Psychology: Exam 111

ego

Understands reality and logic Operates according to the reality principle Personality that is shown to the world Ex: facade

sensorimotor stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

4 types of attachment

secure, avoidant, ambivalent, disorganized

procedural memory

a type of implicit memory that involves motor skills and behavioral habits (conditioned responses)

anterograde amnesia

an inability to form new memories After brain damage (1-a)

grasping reflex

an infant's clinging response to a touch on the palm of his or her hand

rooting reflex

an infant's response in turning toward the source of touching that occurs anywhere around his or her mouth

context dependent

external environmental factors ex: losing your car keys, odors/ smells

cross-sectional study

a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

conception

the moment at which a female becomes pregnant Egg(x) + sperm (x or y) = zygote (xx or xy)

phallic stage

3-6 years old Focus of pleasure shifts to genitals Oedipus and Electra complex and identification

cooing

vowel-like noises 2-4 months

anal stage

(18-36 months) pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control 1-3 years Fixation: leads to anal retentive or expulsive behaviors in adulthood

Critiques of Freud's Theory

-Karen Horney (1937) > Womb envy - men envy women because they have the ability to give life > If women feel inferior it is because of the restrictions men place on women >> Cultural factors play role in personality development Not scientific Too broad Based on limited sample

oral stage

0-18 months, pleasure centers on the mouth- sucking, biting, chewing Fixation: leads to oral activities as an adult

one-word stage

10-12 months

sentences

24+

Patient HM

A patient who, because of damage to medial temporal lobe structures, was unable to encode new declarative memories. Upon his death we learned his name was Henry Molaison. HM also could not recall episodic memories from two years before surgery (retrograde) After surgery HM could not form NEW episodic memories (anterograde)

Personality

A persons general style of interacting with the world •set of characteristics 1.consistent across time and situations 2. Distinguishes individuals from one another

logitudinal study

A study that follows a population over time, collecting data from the same group repeatedly.

Teratogens

Agents that damage the process of development, such as drugs and viruses Great harm to CNS or organs

implicit memory (procedural)

Also known as *non-declarative* memory or unconscious memory Influences your thoughts or behavior, but does not enter consciousness

habituation technique

Babies get bored after looking at a stimulus for a while, then prefer to look at something near

imitation

By 9 months and object permanence and representational thought by 1-2 years

critical period

Children who are not exposed to language will never fully learn grammatical rules Infant preference for human speech over other sounds Before 6 months can hear phoneme differences in all languages After 6 months begin to hear only phoneme differences used in native language

defense mechanisms

Denial, identification, projection, rationalization, react information, displacement, repression, regression, sublimation, compensation

attachment

Emotional bond of infant to caregiver Ex: harli and Keyani

Behavioral genetics

Field of study of the relationship between hereditary and personality Twin and adoption studies have found support for a genetic influence in many personality traits Identical and cater Al twins reared together and apart Generally twins studies suggest heritability around 50% for most measure of personality traits (big five) JIM TWINS

Psychoanalytic Approach

Focuses on unconscious processes and unresolved conflicts Created by: Sigmund freud

Psychoanalysis

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

short-term memory (stm)

Function: conscious processing of information •where information is actively worked on •also referred to as working memory (wm) Capacity: limited (7+/-2 items) Duration: brief (~15-30 sec)

Psychological divisions of the mind

Id: instinctual drive present at birth; libido operates according to pleasure principle Ex: birth certificate

Methods of studying infants

Infant reflexes provide insight into their mental health Gaze duration related to visual perception Head Turing related to auditory attention Sucking and kicking can be measured

Freud's Psychosexual Stages cont.

Latency stage: 6- puberty, sexuality is repressed children participate in hobbies school and same sex friends Genital stage: from puberty on Sexual feelings re emerge and are orientated toward others Healthy adults find pleasure in love and work, while fixated adults have their energy tied up in earlier stages (pedophiles)

babbling

Native language sounds 6-10

memory construction

Occurs during retrieval. Memory is a construct of the mind and therefore can be updated with new info and experiences.

newborn growth

Occurs rapidly Growth into continuous but occurs in spurts Likewise the growth of body parts grow in spurts

cross-sectional study

a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another Involves both longitudinal and cross sectional

