Psychology Chapter 8

________ is defined as forgetting that occurs when previously stored material interferes with the ability to remember similar, more recently stored, material.

Proactive interference

Which of the following is considered to be an implicit memory?

Procedural memory

___________ is a memory system that includes short-term memory and information retrieved from long-term memory.

Working memory

Hormones released by the adrenal glands during stress and emotional arousal tend to:

enhance memory

The memories of personally experienced events and the contexts in which they occurred are called:

episodic memories

Most people seem to favor ________ for encoding and rehearsing the contents of short-term memory.

speech

___________plays critical role in the formation of long-term declarative memories

the hippocampus

Information in sensory memory is retained for about:

2-3 seconds or less

Research on autobiographical memory indicates that most adults cannot recall any any events until about:

3 to 4 years of age

Information in short- term memory is retained for about _________ if it is not rehearsed.

30 seconds

_______ is an especially vivid memory of an emotional event.

A flashbulb memory

Formation and retention of procedural memories may involve the _________.

Cerebellum

The process by which is a long-term memory becomes durable as stable is called:

Consolidation

__________ occurs when instead of encoding just the physical or sensory features of the information, the meaning of information is analyzed

Deep processing

__________ involves associating new items of information with material that has already been stored.

Elaborative rehearsal

Guidelines to help people remember better suggest that, in general:

If people try to encode the information in more than one way, the information will be more memorable

Memory is critical to our lives because:

It confers a sense of personal identity, which enhances our sense of coherence

In the "three-box model of memory," which memory system holds information for a very short period of time until it can be processed further?

Sensory memory

________ provide(s) the mental equivalent of a scratch pad.

Short-term memory

________ acts as a holding bin, retaining information in a highly accurate form until we can select items for attention.

The sensory register

Amnesia can be organic, i.e., resulting from __________ or psychogenic, i.e., resulting from __________

a head injury; emotional shock

The _________ is associated with the encoding and storage of emotional material

amygdala

Chad remembers the feeling of excitement in his house when his mother stepped through the door with his new baby sister. He can still picture the tiny little baby with a stocking cap on her head! His parents can't convince him that he actually stayed with his grandparents for two weeks after his sister was born and that his memory never happened! Chad's memory is an example of:

confabulation

Our authors suggest that in long-term memory, __________ may be the most common type of memory failure.

cue-dependent forgetting

Deja vu occurs when:

cues in the present context overlap with those from the past so there is an eerie experience of having been there before.

According to the _______ theory of forgetting, information in memory eventually disappears if it is not accessed.

decay

Research on memory shows that:

human memory has both tremendous abilities and tremendous weaknesses

According to the _______ theory of forgetting, information may get into memory, but it becomes confused with other information

interference

Eyewitness testimonies by victims are most likely to contain errors when the suspect:

is of a different ethnic background than the victim

Which memory system has an unlimited capacity and can keep information for hours or decades?

long-term memory

In the 1950s, George Miller estimated the capacity of short- term memory to be the:

magical number 7, plus or minus 2

________ refers to the capacity to retain and retrieve information.

memory

In order to help her music students learn the lines of the treble clef in musical notation, Susan has them learn the sentence "Every Good Boy Does Fine." This is an example of:

mnemonics

Contemporary memory researches would be most likely to agree that childhood amnesia:

occurs because because the prefrontal cortex and other key brain structures aren't developed yet

Human beings have been called storytelling animals, and:

our stories reveal as much about the present as they do about the past.

Memories for the performance of actions or skills are called:

procedural memories

The question that you are reading at this moment is a _________ question.

recognition

Under most circumstances, when you are intentionally trying to remember an item of information, _________ is an easier task than _________.

recognition; recall

According to the_______ theory of forgetting, one's original perception can be erased by new and misleading information.

replacement

Professor Ichthyop who specializes in the study of the Lost River Sucker fish, complains that each semester whenever he learns the name of a new student, he forgets the name of a fish. He is complaining about the problem of __________in memory.

retroactive interference

memories of general knowledge, including facts, rules, concepts, and propositions, are called

semantic memories

Madison feels that she has always known that sea lions got their names because of their loud roars. But she is surprised on her vacation to hear baby sea lions bleat like little lambs. Madison's knowledge about the roar of sea lions is a/n __________ memory, whereas her memory of the bleating is a/n _______ memory.

semantic; episodic

Which memory system has a limited capacity and stores items for about 30 seconds?

short-term memory

After studying the memory difficulties of H.M. and patients like him, it became apparent that:

the ability to bring information from long-term memory into working memory is intact.

During short-term memory tasks, _________ is especially active.

the frontal lobe

Maintenance rehearsal is defined as:

the rote repetition of material in order to maintain its availability in memory

Research suggests that the best way to encourage truthful testimony by children is to:

try to avoid asking the child leading questions

Auditory images remain in sensory memory for about

two seconds

Mood-congruent memory, state-dependent memory, and context- dependent memory are all examples of:

use of cues in retrieval.

According to the serial- position effect, if you are shown a list of items and then asked to immediately recall them:

you will most easily recall items from the beginning and the end of the list are best