Psychology - Chapter 6

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

A child learns to behave while in the grocery store with her parents, because when she behaves her parents buy her a treat.

Fixed ratio

A child receives an hour of video game playing, not because he cleaned his room every day, but because he cleaned his room five days in a row.

Which of the following does NOT describe a process affected by operant conditioning?

A dog salivating at the sound of a dinner bell

What is operant conditioning?

A form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence

What is insight learning?

A form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden understanding of the problem's solution

What is a conditioned stimulus?

A previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a learned response

Variable ratio

A slot machine might payout an average of every 20 times spun, but the gambler doesn't know when the payout will be.

Insight

A type of problem-solving in which you suddenly have an "ah-ha" moment used to solve the issue.

What is an unconditioned response?

An unlearned response that is automatically elicited by an unconditioned stimulus

_____ ________ _________ is the use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior.

Applied Behavior Analysis

______________ learning occurs when the organism learns that by making a particular response, a negative stimulus can be altogether avoided.

Avoidance

A student who receives one bad grade might thereafter always study hard in order to avoid the negative outcome of bad grades in the future. This is an example of

Avoidance learning

_________ ________ is when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.

Classical conditioning

Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through

Experience

______ refers to the decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations.

Habituation

_____ learning is a form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden understanding of the problem's solution.

Insight

Biological and Cultural

Instinct drift Preparedness Context influences type of learning processes used

_________ _________ is the tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning.

Instinctive drift

Secondary Reinforcer

It is because of experiences this reinforcer makes you satisfied or happy.

The name of the researcher who originally described classical conditioning was

Ivan Pavlov

Cognitive

Latent Expectancy Insight Purposive

In _________ _________, the organism has learned that it has no control over negative outcomes.

Learned helplessness

______ is a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.

Learning

Which of the following examples demonstrates the cultural degree of learning?

Lydia is Hispanic, and she learns through observational learning.

Purposive

Most of your behavior is directed towards reaching a particular goal.

Latent

Not all learning changes behavior immediately.

Which of the following is true about the difference between growth and fixed mindsets?

People with fixed mindsets believe their qualities are carved in stone.

Variable interval

Pop quizzes help you study continuously because you don't know when they will be given in class.

__________ is a consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur.

Punishment

Which of the following is not a schedule of partial reinforcement?

Ratio interval

______ is the process in operant conditioning by which a stimulus following a particular behavior increases the probability that a behavior will be repeated.

Reinforcement

Which of the following are components of observational learning according to Bandura?

Reproduction Retention Reinforcement Attention

Which theorist worked with dogs who were exposed to inescapable shocks and ultimately proposed the theory of learned helplessness?

Seligman

In order to get an animal to perform a complex behavior, we might reinforce successive approximations. This process of reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior is called ____________.

Shaping

The ________ box produced operant conditioning by creating positive consequences for the hungry rat pressing the lever to obtain food.

Skinner

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Stress is only reduced when bad stress is on an unpredictable schedule.

Expectancy

These are acquired through experience and influence our behavior based on what we think should happen.

Positive Reinforcement

This occurs when something is provided or given to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

Negative Reinforcement

This occurs when something is removed or avoided in order for the behavior to increase.

Primary Reinforcer

This reinforcer doesn't require any learning to make it pleasurable or satisfying to you.

A(n) ______ response is an unlearned response that is automatically elicited by a stimulus that produces a response without prior learning.

Unconditioned

Which of the following are examples of primary reinforcers?

Water Food

Fixed interval

You only study right before each of the four exams during the semester.

Einstein's extraordinary intellect was due to

both biological and cultural factors

Every day, when Ronnie comes home from work, he opens his garage door and pulls his car into the garage. His dog, Jonah, hears the noise of the garage door opening and the car entering the garage before Ronnie comes through the garage door. Now, when Jonah hears the garage door open, Jonah runs to the garage door to greet Ronnie. This is an example of

classical conditioning.

Pavlov was the founder of

classical conditioning.

Tolman emphasized purposiveness as a(n) ______ factor of learning.

cognitive

A ____ stimulus involves a previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits the conditioned response after being associated with the unconditioned stimulus.

conditioned

A child growing up in the inner city is not likely to know how to track animals or survive in the woods overnight. This is an example of the _______ degree of learning.

cultural

Operant conditioning focuses on the association between behaviors and the stimuli that _____ them.

follow

In positive reinforcement, the frequency of a behavior _________ because it is followed by a desirable stimulus.

increases

The frequency of a behavior ______ with positive reinforcement.

increases

The tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning is known as

instinctive drift.

Dweck uses the word ______ to describe the way our beliefs about ability dictate what goals we set for ourselves, what we think we can learn, and ultimately what we do learn.

mindset

When removal of a stimulus in response to a behavior increases the frequency of that behavior, ______ is said to have occurred.

negative reinforcement

Classical and operant conditioning approaches have focused on the environment and ______ behavior, but contemporary theorists believe that learning has cognitive influences, as well.

observable

The Skinner box was developed to automatically reward rats with food when they pressed a bar. This device was used to perform _________ conditioning

operant

Applied behavior analysis is the use of ______ principles to change human behavior.

operant conditioning

Thorndike's law of effect states that behaviors followed by ______ outcomes are strengthened, and that behaviors followed by ______ outcomes are weakened.

pleasant; unpleasant

According to Thorndike's law of effect,

positive consequences will lead to increased behavior.

The two types of reinforcing consequences are ______ and ______ reinforcement.

positive; negative

One very powerful aspect that allows potentially stressful experiences to be less stressful is

predictability.

Food and water are examples of

primary reinforcers.

In ______, a response decreases because of its unpleasant consequences.

punishment

Which of the following is NOT a component of observational learning?

punishment

One cognitive factor of learning is ___________, the idea that much of behavior is goal-directed.

purposiveness

Giving a rat some food in the same half of the cage as the bar experimenters want it to press is an example of

shaping.

Tolman believed that, in order to understand why people engage in particular actions, it is necessary to understand

the goal of the behavior.

Schedules of reinforcement are

timetables that determine when a behavior will be rewarded.

A stimulus that produces a response without prior learning is a(n) _________ stimulus.

unconditioned

A(n) _____ stimulus produces a response without prior learning.

unconditioned

In negative reinforcement, the frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by the removal of something ______.

unpleasant