Psychology Chapter 6

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?

rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

variable ratio

Which process involves observing a model being punished and then becoming less likely to imitate the model's behavior?

vicarious punishment

What is the main idea of social learning theory?

One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

In conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus.

higher order

If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again

increases

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning?

knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

In operant conditioning, is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

negative reinforcement

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called learning.

observational

In reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed.

partial

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?

punishment

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

To maximize learning, a should be presented on a(n) schedule.

CS + UCS; continuous

Who experimented with rats to demonstrate that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement?

Edward C. Tolman

Which statement about B. F. Skinner is correct?

He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.

According to Albert Bandura,

Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.

What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs?

Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior

after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of learning.

associational

Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior?

baby seeking food by rooting and suckling

In conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response.

classical

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

emotion can be a conditioned response

Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed interval

Which of the following is an example of observational learning?

teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park

In classical conditioning, the is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus).

unconditioned response

is known for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotion.

John B. Watson

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called reinforcement.

continuous

Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?

taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m.

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval