Psychology Chapter 8 Study Guide

Individualism

a culture style that emphasizes the importance of individuality , independence, and personal needs

Collectivism

a culture style that emphasizes the importance of interdependence group goals, and group needs

Gender roles

a culture's expectations for masculine or feminine behavior, including attitudes, actions, and personality traits associated with being male or female in that culture

Norms

a culture's understood rules for expected behavior, values, beliefs, and attitudes

Culture

a shared set of beliefs behaviors, values, and attitudes held by a group of people or a society

Display rules

learned ways of controlling displays of emotion in social settings

Identify two individualist cultures and two collectivist cultures.

China and Japan is a collectivist culture American is an individualist culture

How does culture influence our conceptions of self and identity?

Cultures may be individualist or collectivist. People living in individualist cultures tend to have an independent self-concept, identifying themselves as independent from others. And people who live in collectivist cultures tend to have an independent self-concept, identifying themselves in relation to others.

How are gender roles and gender typing different?

Gender is the psychological aspects of being masculine or feminine. The expectations of one's culture, the development of one's personality, and one's sense of identity are all affected by the concept of gender.

Identify three important qualities that all cultures share?

Learned... Shared... Changes over time...

Briefly explain the difference between the independent self-concept and the interdependent self-concept

People who are independent self-concept tend to view themselves as entirely independent from their friends, family members, classmates, and coworkers. They are more likely to describe themselves through references to their individual goals or desires. ( "I am a scientist") ex. Americans People who are interdependent self-concept (Japanese) view themselves in terms of their social roles and relationships.Describe themselves through references to their social roles. "I am a daughter and a sister"

What are some major areas of cross-culture psychology research?

Psychologists run studies on individuals from different cultural groups and compare the results to determine weather patters of thought and behavior are universal or culture-bound Emotion- people in different cultures may share many of the same emotions, but the degree of individualism or collectivism in our culture can affect how we label and express those emotions Intelligence: It does not have a universal definition, and there is no universal way of measuring it. Intelligence takes different forms in different cultures.

Independent self-concept

an individual's perception of self as entirely independent from others

Interdependent self-concept

an individual's perception of self as fundamentally connected to other.

Universal

found across all cultures

Culture-bound

found only in particular cultures

Gender Identity

the individual's sense of being male or female.

Gender Typing

the process of acquiring gender role characteristics

Gender

the psychology aspects of being male or female

Cross Culture Psychology

the study of human thought and behavior across cultures