Psychology Exam 2

Corbin wants to know which strategy is best for encoding information in his long-term memory. If he is trying to remember a long list of dates for a history test, which strategy would you recommend? a. Corbin should perform maintenance rehearsal until it is time for the test. b. Corbin should pare down the list to no more than eight items, or else he will not be able to memorize them in time to pass the test. c. Corbin should attribute some meaning to each date, so that he can take advantage of semantic encoding. d. Corbin should repeat the list over and over until he can recall it perfectly.

Corbin should attribute some meaning to each date, so that he can take advantage of semantic encoding.

Gas & Go, one of your local gas stations, offers a 10 percent discount for customers who pay with cash. Fuel Central, a competing gas station, states that there is a 10 percent surcharge for paying with a credit card. ________ is more likely to attract customers because of ________. a. Gas & Go; the availability heuristic b. Fuel Central; base rate information c. Gas & Go; base rate information d. Gas & Go; framing effects

Gas & Go; framing effects

Genet takes a test that she believes men typically score higher on than women. Lupita takes the same test, but she does not hold such a belief. All else being equal, which of the following is the most likely outcome and explanation? a. Genet will score higher than Lupita, because Genet is motivated to do better than men. b. Lupita will score lower than Genet because of stereotype threat. c. Lupita will score lower than Genet, because she is less motivated than Genet. d. Genet will score lower than Lupita because of stereotype threat.

Genet will score lower than Lupita because of stereotype threat.

Which one of the following findings is the best evidence that genetics plays an important role in determining intelligence? a. Children have IQs that are more similar to the IQs of their siblings than to the IQs of their parents. b. Children adopted from different biological parents but raised by the same adoptive parents have fairly similar IQs as young children. c. Identical twins raised apart have more similar IQs than fraternal twins raised together. d. Fraternal twins raised together have more similar IQs than nontwin siblings raised together.

Identical twins raised apart have more similar IQs than fraternal twins raised together.

How does prospective memory limit the cognitive resources available for other tasks? a. It disrupts information in sensory memory. b. It causes confusion in encoding items in short-term memory. c. It reduces the available capacity of working memory. d. It interferes with retrieval from long-term memory.

It reduces the available capacity of working memory.

A ganglion cell receives excitatory input from cones that transduce blue light. According to opponent-process theory, what will happen to this same ganglion cell when L cones are activated? a. It will be inhibited. b. It will be neither excited nor inhibited. c. It will be excited. d. It will be both excited and inhibited.

It will be inhibited.

Which of the following is true about working memory? a. Items can be maintained in working memory as long as the person continues to pay attention to them. b. Storage lasts up to about 15 seconds. c. Elaborative rehearsal is the process of keeping information in working memory. d. Working memory is a synonym for short-term memory.

Items can be maintained in working memory as long as the person continues to pay attention to them.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the difference between associative and nonassociative learning? a. Associative learning can generalize to other contexts, whereas nonassociative learning cannot. b. Associative learning occurs only in humans, whereas nonassociative learning occurs in both humans and animals. c. Associative learning requires both cognition and behavior, whereas nonassociative learning requires only behavior. d. Associative learning occurs with multiple stimuli, whereas nonassociative learning occurs with only one stimulus.

Associative learning occurs with multiple stimuli, whereas nonassociative learning occurs with only one stimulus.

Several months of studying is recommended prior to taking the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT). Based on what you know about memory and recall, which is the best preparation strategy for the MCAT? a. Cram for two to three weeks to maximize the primacy and recency effects. b. Review one's notes from relevant courses. c. Repeatedly review information to commit it to long-term memory. d. Assuming that one has learned the material and just needs to recall it, take as many practice MCATs as possible.

Assuming that one has learned the material and just needs to recall it, take as many practice MCATs as possible.

Which of the following is an example of a schema? a. A dog can bark and has four legs, a tail, and a snout. b. Vegetables differ from chocolate in that most vegetables are very low in calories and not sweet. c. Dogs can be taught to obey their owners. Most cats cannot. d. Today's homework includes a paper, a problem set, and two chapters of reading.

A dog can bark and has four legs, a tail, and a snout.

Which of the following is true about representations? a. A symbolic representation is a combination of analogical and mental map representations. b. A mental map relies on both analogical and symbolic representations. c. An analogical representation relies on both a mental map and symbolic representations. d. A mental map is a combination of neural and symbolic representations.

A mental map relies on both analogical and symbolic representations.

Jack is camping with a friend in the woods. While stargazing, Jack notices a very faint light in the distance. The light is so faint that he can barely see it, and his friend has not noticed it at all. The light is right at Jack's ______________ threshold. a. Difference b. Perceptual c. Absolute d. Sensory

Absolute

Which one of the following statement about Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) is correct? a. All of the answer options are correct. b. LTP supports the contention that neurons that fire together wire together. c. LTP produces more synapses between neurons. d. LTP leads to an increase in the number of glutamate receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.

All of the answer options are correct.

Which of the following is true about dyslexia and those who suffer from the condition? a. Those with dyslexia have normal levels of intelligence. b. Those with dyslexia struggle to interpret words. c. Dyslexia results from poor sound and visual processing. d. All of the options are true.

All of the options are true.

With respect to facial recognition, which of the following statements is incorrect? a. People recognize angry facial expressions more quickly and accurately than happy facial expressions. b. All statements are correct. c. Most people recognize anger more quickly on a man's face than on a woman's. d. Most people recognize happiness more quickly on a woman's face than a man's.

All statements are correct.

People with synesthesia who see colors while processing numbers might have this experience because color and number brain regions are a. Located in different lobes b. Never active at the same time c. Active at the same time d. Close to one another

Close to one another

People see the figure ( ) as an oval rather than two separate curving lines. Which Gestalt principle accounts for this outcome? a. Parallelism b. Similarity c. Closure d. Good continuation

Closure

Japhet knows that while rods are spread throughout the retina, cones are concentrated around the fovea. Based on this knowledge, what might Japhet infer about visual perception? a. Color is easier to see in the center of the visual field. b. Fine detail is easier to see in the periphery of the visual field. c. Color is easier to detect in the dark. d. Fine detail is easier to see in the dark.

Color is easier to see in the center of the visual field.

Brad damaged some of the sensory receptors in his visual system. Which of the following was damaged? a. Lens b. Cones c. Ganglions d. Cornea

Cones

The Thatcher illusion occurs because we normally process faces in a way that is a. Based on good continuation b. Configural c. Guided by external cues d. Piecemeal

Configural

If the ventral stream of your visual cortex were not working temporarily, you would be unable to understand ________ an object is; but if your dorsal stream was still functioning, you could understand ________ an object is. a. What; how bright b. What; where c. Where; what shape d. Where; what color

What; where

Advocates of whole language instruction assert that humans should learn to read the way they learn to talk, and that breaking down words into phonemes is unnatural. Given this and everything else you know about whole language instruction, which of the following is a possible critique of the whole language approach? a. When children learn to talk, they learn phonemes before they learn words. If learning to read should be modeled on how children learn to speak, then breaking words down into phonemes is, indeed, natural. b. Whole language instruction is harder to implement and boring for students to learn. c. Whole language instruction requires more intensive teacher training. d. Whole language instruction overlooks the meaning of morphemes, because students do not break words down into morphemes as they would in phonics.

When children learn to talk, they learn phonemes before they learn words. If learning to read should be modeled on how children learn to speak, then breaking words down into phonemes is, indeed, natural.

Which of the following is true about differences in intelligence between identical twins? a. Whether raised together or apart, identical twins score much more similarly on IQ tests than any other pairs of siblings. b. Biological siblings who are not twins have a higher correlation in IQ test scores than do identical or fraternal twins. c. The correlation between identical twins' and fraternal twins' IQ scores is about the same, but both are much higher than the correlation between the IQ scores of biological siblings who are not twins. d. There is no correlation in IQ test scores between identical twins.

Whether raised together or apart, identical twins score much more similarly on IQ tests than any other pairs of siblings.

According to signal detection theory, which of the following statement is correct? a. While examining CT-scan images, radiologists can simultaneously increase hit rate and correct rejection rate of detecting cancer cells. b. While examining CT-scan images, radiologists who are "yes-sayers" tend to produce more hits and false alarms of detecting cancer cells than those who are "nay-sayers". c. While examining CT-scan images, radiologists make an objective judgment of detecting cancer cells. d. While examining CT-scan images, radiologists can simultaneously decrease miss rate and false alarm rate of detecting cancer cells.

While examining CT-scan images, radiologists who are "yes-sayers" tend to produce more hits and false alarms of detecting cancer cells than those who are "nay-sayers".

Research that analyzed student comments on the Rate My Professor website found that a. Fewer comments were written about science professors compared to humanities professors. b. Students were more likely to comment about the physical appearance of male professors than female professors. c. Negative comments appeared more frequently for young professors compared to older professors. d. Words like genius and smart are used more often to describe male professors than female professors.

Words like genius and smart are used more often to describe male professors than female professors.

Mario must memorize the planets in the Solar System: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. He uses the first letter of each word (MVEMJSUN) to make the sentence "My Very Excellent Mother Just Served Us Nachos." To remember the planets, Mario is using _____. a. maintenance rehearsal b. the method of loci c. a mnemonic d. persistence

a mnemonic

Which of the following is an expression of memory? a. a response or behavior that is modified by past experience b. an experienced pattern of motor responses c. using implicit knowledge of the past d. the ability to consciously recollect information without bias

a response or behavior that is modified by past experience

Which of the following is an example of habituation? a. a dog who starts to salivate at the sound of the bell his owner rings before feeding time b. a child who screams during a scary movie c. someone who develops an allergy to antibiotics after having taken them several times in the past d. a smoker who does not react to the smell of smoke in his home

a smoker who does not react to the smell of smoke in his home

Cyra likes listening to music before going to sleep, but she gets in trouble if her parents catch her playing music after 10:00 pm. Cyra knows that she can get away with it so long as her parents can't hear the music. But even when the music is playing very softly, her parents can detect the music 75 percent of the time. The point at which Cyra has the volume set is __________. a. above her parents' absolute threshold b. allowing her parents to show correct rejection c. showing her parents' sensory adaptation d. revealing her parents' difference threshold

above her parents' absolute threshold

A(n) ________ is the minimum intensity of sensory stimulation required before the sensation is detected 50 percent of the time. a. absolute threshold b. difference threshold c. minimum threshold d. sensory adaptation

absolute threshold

Lewis took a test that assesses his current skills and knowledge. Alice took a test that assesses her ability to learn in the future. Lewis has most likely taken an______________ test, and Alice has most likely taken an ______________ test. a. intelligence; ability b. aptitude; achievement c. aptitude; ability d. achievement; aptitude

achievement; aptitude

What term do behaviorists use to describe the gradual forming of an association between an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus? a. Discrimination b. Generalization c. Deviation d. Acquisition

acquisition

Research has shown that people do not necessarily believe that "time heals all wounds" when something bad is about to happen to them. Instead, people tend to use ________ and anticipate the worst. a. Confirmation biases b. Subjective likelihoods c. Projected regret d. Affective forecasting

affective forecasting

Han takes a shower in his family's new apartment. He gets the water perfect—not too hot, because that hurts! Then Han hears his son flush the toilet. The water gets very hot, which makes Han feel a lot of pain. After this happens a few times, Han feels afraid when he hears a toilet flush while he is in the shower. When Han is subject to classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus (US) is _____; the unconditioned stimulus (CS) is _______; the unconditioned response (UR) is _____; and the conditioned response (CR) is _____. a. the toilet flushing; hot water; feeling pain; feeling afraid; b. hot water; the toilet flushing; feeling afraid; feeling pain; c. hot water; the toilet flushing; feeling pain; feeling afraid d. hot water; the toilet flushing; feeling pain; feeling afraid;

hot water; the toilet flushing feeling pain; feeling afraid

Kristina wants to paint the living room bright red, but her roommate, Maya, prefers dark blue. In other words, they disagree about the ______________ of the light reflecting from the two colors. a. Hue b. Saturation c. Amplitude d. Timbre

hue

After the room went dark, John had a mental image of what everything looked like. But as soon as he tried to recall one specific detail, everything else faded. What type of memory store was John experiencing? a. Echoic b. Short-term c. Iconic d. Long-term

iconic

In one study with H.M., he was shown a list of words. Later, he could not remember having seen the list. When rapidly presented with a second list of words, he showed the ability to a. identify all of the rapidly presented words. b. identify the rapidly presented words that had not appeared on the first list. c. identify the rapidly presented words that had appeared on the first list. d. remember previously seeing the first list of words.

identify the rapidly presented words that had appeared on the first list

In a parent-and-infant swimming class, parents blow air on their infant's faceand then blow bubbles in the water. Subsequently, the infant blows bubbles inthe water. The infant is engaging in ______________. a. biological constraints b. classical conditioning c. cognitive mapping d. imitation

imitation

After a frustrating day encountering blank stares from her students, Katie reminds them that listening requires not just hearing but also ______________. a. Attention b. Understanding c. Memory d. Encoding

attention

Marina has struggled on her exams all semester. She started to worry that she has memory problems, but her roommate points out that Marina checks her email, sends texts, and listens to music while studying. In other words, Marina's real problem is not memory but which of the following? a. Attention b. Storage c. Retrieval d. Encoding

attention

The theory that animals are genetically programmed to fear particular things that threaten their survival is known as a. biological preparedness. b. second-order conditioning. c. tolerance conditioning. d. evolutionary significance.

biological preparedness

The best argument that long-term memory and short-term memory are separate entities is that a. recent events are remembered better than most past events. b. recalling past events requires retrieval cues but recalling recent events does not. c. the recency effect can be disrupted but the primacy effect cannot. d. brain damage can leave one but not the other type of memory intact.

brain damage can leave one but not the other type of memory intact.

Research on memory reconsolidation reveals that memories a. are easy to duplicate. b. are stored as exact copies of experience. c. can be interfered with. d. can be lost at random.

can be interfered with.

Until about 6 months of age, a baby a. can understand only the sounds of his native language. b. overgeneralizes syntactic rules. c. speaks in single words. d. can discriminate all the speech sounds that occur in all languages.

can discriminate all the speech sounds that occur in all languages

Habituation and sensitization come about because of a. changes in neurotransmitter release in the presynaptic neuron. b. a physical connection that forms between two neurons. c. changes in neurotransmitter release in the postsynaptic neuron. d. the growth of additional neurons.

changes in neurotransmitter release in the presynaptic neuron

Which of the following is NOT involved in emotional intelligence? a. understanding emotional language b. managing one's emotions c. changing other peoples' emotions d. using emotions to guide thoughts and actions

changing other peoples' emotions

Colt is an excellent quarterback. One skill that contributes to his ability is that he sees the players not just as individuals but as collections of units that can be called on to make different plays. This skill enables him to process the game more efficiently and to hold more information about the game in his short-term memory. Colt is using the memory strategy of a. Linking b. Chunking c. Visualization d. Imaging

chunking

Vikranth takes pride in being able to memorize long strings of letters very quickly. His trick is to see each group of letters as the initials of people he knows. This way, instead of remembering 20 letters, he only has to memorize a group of seven friends. What is the name for Vikranth's technique? a. Filtering b. Chunking c. Lumping d. Scheming

chunking

A candidate for governor of New York State once mailed trash-scented campaign flyers to discourage people from backing Democrats. He was most likely trying to use ___________ to influence voting. a. learned helplessness b. observational learning c. operant conditioning d. classical conditioning

classical conditioning

A candidate, Carl Paladino, for governor of New York State once mailed trash-scented campaign flyers to discourage people from backing his opponents. He was most likely trying to use ___________ to influence voting. a. Sensitization b. observational learning c. classical conditioning d. operant conditioning

classical conditioning

In __________, learning occurs when two stimuli are paired closely in time. a. Classical conditioning b. Social learning c. Operant conditioning d. Observational learning

classical conditioning

When she was little, Melanie ate corn nuts right before riding a roller coaster. The ride made her motion sick, and she threw up. Since then, Melanie has had an aversion to corn nuts, even though the corn nuts did not cause her to be sick. Which type of implicit memory is at play? a. episodic memory b. semantic memory c. classical conditioning d. procedural memory

classical conditioning

Conditioning has helped psychologists gain an understanding of drug addiction by showing that a. drugs produce physiological changes in the user. b. punishment is an effective but controversial treatment for overcoming drug withdrawal. c. drug therapies such as methadone need to be conditioned to be effective. d. cues in the environment predictive of the drug can produce physiological reactions related to the drug.

cues in the environment predictive of the drug can produce physiological reactions related to the drug.

Object agnosia provides support for the idea that there are two separate streams of analysis of visual information because it shows that a. damage to the ventral stream still allows object perception. b. damage to the ventral stream still allows spatial perception. c. both streams are necessary for perception. d. damage to one stream produces partial dysfunction in the other

damage to the ventral stream still allows spatial perception

Mrs. Nieto always takes the time to make lessons meaningful for her students. She does not ask them to memorize lists of information without giving her students background and context for each item. She is hoping that ______________ encoding based on semantics will allow her students to remember the information better in the future. a. Maintenance b. Deep c. Auditory d. Visual

deep

Katie notices there is a new barista at her favorite coffee shop. She also notices that her vanilla latte tastes just slightly sweeter than usual. The taste difference is right at the ______________ threshold. a. Difference b. Perceptual c. Absolute d. Sensory

difference

The minimum amount of change required for a person to detect a difference between two stimuli is referred to as the a. absolute threshold. b. signal change. c. difference threshold. d. minimum threshold.

difference threshold

The neurotransmitter that is most important for reinforcement learning is a. dopamine. b. glutamate. c. serotonin. d. norepinephrine.

