Psychology chapter 6 pt. 2: Learning

How does punishment have to be administered in order to be affective?

-Consistently -The consequence has to be significant (spanking a child after hitting his brother vs putting them in time out for 2 minutes) -needs to be immediate (don't wait until until father gets home)

operant conditioning What are the two types of learning in negative reinforcement?

-Escape learning - confronting the fear -Avoidance learning -helps to explain phobias; never confronting the fear

operant conditioning Explain the two types of Interval schedules in intermittent reinforcement:

-Fixed -After certain fixed amount of time, the behavior will be reinforced (Ex: getting a paycheck bi-weekly) -Variable -You don't know when the reinforcer is going to occur

operant conditioning What are the two ratio schedules in intermittent reinforcement?

-Fixed -when an organism makes gives a designated response a certain number of times to gain each reinforcer (Ex: free coffee) -Variable -An organism does not know how many times they need to respond before the reinforcer occurs

operant conditioning What are the two consequences that can strengthen reinforcement?

-Primary reinforcers -Secondary reinforcers

operant conditioning consequences: Punishment How do you decrease a response?

-Punishment -when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make a response (decreases the occurrence of the behavior) -Problems with punishment:

operant conditioning consequences: reinforcement What are the two types of reinforcements used to increase a response?

-positive reinforcement= response followed by a rewarding stimulus -negative reinforcement= response followed by removal of a harmful stimulus

operant conditioning What is the best way to create the reoccurrence of the subject's behavior in the acquisition phase?

Continuous reinforcement; affective in the acquisition, but not in maintaining the behavior

How can I tell the difference between reinforcement in operant conditioning and the process of classical conditioning?

In reinforcement a subject is rewarded for behavior (behavior first, reward last). In classical conditioning a subject is not rewarded for behavior.

operant conditioning What is the best way to maintain the reoccurrence of the subject's behavior in the acquisition phase?

Intermittent (partial) reinforcement; reinforcement only occurs some of the time; offers greater resistance of the behavior's to extinctional weakening

operant conditioning How are positive and negative reinforcement related?

They both increase the chances of an organism's behavior reoccurring

operant conditioning SECONDARY REINFORCERS:

conditioned reinforcement; (Examples in humans: sex, money, good grades, food, etc.)

operant conditioning SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT:

determines which occurrence of a specific response will result in the presentation of the reinforcer.

primative reflexes are only present in who?

infants; as we become adults, primative reflexes become non-existent

operant conditioning PRIMARY REINFORCERS:

satisfies biological needs;