Psychology Chapter 3
A condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it is known as
blindsight.
When their attention is focused on a task such as reading, people are less likely to ________ than when their mind is wandering.
blink their eyes
During REM sleep, your skeletal muscles are relaxed because messages from the motor cortex are blocked by the
brainstem
After flying from California to New York, Arthur experienced a restless, sleepless night. His problem was most likely caused by a disruption of his normal
circadian rhythm.
With the approach of night, our body temperatures begin to drop. This best illustrates the dynamics of the
circadian rhythm.
Which specialty area would be most interested in identifying the cortical activation patterns associated with a person's perception of different objects?
cognitive neuroscience
A specialty area that focuses on the connections between brain activity and mental processes is known as
cognitive neuroscience.
Even if musically inclined, it is difficult to tap a steady three times with your left hand while tapping four times with your right hand because both tasks require
conscious attention.
Three hours after going to sleep, Shoshanna's heart rate increases, her breathing becomes more rapid, and her eyes move rapidly under her closed lids. Research suggests that Shoshanna is
dreaming
Three hours after going to sleep, Shoshanna's heart rate increases, her breathing becomes more rapid, and her eyes move rapidly under her closed lids. Research suggests that Shoshanna is
dreaming.
The simultaneous processing of information at both conscious and unconscious levels is called
dual processing
A visual perception track enables most people to recognize objects at nearly the same time that a visual action track enables them to avoid bumping into the objects. This best illustrates
dual processing.
Although we may be unaware of our gender prejudices, they often influence the way we consciously perceive males and females. This best illustrates
dual processing.
Shown the hollow face illusion, people will mistakenly perceive the inside of a mask as a protruding face. Yet, they will accurately reach into the inverted mask to flick off a buglike target stuck on the face. This best illustrates the capacity for
dual processing.
Night terrors typically occur
during NREM-3 sleep.
Narcolepsy is a disorder in which a person
experiences uncontrollable attacks of overwhelming sleepiness.
REM sleep is
facilitated by alcohol and inhibited by sleeping pills.
Bats need a lot of sleep because their high waking metabolism produces ________ that are toxic to neurons
free radicals
Bats need a lot of sleep because their high waking metabolism produces ________ that are toxic to neurons.
free radicals
Susan is a political cartoonist whose work requires her to think imaginatively and present ideas in visually novel ways. Her work is most likely to be facilitated by
full nights of sleep.
Which of the following animals tend to sleep the least?
giraffes
Sensory experiences that occur without an external sensory stimulus are called
hallucinations.
After sleeping for about an hour and a half, José enters a phase of paradoxical sleep. He is likely to
have very relaxed muscles
Most college students are "owls," with performance ________ across the day. Most older adults are "larks," with performance ________ as the day progresses.
improving; declining
Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere is called
inattentional blindness
Exposure to bright light causes the
pineal gland to decrease the production of melatonin
Hypnagogic sensations are most closely associated with ________ sleep.
NREM-1
The brain waves associated with REM sleep are most similar to those of
NREM-1 sleep.
Bed-wetting is most likely to occur at the end of ________ sleep.
NREM-3
At 3 o'clock in the morning, John has already slept for 4 hours. As long as his sleep continues, we can expect an increasing occurrence of
REM sleep
Genital arousal is most likely to be associated with
REM sleep
During the course of a full night's sleep, people are most likely to spend more time in
REM sleep than in NREM-1 sleep.
The occasional experience of sleep paralysis is most likely as you awaken from
REM sleep.
Nightmares are to ________ as night terrors are to ________.
REM sleep; NREM-3 sleep
Which of the following is the best advice for a person concerned about occasional insomnia?
Relax and drink a glass of milk before bedtime.
A bank teller was so distracted by the sight of a bank robber's weapon that she failed to perceive important features of the criminal's physical appearance. This best illustrates
selective attention
Drivers are slower to detect traffic signals if they are talking on a cell phone. This best illustrates the impact of
selective attention
Our inability to consciously process all the sensory information available to us at any single point in time best illustrates the necessity of
selective attention
Focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus is called
selective attention.