dopamine

The Flynn effect suggests that which of the following factors are involved in the increase in IQ scores over the last century? a. education, technology, and natural selection b. education, nutrition, and technology c. nutrition, genetics, and technology d. education, natural selection, and nutrition

education, nutrition, and technology

Porsha is wondering how to remember her new password, 628fbi. She realizes that 6/28 is her sister's birthday and FBI is the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Porsha is likely to store the password in long-term memory because she is using ______. a. the primacy effect b. the recency effect c. maintenance rehearsal d. elaborative rehearsal

elaborative rehearsal

Yesterday you taught your dog a new trick. In order for your dog to perform this trick tomorrow, which of the following sequences will have to occur? a. rehearse, store, retrieve b. store, perceive, retrieve c. encode, store, retrieve d. store, encode, retrieve

encode, store, retrieve

Short-term memory is transferred to long-term memory via a process called a. Top-down processing b. Encoding c. Transduction d. Maintenance rehearsal

encoding

Carol seems to remember every detail about every conversation she has ever had. She also remembers what everyone has given her for her birthday over the last several years. Which type of long-term memory is Carol known for? a. Procedural b. Classical conditioning c. Semantic d. Episodic

episodic

After the 15th of the month, Alicia looks at her bank account and is always excited to see her paycheck deposited. Alicia receives her paycheck on a __________ schedule. a. Fixed ratio b. Variable interval c. Fixed interval d. Variable ratio

fixed interval

Corinne performs well at the word game Scrabble because she is good at problem solving and rearranging letters to form many words, which demonstrates her ______________ intelligence. Another reason she is good at Scrabble is her large vocabulary, which demonstrates her ______________ intelligence. a. analytical; creative b. creative; analytical c. fluid; crystallized d. crystallized; fluid

fluid; crystallized

Someone who is very good at learning new things but does not have a lot of general knowledge is high in ________ intelligence. However, someone who knows lots of things but is not very good at learning to do new things is higher in ________ intelligence. a. crystallized; fluid b. general; crystallized c. fluid; creative d. fluid; crystallized

fluid; crystallized

Erika is building a Lego structure of two towers. She finds that she can only build them so high before they collapse. She then remembers a cartoon she watched about how archways don't fall because of the keystone at the top of the arch, and so she rebuilds her towers that way. This time her towers stay upright. Erika has solved her problem by ____________________. a. restructuring the representation of the problem b. forming subgoals c. forming an appropriate analogy d. working backward

forming an appropriate analogy

Annie is moving from one apartment to another. She has three cats and only one cat carrier. She puts one cat in the carrier, the second inside her large crock pot, and the third under a laundry basket on the passenger seat of her car. Annie clearly does not have a problem with a. restructuring. b. mental sets. c. working backward. d. functional fixedness.

functional fixedness

People tend to have difficulty solving problems that require them to find a new use for an object that has a clear purpose. This mindset is a result of a. Working backward b. Framing c. Restructuring d. Functional fixedness

functional fixedness

You use a paper clip as a temporary replacement for the screw that fell out of your glasses. Which barrier to problem solving have you overcome? a. irrelevant information b. restructuring the representation c. mental set d. functional fixedness

functional fixedness

Which area in the temporal lobe of the brain appears to be specialized for perceiving faces? a. fusiform gyrus b. prosopagnosia c. visual cortex d. amygdala

fusiform gyrus

The axons from ________ cells form the ________, which exits the eye at the back of the retina. a. amacrine; optic chiasm b. ganglion; optic nerve c. ganglion; optic chiasm d. amacrine; optic nerve

ganglion; optic nerve

According to classical-conditioning theory, phobias develop as the result of a. biological preparedness. b. second-order conditioning. c. generalization of a fear experience. d. latent learning.

generalization of a fear experience

Which of the following is believed to have the largest impact on intelligence? a. Socioeconomic status b. Nutrition c. Genetics d. Education

genetics

Libby is drawing. She places her red pencil behind her ear to use another colored pencil. After a minute Libby doesn't feel the pencil behind her ear anymore and she forgets it is there. Libby is most likely experiencing a. Habituation b. Learning by watching c. Sensitization d. Associative learning

habituation

What part of your body is responsible for transducing pressure waves into signals that can eventually be perceived as a high-pitched tone? a. Cochlea b. Auditory nerve c. Auditory cortex d. Hair cells

hair cells

Marysol listens to high-pitched rock music with earbuds at loud volumes for extended periods of time. If she continues this, she is likely to cause damage to her _____ at the base of the basilar membrane by the oval window, which means that she may no longer be able to hear _____. a. hair cells; high-frequency sounds b. auditory nerve; very low-frequency sounds c. hair cells; very low-frequency sounds d. auditory nerve; high-frequency sounds

hair cells; high-frequency sounds

Regarding language acquisition, Chomsky has argued that children a. have an innate tendency to name objects. b. have a built-in preparedness to acquire grammar. c. must learn the grammatical rules of any language through explicit instruction. d. must be taught to transform the surface structure of a sentence to its deep structure.

have a built-in preparedness to acquire grammar.

The base of the cochlea responds to __________ sounds, and the tip of the cochlea responds to __________ sounds. a. high-frequency; high-frequency b. low-frequency; low-frequency c. high-frequency; low-frequency d. low-frequency; high-frequency

high-frequency; low-frequency

When you are studying for an exam, the part of the brain that is responsible for coordinating and strengthening the connections among neurons is the a. hippocampus. b. right temporal lobe. c. posterior parietal lobe. d. left frontal gyrus.

hippocampus

Why is it difficult to expunge memories, even unpleasant ones? a. Amnesia can only affect the ability to form new memories. b. Memories are stored in multiple areas of the brain. c. Memories cannot be lost or changed once they are consolidated. d. Most unpleasant memories have undergone too much rehearsal.

Memories are stored in multiple areas of the brain.

