop. Then, he gives them treats as they near the hoop. Eventually he gives them treats only when they jump through the hoop. In this scenario, Carl reinforces__________of the goal.

successive-approximations

While on the way to write his final exam, Darren was disturbed by thoughts of failing because he hadn't studied the night before. He brushed these thoughts away and instead tried some last-minute preparation. Darren was demonstrating__________.

suppression

​Ashton was struggling to focus on an assignment that was due the next day. This was because he was constantly thinking about a fight that he had gotten into with his friend earlier in the day. However, he consciously tried to push these thoughts away by instructing himself to focus on the assignment. Ashton was using _________ to put away the disturbing thoughts.

suppression

A person appears to have certain adjustment issues with new people in his classroom. He does not have any serious psychological disorders but seems to be have trouble making new friends. The psychologist most likely to be called upon to help the person would be a__________psychologist.

Counseling

_________ psychologists are different from clinical psychologists in that their clients typically have adjustment problems such as trouble making academic or vocational decisions or making friends in college, but not serious psychological disorders.

Counseling

Cynthia has an intense fear of cats. Her psychologist repeatedly paired her love for classical music with the gradual exposure of Cynthia to a cat until her fear for cats was cured. In this scenario, which of the following techniques did Cynthia's psychologist use to cure her fear of cats?

Counterconditioning

​_________ drugs generally act by slowing the activity of the central nervous system.

Depressant

Contingency theory suggests that learning occurs only when__________.

the-conditioned-stimulus-provides-information-about-the-unconditioned-stimulus

​Darryl first had an alcoholic drink when he was 17 years old. He recalls "feeling tipsy" right after finishing the first drink. Now, after almost five years of habitually drinking alcohol, he needs to consume four or five glasses of the same drink to get the "tipsy feeling." In other words, Darryl's _________ for alcohol has increased.

tolerance

In positron emission tomography, to trace the metabolism of glucose, a radioactive compound called a(n)__________is mixed with glucose and injected into the bloodstream.

tracer

Elly attends a spiritual therapy session once a week. During these sessions, she concentrates on specific sounds or words known as "mantras". Through these sessions, Elly wishes to attain an altered state of consciousness which includes spiritual experiences. Elly is most likely to be practicing__________.

transcendental-meditation

A random sample is selected so that identified subgroups in the population are represented proportionately in the sample.

False

Dizygotic twins are important in the study of the relative influences of nature and nurture because differences between dizygotic twins are the result of nurture.

False

Meditation has been shown to decrease nighttime concentrations of the hormone melatonin, which helps people get to sleep.

False

Norepinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is manufactured exclusively by the adrenal glands.

False

Operant conditioning is a simple form of learning in which organisms come to anticipate or associate events with one another.

False

Positive reinforcers increase the probability that a behavior will occur when the reinforcers are removed.

False

Sociocultural psychologists study those things we refer to as the mind.

False

The pineal gland secretes a hormone called prolactin, which regulates maternal behavior in lower mammals such as rats and stimulates production of milk in women.

False

The somatic nervous system controls activities such as heartbeat, respiration, digestion, and dilation of the pupils.

False

The state of unconsciousness called the hypnotic trance has traditionally been induced by asking people to narrow their attention to a small light.

False

Women seem less affected by alcohol because they have more of an enzyme called aldehyde dehydrogenase that metabolizes alcohol in the stomach.

False

A child who is afraid of water is tossed into a swimming pool with a floatation device to teach him how to swim. In this scenario, which of the following techniques is being used to reduce his fear?

Flooding

Which of the following is a key feature of mindfulness meditation?

Focusing on the present

In the context of auditory perception, which of the following statements is true?

Frequency theory appears to account only for pitch perception between 20 and a few hundred cycles per second.

__________notes that for us to perceive lower pitches, we need to match the frequency of the sound waves with our neural impulses.

Frequency-theory

​_________is an application of operant conditioning that has enabled people and lower animals to learn to control autonomic responses to attain reinforcement.

​Biofeedback training

_________ is defined as a way of evaluating the claims and comments of other people that involves skepticism and examination of evidence.

​Critical thinking

​_____ refers to a "sleep attack" in which a person falls asleep suddenly and irresistibly.

​Narcolepsy

_________is the acquisition of knowledge and skills by watching others rather than by means of direct experience.​

​Observational learning

_________ usually stems from damage to the structures of the inner ear, most often the loss of hair cells. People with this condition tend to be more sensitive to some pitches than others.​

​Sensorineural deafness

​Most organizations of health professionals agree that media violence_____.

​contributes to aggression among people

​People withdrawing from chronic alcohol use may experience _________ with heavy sweating, restlessness, disorientation, and frightening hallucinations.

​delirium tremens

While looking at a painting in an art gallery, many of Jinan's brain cells fire in response to lines presented at various angles, while others fire in response to specific colors. These brain cells are termed _____.​

​feature detectors

Max is a waiter at a coffee shop. He gets paid $100every day at 9 p.m. regardless of the number of customers he serves during the day. In this context, Max is on a _____.​

​fixed-interval schedule

__________remove dead neurons and waste products from the nervous system, nourish and insulate neurons, and form myelin.

Glial-cells

Which of the following hallucinogens is derived from the resin of the Cannabis sativa plant?

Hashish

​_____ defines one's nature, which is based on biological structures and processes.

Heredity

In the context of behavioral genetics, identify the correct statement.

Heredity is apparently involved in psychological disorders ranging from anxiety and depression to personality disorders.

__________ was once used as a cure for addiction to morphine.

Heroin

. _________ stresses people's capacities for self-fulfillment and the central roles of consciousness, self-awareness, and decision making.

Humanism

The _____ perspective is grounded in the work of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.

Humanistic-existential

​_____ is an altered state of consciousness in which people are highly suggestible and behave as though they are in a trance.

Hypnosis

A__________is a statement about behavior or mental processes that is testable through research.

Hypothesis

Kevin, a 25-year-old man, is scared of sleeping in the dark at night. However, he cannot keep the lights on in the room as they are too bright. So, Kevin buys a bedside lamp that emits minimal light, which is just enough for him to see. Which concept does this scenario exemplify and is it the same for everyone?

I think this scenario exemplifies dark adaptation, which is the process of adjusting to lower lighting. He has to adjust his sensitivity of rods and cones, which are the photo receptors in the retina. This scenario is different for everyone because their own cones and rods adapt at different rates.

The cognitive tradition has roots in Socrates' advice to "Know thyself" and in his suggested method of _____.

Introspection

Which of the following is true of insomnia?

It is a sleep disorder that is characterized by the inability to fall or stay asleep.

Which of the following statements is true of applied research?

It is designed to find solutions to particular problems.

Which of the following is a function of norepinephrine?

It is involved in general arousal and learning and memory.

Which of the following is a function of the reticular formation?

It is vital in the functions of attention, sleep, and arousal.

Which of these is a function of the medulla of the brain?

It plays roles in sleeping, sneezing, and coughing.

Which of the following is a function of oxytocin?

It stimulates labor in pregnant women.

Despite being blind, Brian has never had a problem understanding how to use his limbs. He has been able to accurately judge the position and motion of his body parts, and thus, he is able perform activities such as walking and eating quite normally. Which of the following senses is illustrated in the scenario?

Kinesthesis

_________ is the sense that informs you about the position and motion of parts of the body.​

Kinesthesis

Jeff was stuck in traffic, when he observed a quick succession of cars going together on the other lane. His first thought was that they were all a part of a convoy of some sort. Which law of perceptual organization best explains Jeff's assumption?

Law of common fate

Which of the following brain imaging techniques relies on subtle shifts in blood flow?

Magnetic resonance imaging

Which of the following refers to a process by which people suspend thinking and allow the world to fade away?

Meditation

Which of the following terms refers to an altered state of consciousness?

Meditation

__________is an example of a hallucinogenic.

Mescaline

Which of the following terms is related to one's genotype?

Nature

Which of the following terms refers to contemporary psychologists who follow theories derived from term-31Freud?

Neoanalysts

​ _____ processes cannot be experienced through sensory awareness or direct inner awareness.

Nonconscious

In the context of difference threshold, identify the correct statement.

