Psychology: Chapter 5 Study Guide

During a typical eight hours of sleep, most people go through ___ sleep cycles.

5

After taking certain drugs for a while, a person shows signs of ___ when the body craves the drug just to feel normal.

addiction

Nicotine causes a person's heart rate to increase by causing the release of the hormone ___.

adrenaline

During a 24-hour day, people experience a sequence of changes in -sleepiness and wakefulness -blood pressure -body temperature -all of the above

all of the above

Sleep and meditation are examples of -altered states of consciousness -circadian rhythms -meditation -hallucinations

altered state of consciousness

state of awareness in which a person's sense of self or of the world alters

altered state of consciousness

stimulant used to help people stay awake and reduce appetite

amphetamine

"Role theory" suggests that people who are hypnotized -revert to childish behaviors -are faking it to please other observers -believe what they are doing is real -alter their state of consciousness through stimulants

believe what they are doing is real

The four different kinds of brain-wave patterns are ___ waves, ___ waves, ___ waves, and ___ waves.

beta alpha theta delta

system that feeds back information about something happening in the body

biofeedback

Sleep researchers define our sleep stages in terms of -the length of time each takes -brain wave patterns -the time of night each occurs -the number of times we wake up

brain wave patterns

biological clock

circadian rhythm

Consciousness is considered a psychological ___ because we cannot see, touch, or measure it directly.

construct

false idea that seems real

delusion

___ are drugs that slow the activity of the nervous system.

depressants

removal of poisonous substances from the body

detoxification

In addition to deadening pain, cocaine -raises blood pressure -decreases the supply of oxygen to the heart -can cause hallucinations and delusions -does all of the above

does all of the above

Sleep is considered a necessary vital function because it -helps people recover from stress -builds up a person's resistance to infection -maintains the brain's proper functioning -does all of the above

does all of the above

perception of an object or a sound that seems real but is not

hallucination

Marijuana is an example of a -hallucinogen -narcotic -stimulant -depressant

hallucinogen

Overdoses of crack and other forms of cocaine can be fatal because of the strain they place on the ___.

heart

Amphetamines have been used to -cure addiction to morphine -deaden the pain of soldiers suffering battle wounds -slow the activity of the nervous system -help people stay awake

help people stay awake

Biofeedback has been used successfully to treat -high blood pressure -cancer -eating disorders -all of the above

high blood pressure

Sleepwalking in children is probably caused by -an inability to fall into a deep sleep -immaturity of the nervous system -stimulants such as coffee or sugar -all of the above

immaturity of the nervous system

Difficulty falling asleep is called ___.

insomnia

Slurred speech, blurred vision, and impaired judgment are the results of -nicotine -amphetamines -cocaine -intoxication

intoxication

During NREM sleep, dreaming -never occurs -is the most vivid -is usually vague and fleeting -usually involves clear, realistic plots

is usually vague and fleeting

During ___, some people narrow their consciousness by focusing on a peaceful, repetitive pattern.

meditation

Some people who have taken LSD suffer long-term side effects that include -heart problems -high blood pressure -memory loss -all of the above

memory loss

sleep problem in which people suddenly fall asleep no matter what time it is

narcolepsy

Morphine and heroin are addictive depressants known as -amphetamines -narcotics -stimulants -hallucinogens

narcotics

___ ___ are similar to, but more severe than, nightmares.

night terrors

Many of our basic biological functions, such as breathing, exist at the -preconscious level -unconscious level -nonconscious level -conscious level

nonconscious level

Some psychologists dispute that hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness because -it has not been effective in helping people reduce anxiety -it is involuntary -people's brain wave patterns do not change under hypnosis -of all of the above

people's brain wave patterns do not change under hypnosis

A therapist may hypnotize a patient and offer a ___ ___ to help the patient quit a habit such as smoking or overeating.

posthypnotic suggestion

Ideas that a person is not aware of, but which can be recalled, are on the ___ level.

preconscious

According to the biopsychological approach, dreaming occurs because of the -random firing of neurons -dreamer's unconscious wishes or urges -effects of sleep disorders -dreamer's circadian rhythms

random firing of neurons

stage of sleep in which we have the most vivid dreams

rapid-eye-movement sleep

Maintenance programs help people addicted to narcotics by all of the following except -removing all drugs from the addict -giving controlled amounts of a less addictive drug -reducing the amount of the narcotic an addict takes -providing moral support during group talks

removing all drugs from the addict

Nonsmokers are at risk of getting lung cancer or breathing problems when exposed to ___ ___.

secondhand smoke

The type of consciousness we experience when we are conscious of external sensations is known as -sensory awareness -direct inner awareness -self-consciousness -dreamtime

sensory awareness

breathing interruption that occurs during sleep

sleep apnea

___ are drugs that speed up the activity of the nervous system.

stimulants

Sigmund Freud believed that dreams reflected our ___ wishes and urges.

unconscious

Psychologists suggest that people try to combat insomnia by -taking sleeping pills -drinking coffee or another kind of stimulant -trying harder to fall asleep -using daydreams to relax

using daydreams to relax