Although she and her roommate have the same ringtone, Lakisa can always tell whose phone is ringing based on whose side of the room it's coming from. She can do this not only because of the difference in time the sound takes to reach her left versus her right ear, but also because the sound is ______________ for the ear that is closer to the phone. a. Higher pitched b. Lower pitched c. Quieter d. More intense

More intense

You are watching Dancing with the Stars. A short, heavy female contestant and her professional dance partner—a tall, thin male—are holding each other close and waltzing together. Which of the following grouping principles is likely to help you perceptually group the two dancers together? a. Continuity b. Proximity c. Illusory contours d. Similarity

Proximity

Patient L.P. has anterograde amnesia following a boating accident. Through a series of tests, doctors have confirmed that her implicit memory is unimpaired, although both types of explicit memory are damaged. Which of the following is L.P. still capable of doing after her injury? a. She can still form memories based on her own experiences. b. She can still form memories of new people that she meets. c. She can still learn new skills, such as riding a bike. d. She can still learn new facts and general knowledge.

She can still learn new skills, such as riding a bike.

While Terri cannot remember what she ate for lunch, she is able to recall such a wide number of facts that you always try to team up with her for trivia games. Which of these statements about Terri's memory is true? a. She has good semantic memory but poor episodic memory. b. She has good implicit memory but poor explicit memory. c. She has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory. d. She has good explicit memory but poor implicit memory.

She has a good semantic memory but poor episodic memory.

Sadie the dog salivates when she hears her owner's alarm clock go off because her owner always feeds her shortly thereafter. What type of memory is Sadie using? a. She is using implicit memory, because Sadie's salivation is an unconscious reaction to the alarm clock. b. She is using explicit memory, because if Sadie could speak, she would say, "It's breakfast time." c. She is using explicit memory, because Sadie consciously remembers that breakfast arrives immediately after her owner gets up in the morning. d. She is using implicit memory, because the morning routine is in Sadie's procedural memory.

She is using implicit memory, because Sadie's salivation is an unconscious reaction to the alarm clock.

Doris works in a factory where she is paid $10 for every toy she assembles. Given that she is on a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement, which pattern of behavior can we generally expect from her? a. She would likely be less productive than someone paid by the hour. b. She would likely be equally productive as someone paid by the hour. c. She would likely perform sporadically, sometimes being more productive and sometimes being less productive than someone paid by the hour. d. She would likely be more productive than someone paid by the hour.

She would likely be more productive than someone paid by the hour.

Cici is very good at math. According to the notion of general intelligence, how would you expect her to perform in other subjects, such as writing? a. Since they are two completely different subjects, it is not possible to say. b. She would perform worse at writing than math. c. She would perform about as well in writing as she does in math. d. She would perform better at writing than math.

She would perform about as well in writing as she does in math.

Scientists have revised their model of memory, to replace short-term memory with working memory. What is the difference between short-term memory and working memory? a. Short-term memory was defined as the area processed all recent information. Working memory is the area that processes only the information on which we are focusing at the moment. b. Short-term memory was defined as a temporary storage unit for verbal information. Rehearsed information was remembered and the rest forgotten. Working memory is defined as including active information processing for all kinds of information. c. Short-term memory included sounds, images, and ideas. Working memory includes only verbal information. d. Short-term memory was defined as a storage area for sensory information to which we chose to pay attention. Working memory is the specific area where information is processed, and not a storage area.

Short-term memory was defined as a temporary storage unit for verbal information. Rehearsed information was remembered and the rest forgotten. Working memory is defined as including active information processing for all kinds of information.

What causes extinction? a. The unconditioned stimulus no longer evokes a response from the animal. b. The animal learns that the conditioned stimulus no longer predicts the unconditioned stimulus. c. The conditioned response is no longer rewarding to the animal. d. Spontaneous recovery fails to occur.

The animal learns that the conditioned stimulus no longer predicts the unconditioned stimulus.

Merlin is growing older and losing his ability to hear. Luckily, his pet owl not only hears well, but also can use cues to locate where a sound comes from. How is Merlin's owl capable of locating the source of a sound? a. Sounds are lower pitched in the closer ear than in the farther ear, and this small change in pitch gives away the source's location. b. The source of a sound usually also produces movement, and this movement gives away the source's location. c. Sounds reach the closer ear first, and this small timing difference gives away the source's location. d. All of the answer options are correct.

Sounds reach the closer ear first, and this small timing difference gives away the source's location.

As Stacie drives on a main road, she approaches a traffic light that turns from red to green. In a process called transduction, a. the green light is a physical stimulus. b. Stacie's sensory receptors translate the light into signals for the brain. c. the light waves are detected by Stacie's eyes. d. Stacie's brain constructs a representation of the green light, which means "go."

Stacie's sensory receptors translate the light into signals for the brain.

Steve is 21. He has ambitious plans and is eager to start his career. He likes being around other people, enjoys parties, and usually likes to be in charge of the conversation. He is very competitive, plays on a sports team, and enjoys "playing to win." Which of the statements about Steven is most likely to be true? a. Steve is a student at Green Acres College. b. Steve is a Green Acres student and is on the soccer team. c. Steve is a Green Acres student working on an associate's degree in business. d. Steve is a Green Acres student working on an associate's degree in business and is also on the soccer team.

Steve is a student at Green Acres College.

Shaun's parents decorate their home each winter with a long string of white lights. When turned on, it appears as though one point of light is moving down the string, constantly circling the house. This apparent perception of movement is due to the motion illusion known as ______. a. Linear perspective b. Motion aftereffect c. Binocular disparity d. Stroboscopic motion

Stroboscopic motion

Jameisia has always loved numbers. When she starts first grade, she grasps basic math immediately. Her teacher is so impressed that she gives Jameisia increasingly complicated work in math. Jameisia goes on to become a superb math student all the way through school. Based on the above information, what is the most reasonable conclusion about the source of Jameisia's success in math? a. Her genetically determined ability made the environment irrelevant. b. The environment acted as a social multiplier for her innate ability. c. Her genetically determined ability found a compatible environment. d. The environment allowed her innate abilities to become apparent.

The environment acted as a social multiplier for her innate ability.