On average, people can tell when a tone rises or falls in pitch by an extremely small one-third of 1%

In the context of the limbic system, which of the following statements is true?

People with hippocampal damage cannot permanently store new information.

__________psychologists are particularly concerned with issues such as anxiety, aggression, and gender roles.

Personality

A _____ is a complete group of interest to researchers, from which a sample is drawn.

Population

Which of the following terms best describes the process of becoming more sensitive to stimulation?

Positive adaptation

Describe positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement with examples.

Positive reinforcement increase the probability that a behavior will occur when they are applied. Examples include food and approval. Negative reinforcement increase the probability that a behavior will occur when the reinforcers are removed. Examples include fear and disapproval.

Which of the following terms best describes material that is not currently in awareness but is readily available?

Preconscious

__________has no immediate application to personal or social problems and has therefore been characterized as research for its own sake.

Pure-research

​_________is defined as a simple unlearned response to a stimulus.

Reflex

Sofia doesn't like eating vegetables. To ensure that Sofia eats vegetables, her mother offers her an extra helping of dessert every time Sofia finishes her vegetables. In the context of behaviorism, this is known as__________.

Reinforcement

Explain Ronald Melzack's gate theory.

Ronald Melzack's gate theory of pain describes how the nervous system can process only a limited amount of stimulation at a time. For example, you can rub your knee when it hurts to teach your brain that it does not actually hurt.

Which of the following is a new basic taste that was recently added to the primary taste qualities?

Savory

__________refers to focusing one's consciousness on a particular stimulus.

Selective-attention

Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved in emotional arousal and sleep?

Serotonin

In a painting that Shannon is observing, one object is perceived as a two-dimensional circle, and another appears to be a three-dimensional sphere. Which of the following monocular cues can account for this effect?

Shadowing

_________is a procedure for teaching complex behaviors that at first reinforces approximations of the target behavior.​

Shaping

Which of the following sleep disorders is similar to experiencing nightmares?

Sleep terrors

Which of the following theorists suggest that people can modify and create their environments?

Social-cognitive theorists

Wilhelm Wundt and his students founded the school of psychology called__________.

Structuralism

_________ attempted to break conscious experience down into objective sensations, such as sight or taste, and subjective feelings, such as emotional responses, and mental images such as memories or dreams.

Structuralism

Which of the following statements is true of structuralism?

Structuralism argues that the mind consists of three basic elements: sensations, feelings, and images.

Distinguish between structuralism and functionalism.

Structuralism is composed of three basic elements. These elements include sensations, feelings, and images. These three come together to make an experience. Structuralism focuses on experience while functionalism focuses on the uses of our mind. Functionalism looks at the behavior and consciousness.

Naomi is afraid of dogs. While she is feeling relaxed, her therapist shows her a dog from a distance. The therapist gradually brings the dog closer until Naomi's fear is completely extinguished. Which of the following techniques did the therapist use to extinguish Naomi's fear of dogs?

Systematic desensitization

Which of the following is a bulb-shaped structure at the end of axons?

Terminal buttons

Which of the following monocular cues is based on the perception that closer objects appear to have rougher surfaces?

Texture gradient

Which of the following pituitary hormones regulates the adrenal cortex?

The Adrenocorticotrophic hormone

Which of the following structures in the brain is known to be connected with vigilance?

The amygdala

Which of the following events occurs during the fourth stage of sleep?

The delta waves slow to about 0.5 to 2 cycles per second, and their amplitude is greatest.

Which of the following terms best describes the nucleotides found along just one of the rungs of a molecular ladder?

The genetic code

In Robert Rescorla's experiment, what happened to the group of dogs to whom a shock was consistently presented after a tone?

The group of dogs learned to show a fear response at the sound of the tone.

Briefly explain the humanistic-existential perspective.

The humanistic-existential perspective is the process of using our own decision making to make choices that help us or hurt us since we are free to choose.

Which of the following structures contains the suprachiasmatic nucleus that stimulates the pineal gland to decrease the output of melatonin?

The hypothalamus

In which of the following theories did Ewald Hering propose that there are three types of color receptors, but they are not sensitive only to red, green, and blue?

The opponent-process theory

Which of the following represents an interaction of one's nature and nurture?