Babinski reflex

Reflex in which a newborn fans out the toes when the sole of the foot is touched

sucking reflex

Reflex that causes a newborn to make sucking motions when a finger or nipple if placed in the mouth

Ainsworth attachment experiments

Strange situation Staged situation designed to test baby's attachment to mother

emphasizes

Unconscious motivation Main cause of behavior lies buried in the unconscious mind Ex: me or my dad

Fixation (Freud)

a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

two-word stage

beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements 12-24 months

concrete operational stage

children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events 7-11 years old Ex: gabby and Tristan

structure of the mind

conscious, preconscious, unconscious Freud believed unconscious mind was most important factor in human behavior and personality

Freud divided personality into 3 components

id, ego, superego Conscious: aware at any given moment (watching your surroundings while out in public) Precocious: everything that can with a little bit of effort be brought into conscious Unconscious: inaccessible warehouse of anxiety producing thoughts and drive (insecurity)

spacing effect

information is retained better if there is a longer period of time between sessions or relearning rather than cramming everything in

retrograde amnesia

loss of memories from our past Inability to remember information that was encoded normally and accessed easily BEFORE brain damage (2- B)

false memories

memories for events that never happened, but were suggested by someone or something Ex: Stephanie/ nene

state-dependent

memories that are retrieved because the mood in which they were originally encoded is recreated Interal, psychological factors Memory recall is better when learning environment matches the testing environment

explicit memory

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" •known as declarative or conscious memory Properties: memory consciously recalled or declared/ can use to directly respond to a question 2 types of explicit memory: Episodic:memory tied to your own personal experiences Semantic: general facts and definitions about the world

defense mechanisms

mental processes that protect individuals from strong or stressful emotions and situations Employed by ego to reduce anxiety

Harlow's study

monkeys attached to the "moms" based on physical contact (contact comfort) Mom- wire Mom- cloth

proximodistal trend

motor control proceeds from torso out to fingers Trunk to limbs

five-factor model (Big Five)

openness:non openness rich emotional life, action oriented (mom or dlee) conscientiousness: undirectedness competent orderly dutiful deliberate extraversion: introversion outgoing positive assertive energetic ( me) agreeableness: antagonism trusting compliant altruistic (me) neuroticism: emotional stability anxious self conscious depressed hostile (Ronnie) OCEAN

amnesia

partial or total loss of memory Declarative memory deficits from brain dysfunction

Piaget's stages of cognitive development

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

sensory memory

sensory store of incoming information from enviorment Divided into two subtypes: •iconic memory: visual sensory information •echoic memory: auditory sensory information (echo= hearing) Limited capacity and only lasts a very brief time Iconic= 250 ms Echoic = 2-4 secs

Trait

specific characteristic of an individual Stable predisposition to behave a certain way Goal of trato theories: is to specify a set of distinct personality dimensions for use in summarizing fundamental psychological differences

babbling

stage of language development at about 4 months when an infant spontaneously utters nonsense sounds

Moro reflex

startle reflex

Superego

the mental system that reflects the internalization of cultural rules, mainly learned as parents exercise their authority Houses the sense of right and wrong Ego ideal and conscience develops

Freud's Psychosexual Stages

the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones Must pass psychosexual stage successfully Failure will lead to fixation

fetus

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth 8 weeks until birth (40 weeks) All major body parts are present Majority of neurons are presented by this stage

embryo

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month 2-8 weeks after conception Major body axis presents

Zygote

the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo Aka: germinal period

cephalocaudal trend

the head-to-foot direction of motor development

Language Development

the process by which children come to understand and communicate language during early childhood Children do not have to be taught

formal operational stage

the stage at which people develop the ability to think abstractly 11+ years Ex: me or Ronnie

long-term memory (LTM)

the system of memory into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently Once information passes from sensory to working memory, it can be encoded into long term memory Function: organizes and stores information • more passive form of storage than stm/ working memory Capacity: virtually unlimited Duration: possibly permanent

memory

traditional model of memory •sensory memory •short term/working memory (stm) •long term memory (ltm)

misinformation effect

when misleading information has corrupted one's memory of an event Sometimes new memory is distorted by subsequent information ( famous experiment by: lofted) Ex: eyewitness testimony

development

•Change can be abrupt or gradual Two views of human development Stage theories: there are distinct phases to intellectual and personality development Continuity: development of conscious these views have been applied to social, personal and intellectual development