Erica is driving to work when she hears a loud police siren. She automatically turns off her car radio and looks for the siren so she can pull over if needed. How is this an example of nonassociative learning? a. Erica knows that where there is a sound, there is someone who may need her attention, and she has learned to respond by pulling over. b. Erica's behavior is caused by the action of mirror neurons. c. Nonassociative learning is the passive process of repeating behavior through watching others. Erica is looking for the siren only because she has watched her parents and others do so while riding with them in the passenger seat. d. The key is that Erica is responding to the siren after only hearing it one time.

The key is that Erica is responding to the siren after only hearing it one time.

Why might middle ear infections impact hearing? a. The middle ear's main job is to detect sound waves. Infections may impair the transfer of vibrations. b. The middle ear's main job is passing transduced information into the inner ear. Infected fluid in the middle ear may hinder this process. c. The middle ear's main job is to amplify sound vibrations. Infected fluid may muddles this process. d. The middle ear's main job is to transduce auditory information into signals. Infections may muddle the transduction process.

The middle ear's main job is to amplify sound vibrations. Infected fluid may muddles this process

Which of the following is a key factor in whether behaviors can be classically conditioned? a. The behaviors involved are positively rewarded. b. The behaviors involved are voluntary actions. c. The unconditioned stimulus automatically triggers the unconditioned response. d. The conditioned stimulus automatically triggers the conditioned response.

The unconditioned stimulus automatically triggers the unconditioned response.

Which of the following is true about sex differences in intelligence? a. On average, women have higher intelligence. b. There are some measures on which men tend to perform better and some on which women tend to perform better. c. There are no established sex differences in intelligence. d. On average, men have higher intelligence.

There are some measures on which men tend to perform better and some on which women tend to perform better.

What happened when a group of Nicaraguan deaf children who had limited exposure to language were brought to a school that focused on teaching them to lip-read Spanish? a. They learned to lip-read at the same rate as deaf students who had been exposed to language during the critical period. b. They learned to lip-read but at a slower rate because of their limited language exposure. c. They learned to lip-read and also developed their own form of sign language. d. They didn't learn to lip-read but developed their own form of sign language.

They didn't learn to lip-read but developed their own form of sign language.

What factors are critical for normal language learning in children? a. They must be exposed to language during critical time periods and have some form of early education. b. They must have some form of early education and have proper nutrition. c. They must have someone to communicate with and have some form of early education. d. They must be exposed to language during critical time periods and have someone to communicate with.

They must be exposed to language during critical time periods and have someone to communicate with.

A sudden puff of air in his left eye caused Bill to blink. In terms of classical conditioning, the air puff was a(n) ______________ and the blink was a(n)______________. a. UR; US b. CS; CR c. CR; CS d. US; UR

US; UR

Which of the following taste sensations results from detecting glutamate? a. Umami b. Sour c. Bitter d. Salty

Umami

Carlos accidentally added an extra tablespoon of sugar to his cake batter. This will probably not change the cake's flavor in a significant way, although the same tablespoon of sugar, would be noticeable if he put it in his cup of tea. What explains this difference? a. sensory adaptation b. signal detection theory c. Weber's law d. top-down processing

Weber's law

Attitude formation most likely falls under which memory category? a. context-dependent memory b. explicit memory c. implicit memory d. state-dependent memory

implicit memory

Maria witnesses a crime and is asked to identify the suspect in a lineup of five people. She is not sure she recognizes any of them, but when she sees the last person in the lineup, her heart starts racing and she starts sweating. Maria must have a(n) ______________ memory of the suspect, but no ______________ memory of the suspect. a. implicit; explicit b. episodic; semantic c. explicit; implicit d. semantic; episodic

implicit; explicit

During an fMRI scan, Angelina is asked to think about a tennis racquet. Her brain is likely to show ________ activity in visual areas and ________ activity in movement-related areas. a. decreased; increased b. decreased; decreased c. increased; increased d. increased; decreased

increased; increased

Research on the brain development of mice that are raised in environments offering different degrees of stimulation suggests that the increased intelligence seen in children raised in more stimulating environments is due to a. increases in the number of new neurons formed. b. increases in the kinds of neurons formed. c. increases in the number of synaptic connections. d. activation of genes involved in forming new neurotransmitters.

increases in the number of synaptic connections.

After struggling with a complex math problem, Stacey takes a short break. While making herself a cup of tea, she suddenly comes up with the solution. "Aha!" moments such as this are a form of ______________ learning that occurs in the apparent absence of reinforcement. a. Associative b. Insight c. Nonassociative d. Observational

insight

Recent research on reconsolidation suggests that bad memories could be changed by activating them and then __________ them during reconsolidation. a. Interfering with b. Retrieving c. Rehearsing d. Encoding

interfering with

Positive reinforcement and positive punishment are similar in that both a. involve the administration of a stimulus. b. produce an increase in the probability of a behavior. c. involve the removal of a stimulus. d. produce a decrease in the probability of a behavior.

involve the administration of a stimulus

Negative reinforcement and negative punishment are similar in that both a. involve the administration of a stimulus. b. produce an increase in the probability of a behavior. c. produce a decrease in the probability of a behavior. d. involve the removal of a stimulus.

involve the removal of a stimulus

Temporal coding encodes __________, and place coding encodes __________. a. low-frequency sounds only; high-frequency sounds only b. low-frequency sounds only; both high-frequency and low-frequency sounds c. both high-frequency and low-frequency sounds; both high-frequency and low-frequency sounds d. both high-frequency and low-frequency sounds; high-frequency sounds only

low-frequency sounds only; both high-frequency and low-frequency sounds

The link between working memory and attention is most likely due to a. storage capacity. b. maintaining attention. c. processing speed. d. processing strategies.