The phenotype

Which of the following causes Down syndrome?

The presence of an extra chromosome on the 21st pair

Julie's research work requires her to interview a sample of 200 people within two months. She needs a quick method of observation by which she can consolidate the data from her questionnaires without taking too much time. Which of the following methods should be recommended for Julie?

The survey method

What are the two types of deafness? Distinguish between the two of them.

The two types of deafness are conductive deafness and sensorineural. Conductive deafness stems from the damage to the structure of the middle ear while sensorineural deafness stems from the damage to the structures of the inner ear or auditory nerve.

Discuss the various functions of sleep.

The various functions of sleep include rejuvenating the body, helping to recover from stress, helping to consolidate learning, and possibly promoting development of infants' brains. People who do not get sleep have the impaired ability to concentrate and perform certain activities, but they may not recognize their limitations.

Which of the following propose reasons for relationships among events and allow us to derive explanations and predictions?

Theories

What is the purpose of a split brain operation?

To confine seizures to one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex

Which of the following is a function of the middle ear?

To increase the pressure of air entering the ear

According to the _________, the nervous system can process only a limited amount of stimulation at a time.

​gate theory

The _________ adjusts or accommodates to the image by changing its thickness.​

​lens

​As a little girl, Dana liked to watch her mother prepare dinner. As an adult, Dana now enjoys preparing gourmet meals for her family. Dana learned to cook by watching her mother cook rather than by means of direct experience. In the context of observational learning, Dana's mother was a _____ for her.

​model

We learn to perceive objects that appear to move with us as being at greater distances due to a phenomenon known as _________.​

​motion parallax

​In operant conditioning, an organism learns to do or not do things because_____.

​of the consequences of their behavior

The behavior that manipulates the environment is called_________.​

​operant behavior

Justin plays for his high-school soccer team. He practices scoring touchdowns every day. During matches against other schools, he manages to score an average of three out of every five touchdowns he attempts. In this context, Justin gets _____ for his efforts.​

​partial reinforcement

While on a bus on the way back home, Jenny overheard a father telling his young son an interesting story to Jenny found the story to be so captivating that she found herself listening intently to it. In fact, she was listening to the story so intently that she missed her stop. This is an example of _____.

​selective attention

​In the terminology of observational learning, a person who engages in a response that is imitated is a _________.

​shaper

​Narcolepsy is usually accompanied by _________, which is characterized by the collapse of muscle groups or the entire body, and a person cannot move during the transition from consciousness to sleep.

​sleep paralysis

​Ray often wakes up at night chattering loudly and incoherently. He is usually pacified for about five minutes after which he returns to sleep. During the morning, he is unable to recall his behavior. However, he vaguely recalls his chest being pressed. Ray seems to suffer from _____.

​sleep terrors

​Dolly was taking a nap after her afternoon meal. She was experiencing vivid dreamlike images, but she was aware and not yet fully asleep. When Susie woke her, she apologized to Dolly. However, Dolly claimed that she was not sleeping at all. Dolly is likely to have been at _____ sleep.

​stage 1

Visual stimuli that is flashed below a person's absolute threshold for conscious perception is an example of _________. ​

​subliminal stimulation

​While on vacation, twelve years ago, Benjamin became extremely ill after eating some shrimps. To this day, he feels nauseous at the sight of shrimps and cannot eat them. Psychologists refer to Benjamin's response to shrimps as a _____.

​taste aversion

In a variable-interval schedule, reinforcement is provided after a _____.​

​variable amount of time has passed

During fishingtrips, Laurence casts his hook and waits for a fish to take the bait. He waits patiently as the fish can bite at any time. In this scenario, Laurence is on a _____.​

​variable-interval schedule

In the context of reinforcement schedules, a piece worker that gets paid on a per-shirt basis is on a _________.​

​variable-ratio schedule

__________is a simplified form of meditation brought to the United States by the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and used as a method for coping with stress.

Transcendental-meditation

According to the notion that the hemispheres of the brain are involved in very different kinds of intellectual and emotional functions and responses, left-brained people are primarily logical and intellectual.

True

Active touching means continuously moving your hand along the surface of an object so that you continue to receive sensory input from the object.

True

Case studies are subject to inaccuracies.

True

Which of the following senses is known to be dominant in human beings?

Vision

John recently suffered a blow to the head. Since then, he has found it quite difficult to express his thoughts. Although his ability to think has not been impaired, he cannot find the right words to say what he wants to say. However, he speaks freely and with proper syntax. John most likely suffers from__________.

Wernicke-s-aphasia

In the context of perceptual organization, which of the following statements is true?

When figure-ground relationships are ambiguous, or capable of being interpreted in various ways, our perceptions tend to be unstable and shift back and forth.

In which of the following situations do people usually require more sleep than normal?

When people are under stress

In which of the following conditions do receptors for warmth fire?

When skin temperature increases

_____ is credited with establishing the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany.

Wilhelm Wundt

__________was a founder of the school of functionalism.

William James

Ben is a drug addict who does not have much money. He often acquires his drugs by promising to pay the dealer later. Recently, the dealers have not been supplying Ben with drugs on loan. Ben has been going without drugs for the past week, which has led to the appearance of several physical symptoms. He begins to shake and sweat profusely. In this case, Ben is experiencing__________.

a-craving

Paul is a fifty-five-year-old man who has been having some difficulty recalling important details. On visiting a doctor, he was told that he was in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease. The deficiency of__________is most likely to be linked to Paul's condition.

acetylcholine

__________is a neurotransmitter that controls muscle contractions.

acetylcholine

Bobby was standing in line to purchase a movie ticket. All of a sudden, the man in front of him took a few steps back and stepped on Bobby's foot. Bobby had an immediate sensation of pain. This sensation was transmitted via the spinal cord to the brain through__________.

afferent-neurons

The__________refers to the fact that a neuron fires an impulse of the same strength whenever its action potential is triggered.

all-or-none-principle

Low amplitude brain waves that are emitted when we close our eyes and begin to relax before going to sleep are known as__________.

alpha-waves

Sharon visited a small group of aborigines while she was in Australia. She interacted with them and understood their cultural heritage, race, and history. Which of the following terms would Sharon use to describe the group of aborigines?

an ethnic group

Psychologists with a _________ perspective focus on the evolution of behavior and mental processes.

biological

The__________perspective works on the assumption that thoughts, fantasies, and dreams—and the inborn or instinctive behavior patterns of various species—are made possible by the nervous system and especially by the brain.

biological

​The tendency to perceive a complete or whole figure even when there are gaps in the sensory input is known as _________.

closure

Psychologists with a(n) _____ perspective venture into the realm of mental processes such as sensation and perception, memory, intelligence, language, thought, and problem solving to understand human nature.

cognitive

__________psychologists investigate the ways we perceive and mentally represent the world, how we learn, remember the past, plan for the future, solve problems, form judgments, make decisions, and use language.

cognitive

The colors across from one another on the color wheel are labeled _________.​

complementary colors

Peter took his bicycle for a ride one morning. He was not wearing a helmet and fell off a ridge, into a steep valley. Apart from fracturing his arm and acquiring several bruises, Peter severely injured his head. The doctor noticed a swelling on the right side of his head and suspected it to be a blood clot. He advised Peter to get a(n)__________done to further investigate his injuries.

computerized-axial-tomography-scan

​The knowledge of our own thoughts, images, emotions, and memories that we experience without the use of our sensory organs is known as _____.

direct inner awareness

The knowledge of our own thoughts, images, emotions, and memories that we experience without the use of our sensory organs is known as__________.

direct-inner-awareness

Nicotine, alcohol, and many other drugs are pleasurable because they heighten levels of__________.

dopamine

Being left-handed has been associated with an above average probability of having__________.

dyslexia

__________suggest that much human social behavior, such as aggressive behavior and mate selection, has a hereditary basis.

evolutionary psychologists

The perception of objects or events through means other than the recognized sensory organs is termed _________.

extrasensory-perception

When the relationship between objects and their surroundings seems ambiguous, people's perceptions tend to be unstable and shift back and forth, and this is known as__________perception.

figure-ground

In a__________, a specific amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available.