The cocktail party effect provides an example of
selective attention.
The pop-out phenomenon illustrates that some stimuli almost inevitably trigger
selective attention.
Consciousness is to unconsciousness as ________ is to ________
sequential processing; parallel processing
An air pump that keeps the sleeper's airway open and breathing regular is often prescribed for serious cases of
sleep apnea
In which of the following disorders does the person repeatedly stop breathing while asleep?
sleep apnea
Mr. Oates always sleeps restlessly, snorting and gasping throughout the night. It is most likely that Mr. Oates suffers from
sleep apnea
Research on sleep patterns indicates that
sleep patterns may be genetically influenced.
The rhythmic bursts of brain activity that occur during NREM-2 sleep are called
sleep spindles
A periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness that involves distinct stages is known as
sleep.
Compared with unconscious information processing, conscious information processing is relatively
slow and especially effective for solving new problems
Neural activity that reenacts and promotes recall of prior novel experiences is most closely associated with
slow-wave sleep.
Production of the human growth hormone necessary for muscle development is most strongly associated with
slow-wave sleep.
Compared with when they were only 20 years old, 60-year-olds
spend less time in deep sleep.
Sleep deprivation ________ the production of body fat by ________ levels of the stress hormone cortisol.
stimulates; increasing
The circadian rhythm is influenced by light-sensitive retinal proteins that trigger signals to the
suprachiasmatic nucleus
When working an occasional night shift, people often feel groggiest in the middle of the night but experience new energy around the time they normally would wake up. This best illustrates the impact of
the circadian rhythm
Forty-year-old Lance insists that he never dreams. Research suggests that he probably
would report a vivid dream if he were awakened during REM sleep
Particularly among men, sleep apnea is linked with
obesity
REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because
our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move.
A capacity to monitor simultaneously the color, shape, and motion of an object best illustrates
parallel processing.
Circadian rhythm refers to
a pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle
Sleep deprivation has been shown to
diminish immunity to disease.
Compared with adults, children are
more likely to experience night terrors and more likely to experience sleepwalking.
The human sleep cycle repeats itself about every
90 minutes.
During a heated argument with his teenage daughter, Mr. Reid suddenly lapsed into a state of REM sleep. Mr. Reid apparently suffers from
narcolepsy.
The absence of a hypothalamic neural center that produces orexin has been linked to
narcolepsy.
Which of the following is bad advice for a person trying to overcome insomnia?
Drink a glass of wine 15 minutes before bedtime.
When 909 working women reported on their daily moods, researchers noted that less time pressure at work mattered ________ and a good night's sleep mattered ________.
a lot; a lot
Jordanna has decided to go to bed early. Although her eyes are closed and she's very relaxed, she has not yet fallen asleep. An EEG is most likely to indicate the presence of
alpha waves.
While a man provided directions to a construction worker, two experimenters rudely interrupted by passing between them carrying a door. The man's failure to notice that the construction worker was replaced by a different person during this interruption illustrates
change blindness.
Christy failed to notice that she received her ice cream in a sugar cone rather than a waffle cone as she had requested. She later indicated to another customer that she preferred sugar cones over waffle cones. Christy's behavior most clearly illustrates
choice blindness.
At 1:00 A.M., Luis gets out of bed and begins to sleepwalk. An EEG of his brain activity is most likely to indicate the presence of
delta waves.
Traffic accident rates have been found to ________ after the spring change to daylight savings time and to ________ after the fall change back to standard time.
increase; decrease
People who regularly sleep less than normal experience a(n) ________ risk of depression and a(n) ________ risk of obesity.
increased; increased
A recurring difficulty in falling or staying asleep is called
insomnia.
The best time for athletes to engage in heavy exercise workouts is
late afternoon or early evening.
If asked to watch a video and press a key each time a black-shirted player passed a basketball, most research participants remained unaware of an umbrella-toting woman strolling across the video screen. This illustrated
latent content
The activation of light-sensitive retinal proteins in our eyes signals our brains to decrease production of
melatonin