maintaining attention

Porsha just got a new password to access her bank account: 628fbi. She repeats the code over and over, using _____ to remember it. a. maintenance rehearsal b. the primacy effect c. spreading activation d. elaborative rehearsal

maintenance rehearsal

In 1910, Guiseppe was 8 years old. He was given Binet's original test of mental abilities. When the test was scored, it was found that he functioned mentally at the level of a 6-year-old. This result reflects Giuseppe's _______. a. intelligence quotient b. crystallized intelligence c. mental age d. chronological age

mental age

Mark has never been to the local video store, but his smartphone says the address is 510 East Main Street. He knows that address must be five blocks east of University Street. And he can visualize the florist's shop next door to it. Mark is using a(n) _______ to think about the video store. a. Symbolic representation b. Concept c. Mental map d. Analogical representation

mental map

You continue to push on a door when, according to a sign on that door, you should try pulling open the door instead. Which barrier to problem solving are you failing to overcome? a. functional fixedness b. irrelevant information c. restructuring the representation d. mental set

mental set

During the winter Olympics, a skier had a terrible fall. The spectators allcringed. It was as if they had fallen themselves and were able to feel the pain ofthe fallen athlete. According to the biological basis of observational learning, theaction of ______________ might underpin the spectators' behavior. a. Mirror neurons b. Instincts c. Vicarious learning d. Dopamine

mirror neurons

A radiologist who wants to ensure that she never diagnoses a patient who does not actually have cancer is likely to have a relatively high rate of a. signal detection. b. false alarms. c. misses. d. hits.

misses.

When an artist creates the illusion of depth in a painting, she does so by using a. depth cues from retinal disparity. b. depth cues from stereoscopic vision. c. monocular depth cues. d. binocular depth cues.

monocular depth cues.

As Fatima gazes out onto the mountain landscape, she is able to tell which objects are near to her and which are far away by using both ______________ cues, like occlusion, relative size, and linear perspective, and ______________ cues, like disparity. a. monocular; binocular b. top-down; bottom-up c. bottom-up; top-down d. binocular; monocular

monocular; binocular

According to the dual-coding hypothesis, the word ELEPHANT is ______ likely remembered compared to the word DEMOCRACY. a. More b. Difficult to predict in how c. Equally d. Less

more

In a study on the biological bases of learning, a lab rat is given a drug that blocks dopamine activity in its brain. The rat is then placed in an operant chamber where a lever-pressing task is shaped through positive reinforcement. We should expect that the rat will have a. the same amount of difficulty learning the task as a normal rat. b. less difficulty learning the task than a normal rat. c. more difficulty learning the task than a rat that is being negatively reinforced. d. more difficulty learning the task than a normal rat.

more difficulty learning the task than a normal rat

Dr. LeCap is taking brain scans of people while they do simple cognitive tasks. He notices that the event-related potential (ERP) waves of 20 participants occurred significantly faster than the waves of the other 50 participants. Dr. LeCap could conclude from this finding that the 20 people with faster ERP waves are likely to be, on average, ________ than the 50 people with the slower waves. a. working harder and more intelligent b. more intelligent c. more highly motivated and working harder d. more highly motivated

more intelligent

A study finds that women do as well as men in math courses at all levels. If Heather reads this study before taking her calculus final, she will be ________ likely to do well, because of ________. a. less; positive role models b. more; positive role models c. more; reduced stereotype threat d. less; reduced stereotype threat

more; reduced stereotype threat

Fred racked up a $200 cell phone bill from his texting last month, and his parents are furious. They take away his phone for two weeks to teach him that he must reduce his texting. Fred's parents are using a. positive reinforcement. b. negative reinforcement. c. negative punishment. d. positive punishment.

negative punishment

After getting badly sunburned, Stanley heads out for another day at the beach, this time slathering on sunscreen to avoid getting the same painful reaction. In this case, Stanley's use of sunscreen has likely been acquired byway of ______________. a. negative punishment b. vicarious conditioning c. positive reinforcement d. negative reinforcement

negative reinforcement

Giovanni's dog Luna won't heel. To teach him to heel, Giovanni puts a choke chain and a leash on the dog somewhat tightly and goes for a walk. When Giovanni says "Heel" and Luna walks next to him, Giovanni loosens the choke chain. Now Luna heels much more often than before, due to a. negative reinforcement. b. positive punishment. c. positive reinforcement. d. negative punishment.

negative reinforcement

Hailey is practicing kicking a soccer ball into the goal. Sometimes she kicks the ball to the left of the goal, sometimes to the right, and sometimes even over the goal. She never kicks the ball into the goal. Hailey's kicks are best described as ________. a. Valid b. Reliable c. Both valid and reliable d. Neither valid nor reliable

neither valid nor reliable

The difference between absentmindedness and blocking is that in absentmindedness the information is ________; but in blocking the information is ________. a. not well rehearsed; not deeply encoded b. lacking in hierarchical organization; not well rehearsed c. temporarily unable to be retrieved; more vulnerable to suggestibility d. not deeply encoded; temporarily unable to be retrieved

not deeply encoded; temporarily unable to be retrieved

The neural structure responsible for releasing dopamine in response to reinforcement is the a. Nucleus accumbens b. Raphe nucleus c. Insula d. Orbitofrontal cortex

nucleus accumbens

Lisa is a kindergarten teacher who wants her students to cooperate with each other. So, when the students help each other, Lisa praises them. The students soon help each other more, as a result of a. negative reinforcement. b. positive reinforcement. c. positive punishment. d. negative punishment.

positive reinforcement

Dion was hiking in the woods when he spotted a snake. Without thinking about it, he abruptly turned around and returned to the parking area. Biological______________ can partially explain Dion's behavior. a. Preparedness b. Adaption c. Reinforcers d. Evolution

preparedness

Meredith has a Spanish exam this week. She studied Latin for many years before deciding to learn Spanish, and is afraid that her old memories of Latin will interfere with her ability to remember Spanish vocabulary and grammar. Which of the following is Meredith concerned about? a. proactive interference b. persistence c. retroactive interference d. blocking

proactive interference

The process of overcoming obstacles to move from our current position to a desired goal is called ______________. a. Reasoning b. Logic c. Problem solving d. Decision making

problem solving

Jonah has a run-in with a wild moose while camping, and tells his friend about it right afterward. When he calls his mom about it the next day, he remembers the story a little differently. The memory probably changed slightly when it was ______________. a. Rehearsed b. Encoded c. Reconsolidated d. Consolidated

reconsolidated

A likely way in which suggestibility might cause new information to change an old memory is through a. retroactive interference. b. elaborative rehearsal. c. proactive interference. d. reconsolidation.