fixed-interval-schedule

Jane is a practicing psychologist who assesses the mental status of people charged with crimes and shares her findings with the courts. Jane is a(n) _____ psychologist.

forensic

Visual acuity (sharpness and detail) is greatest at the__________.

fovea

Dr. Kennett is a neurologist who is conducting research using brain imaging techniques. He wants to study pictures of his subjects' brain while they are speaking or using a language. The pictures will help Dr. Kennett understand the parts of the brain that are being used to speak and other processes that occur simultaneously in the brain. Based on the nature of study, the most suitable technique for Dr. Kennett's research would be to use__________.

functional-magnetic-resonance-imaging

Structuralists tended to ask, "What are the pieces that make up thinking and experience?" In contrast,__________tended to ask, "How do behavior and mental processes help people adapt to the requirements of their lives?"

functionalists

Amy was playing in the living room, when she accidentally hit her elbow against the edge of the wall. Her sharp cry attracted the attention of Amy's mother who rushed to her and rubbed the affected elbow. The immediate rubbing of the elbow seemed to lessen Amy's pain. Which theory would best explain why this occurred?

gate theory

Bethany taught her dog to jump when she raised her right hand. Later, her dog started jumping even if she raised her left hand. The response of Bethany's dog to her action similar to the original action to which the dog's response was conditioned is known as _____.​

generalization

​In conditioning, _________is the tendency for a conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the stimulus to which the response was conditioned.

generalization

Erica is part of a research group that is studying a group of software executives. She is trying to determine the relationship between work stress and cancer. As part of the same study, she also advises her subjects on ways to counter work stress. Erica's job is that of a__________psychologist.

health

Johnny has always feared going to the dentist as he associated these visits with pain. After repeated visits to the dentist, Johnny also developed the fear of bright lights as he had started associating it with the dentist's cabin. This development of Johnny's fear of bright lights after he started associating it with the dentist's cabin is known as__________.

higher-order-conditioning

Alicia recently had a bad car accident. Since then, she cannot recall events that occurred after the accident. However, she can recall events that took place before the accident. She recognizes her family and friends and important dates, such as her birthday and her marriage anniversary, but has to be constantly reintroduced to new people in her life. Alicia has most likely sustained damage to her__________.

hippocampus

List the nine principles of critical thinking.

1. Be Skeptical 2. Insist on evidence 3. Examine definitions of terms 4. Examine the assumptions or premises of arguments 5. Be cautious in drawing conclusions from evidence 6. Be especially skeptical of anecdotes 7. Consider alternative interpretations of research evidence 8. Do not oversimplify 9. Do not overgeneralize

Discuss the principles of critical thinking

1. Be skeptical- Don't believe what people tell you until you can prove it for yourself. Be observant and know what's going on. 2. Insist on evidence- Always have all the information to come to a conclusion about something. 3. Examine definitions and terms- Look over the information so you understand it and make sure it makes sense in the context. 4. Examine the assumptions or premises of arguments- Look over what is being concluded form the statements. 5. Be cautious in drawing conclusions from evidence- Make sure the information are facts before assuming anything 6. Be especially skeptical of anecdotes- Make sure it is a reliable source who is telling the anecdote before passing it along 7. Consider alternative interpretations of research of evidence- Know that there is more than one way to interpret a passage or story. 8. Do not oversimplify- Be specific where needed when describing something. 9. Do not overgeneralize- Try to give as many details about the situation. 10. Apply critical thinking to all areas of your life - Think every situation through.

Which of the following fractions is known as Weber's constant for light?

1/60th

Which of the following reflects alternating periods of wakefulness and sleep?

A circadian rhythm

Which of the following refers to a time when a neuron is insensitive to messages from other neurons and does not fire?

A refractory period

Which of the following is most likely to occur if an individual did not have a sense of smell?

An onion and an apple might taste the same.

__________is the school of psychology that focuses on learning observable conduct.

Behaviorism

Which of the following is true of behaviorism?

Behaviorists define psychology as the scientific study of behavior, not of behavior and mental processes.

What is biofeedback training? List some of its applications.

Biofeedback training is the systematic feeding information back to an organism about a bodily function so that the organism can gain control of that function. Some of its applications include gaining voluntary control over heart rate, blood pressure sweating, and relaxation of muscles. The relaxation of muscles can control anxiety and tension.

Brandon is a psychologist who is studying the relationship between heredity and mood disorders. He strongly believes that behavior and mental processes have a connection with the brain, hormones, heredity, and evolution Brandon's beliefs are consistent with the _____ perspective.

Biological

Derek's school socks are green in color. However, one day he wore one red sock and one green sock to school. His friends laughed at him, and his teacher was surprised. His teacher had noticed Derek's difficulty in distinguishing between the two colors on a few previous occasions, and she suspected that Derek had a certain condition. What is the condition that Derek has, and what are the related conditions that people could have?

Derek is red-green color blind. He is partially color blind, so he is called a dichromat. He could mix red and green socks but would not mix red and blue socks. Related conditions might be trichromat. These people have normal color visions. Another related condition is a monochromat. These people are totally color blind. They are alos sensitive to lightness and darkness. Monochromat is a rare condition.

Which of the following statements is true in the context of color blindness?

Dichromats are sensitive to black-white and either red-green or blue-yellow colors.

Will was driving down a road one night. Suddenly, he noticed a man trying to cross the road just a little away from the car. Will felt an intense fear and immediately became alert and slammed the breaks down hard, missing the man by inches. Which hormone was responsible for this reaction?

Epinephrine

Which of the following diseases stems from food poisoning and prevents the release of acetylcholine?

Botulism

Which of the following terms best describes the tendency to perceive an object as being just as luminous even though lighting conditions change its intensity?

Brightness constancy

Phoebe recently suffered a major fall in which she sustained brain injuries. Since then, she has had immense difficulty in communicating with others. She appears to understand what is said to her, but her responses are slow and laborious. Her sentences are always incomplete with important grammatical words missing. Which of the following conditions best reflects Phoebe's case?

Broca's aphasia

_____ refers to the perception of objects that do not stimulate the known sensory organs.​

Clairvoyance

What is classical conditioning? Discuss the components of classical conditioning.

Classical conditioning is a form of learning in which is neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response usually evoked by another stimulus by being paired repeatedly with another stimulus. It focuses on how organisms form anticipations about their environments. In other words, it is a simple form of learning in which organisms come to anticipate or associate events with one another. The components of classical conditioning include unconditioned stimulus(UCS), unconditional response(UCR), condition stimulus(CS), orienting reflex, and condition response(CR).

Which of the following statements is true about the different types of psychologists?

Clinical psychologists help clients resolve problems and change self-defeating behavior.

Explain extinction and spontaneous recovery in operant conditioning.

Extinction and spontaneous recovery are aspects of operant conditioning that help us adapt by updating our expectations or revising our thinking about the changing environment. Extinction is the process by which stimuli lose their ability to evoke learned responses because the events that had followed the stimuli no longer occur. The learned responses are said to be extinguished. Spontaneous recovery is the recurrence of an extinguished response as a function of the passage of time.

Dreams are most likely to be vivid during NREM sleep, whereas images are vaguer and more fleeting during rapid eye movement sleep (REM) sleep.

False

Genetic components do not contribute to an individual's sensitivity to basic tastes.

False

Gestalt psychologists believe that maladaptive behavior patterns tend to drop out and only the fittest behavior patterns survive.

False

Instinctive behavior is absent when an individual is reared in isolation from others of its kind.

False

Describe an example of how fear can be learned by classical conditioning.

Fear can be learned by classical conditioning. An example of this is when you see a dog. You do not fear the dog, but you may fear getting bitten by it.

When following the scientific method, psychologists usually begin a study by:

Formulating a Research Question

Modern hypnosis evolves from the ideas of__________.

Franz-Mesmer

Emily suffers from insomnia. When she went to see a doctor, she was told that her sleeplessness was caused by the deficiency of a particular hormone. The doctor then gave her sleeping pills containing the same. Which is the hormone in question?

Melatonin

Differentiate between preconscious and nonconscious material.

Preconscious is a psycho dynamic theory, descriptive of material that is not in awareness but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention. Nonconscious is a descriptive of bodily processes, such as growing hair, of which we can not become conscious. We may recognize that our hair is growing, but we can not directly experience the biological process.

Sean believes that many of our unconscious ideas and impulses stem from our childhood conflicts. Based on his beliefs, it can be said that Sean is a__________.

Psychoanalyst

_________ is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

Psychology

Samantha is visiting the zoo. She is standing near the cage of a zebra when she spots an elephant in one of the cages further away. Although the elephant in that zoo was known to be the largest, her retina showed the elephant to be only as large as the zebra. However, she knew that her retina perceived the elephant to be as small as the zebra because of the distance. In this scenario, which perceptual constancy is being described and what are the other perceptual constancies?

Size constancy is being described in this scenario. The other perceptual constancies are color, brightness, and shape.

Which of the following is contained in the middle ear?

The eardrum

Which of the following is a difference between the thalamus and the hypothalamus?

The thalamus serves as a relay station for sensory stimulation, whereas the hypothalamus controls the regulation of body temperature, concentration of fluids, storage of nutrients, and motivation and emotion.

In the context of dreams, which of the following statements is true?

There is no evidence to suggest that dreams express impulses we censor during the day.

Which of the following is true of amphetamines?

They are often abused for the euphoric rush that high doses can produce.

Which of the following is a likely consequence of low thyroxin secretion in adults?

They feel tired and sluggish and may put on weight.

Which of the following statements is true of functionalists?

They focus on behavior as well as the mind or consciousness.

Which of the following is true of feature detectors?

They refer to neurons that fire in response to specific features of sensory stimuli.

Distinguish between transcendental meditation (TM) and mindfulness meditation (MM).

Transcendental meditation is the simplified form of meditation used as a method for coping with stress. It was brought to the US Maharishi Mahesh Yogi in 1959. They concentrate on mantras while practicing TM. It expands the consciousness to encompass spiritual experiences. Mindfulness meditation is a form of meditation that provides people with techniques they can use to focus on the present moment rather than think about problems. It helps with anxiety and reducing stress. It makes no pretense of achieving spiritual goals.

Debriefing is the process of explaining the purposes and methods of a completed procedure to a participant.

True

Frequency and amplitude are independent.

True

In the context of reinforcement schedules, a person placing bets on a roulette table is on a variable-ratio schedule.

True

Mirror neurons allow us to anticipate other people's intentions when they reach for things.

True

Psychologists are thinking in terms of behavioral genetics when they ask about the inborn reasons why individuals may differ in their behavior and mental processes.

True

Sacs called synaptic vesicles in the axon terminals contain neurotransmitters.

True

The cognitive tradition has roots in Socrates' advice to "Know thyself" and in his suggested method of introspection.

True

The iris is the muscle in the eye that controls the amount of light that passes through the cornea.

True

​Jack was teaching his son, Philip, types of geometric shapes. As part of an exercise, Jack asked Philip to identify the different shapes drawn on a sheet of paper. Jack noticed that a part of the image of circle was erased accidentally, and there was a blot of ink left on that spot. Nevertheless, Philip identified the shape as a circle. This response of Philip is best explained by the law of _________.

continuity

A(n) _____ psychologist focuses on the relationship between people and their work.

industrial

Sujay is conducting a research on a group of factory machinists as part of a study on work stress and heart disease. Before conducting his study, he explains the objective of the study to the subjects and tells them what they would need to do. He gives them the opportunity to choose if they want to participate or not. In other words, Sujay is seeking__________.

informed consent

​Traits such as sociability and aggressiveness are thought to be _________.

polygenic

The__________is a bulge in the hindbrain that lies forward of the medulla and transmits information about body movement.

pons

The part of the electromagnetic spectrum that stimulates the eye and produces visual sensations constitutes__________.

visible-light

​_________is the recurrence of an extinguished response as a function of the passage of time.

​Spontaneous recovery

​_________ tells us whether we are falling and provides cues to whether our body is changing speed.

​Vestibular sense

Vibrations in the fluids within the chambers of the inner ear press against the _________.​

​basilar membrane

​To help a child who watches violent programs act less aggressively, one should inform the child that_____.

​the aggressive behaviors he or she watches reflect camera tricks, special effects,and stunts