reconsolidation

Piotr loves to tell a good story. His friends have noticed that some of his stories seem to change a little with each telling. Every time Piotr accesses a memory to tell a story, the memory it can be affected by new circumstances. This can be explained by the theory of ______________. a. Reconsolidation b. prospective memory c. classical conditioning d. consolidation

reconsolidation

Recently, researchers have shown that during this process, old memories are susceptible to being changed or even erased. What process is this? a. Reconsolidation b. Activation c. Sleep d. Consolidation

reconsolidation

Based on what you know about the dopamine system and the Rescorla-Wagner model, giving someone a dopamine inhibitor (to block dopamine) while pairing a light with delicious food would a. allow for better prediction of errors. b. increase the typical change in prediction error. c. reduce the typical change in prediction error. d. not affect the typical change in prediction error.

reduce the typical change in prediction error

Maurice is taking a class in which he is tested every two weeks. He decides to cram for the first test and receives a poor grade. According to the law of effect, the probability of Maurice cramming before the second test has likely been______________. a. Increased, but only temporarily b. Unchanged c. Reduced d. Increased

reduced

According to gate control theory, pain a. is mainly influenced by culture. b. is mainly psychological. c. reflects an interaction among biological, psychological, and cultural influences. d. is overwhelmingly biological.

reflects an interaction among biological, psychological, and cultural influences.

Your niece loves fairy tales. Even though she hasn't learned to read yet, she has memorized word-for-word all her books of fairy tales. When you give her a new fairy tale book, she is able to memorize it quickly, probably because she has developed a ______________ for fairy tales. a. state-dependent memory b. prospective memory c. procedural memory d. schema

schema

Kendra is studying abroad and realizes that, compared with the local students she has befriended, she sometimes remembers events differently than they do. Perhaps Kendra's preexisting ______________ are affecting the way she encodes experiences. a. Networks b. Models c. Prejudices d. Schemas

schemas

Research has shown that memories can be distorted because of beliefs that people already hold when the memory is formed. These memory-related earlier beliefs are part of cognitive a. Nodes. b. Schemas. c. Frames. d. Biases.

schemas

Students taking an introductory class in a subject that is completely new to them often find that the material seems very disorganized and confusing at the beginning. As the class progresses, the information seems to become better structured, and the students find it easier to integrate and interpret new material. One important reason for this happy change is that the students are developing ________ that allow them to make sense of, organize, and utilize information in memory. a. Prototypes b. Feature lists c. Schemas d. Frames

schemas

"First, you need to drive to your date's house, bring her flowers, and talk to her parents. Then, ask her where she would like to go to eat. Afterward, take her to the movies. Then, be sure to drive her back to her house, walk her to the door, and be back home by midnight." This advice is an example of which of the following? a. Schema b. Heuristic c. Concept d. Script

script

Veronica is in fifth grade and needs to learn the names of the Great Lakes. Her teacher teaches her the acronym HOMES, which stands for Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, and Superior. Veronica's teacher is suggesting that she remember the names of the Great Lakes primarily by using ______ encoding. a. Acoustic b. Semantic c. Visual d. Implicit

semantic

Mrs. Gutierrez asked her preschool class to name a bird. Tillie called out, "Robin!" Suddenly, several children said, "Blue jay!," "Eagle!," and "Sparrow!" According to spreading activation models of memory, the children retrieved many bird names from long-term store because the bird names were ______. a. encoded very richly using elaborative rehearsal b. encountered very recently and still in short-term store c. processed through sensory, short-term, and long-term stores d. semantic memories, which are are stored in a network of association

semantic memories, which are stored in a network of association

The knowledge that you are able to serve a ball in tennis involves __________ memory, the act of serving a tennis ball involves __________ memory, and your first memory of serving a tennis ball involves __________ memory. a. procedural; episodic; semantic b. semantic; procedural; episodic c. procedural; semantic; episodic d. episodic; procedural; semantic

semantic; procedural; episodic

________ is the body's detection of external or internal sensory stimuli, whereas ________ is its further processing, organizing, and interpreting of those stimuli. a. Transduction; perception b. Perception; sensation c. Perception; transduction d. Sensation; perception

sensation; perception

The tag on the back of Michael's shirt is very itchy. He keeps scratching his back and pulling at the tag, but it continues to bother him. Michael is most likely experiencing a. sensitization. b. habituation. c. learning by watching. d. associative learning.

sensitization

When you read, your eyes fixate for a fraction of a second, and then jump to a new point in the text. Your reading experience is continuous because during the jump, the information from the last eye fixation is held in ________ memory. a. Short-term b. Working c. Echoic d. Sensory

sensory

When Marla first moved to New York City, she could hardly sleep because of all the noise from the street. After a month or two, she stopped noticing these noises, and now she feels she would have a hard time sleeping in a quiet country village. What explains this change? a. Weber's law b. opponent-process theory c. sensory adaptation d. bottom-up processing

sensory adaption

Jed works for an animation studio where movies are drawn frame by frame. Audiences will experience his movies as continuous streams of animated movement, rather than simply series of still drawings, thanks to which ability of the human memory system? a. Chunking b. Sensory memory c. Short-term memory d. Working memory

sensory memory

As a research participant, you study this list of words: curtain, book, anger, dirt, plant, hunger, paper, sadness, sunshine, music, disease, surprise, fired, love, test, pizza, electricity. When you are later asked to recall the list, the ________ effect would suggest that you are most likely to have trouble remembering ________. a. serial position; music b. chunking; music c. serial position; pizza d. chunking; pizza

serial position; music

Olga didn't have a pen handy when her boss gave her the phone number of an important client, so she mentally rehearsed the number until their call. While ______________ memory provided storage for the phone number, ______________ memory allowed her to rehearse it for longer maintenance. a. short-term; working b. working; short-term c. sensory; short-term d. long-term; working

short-term; working

Research has demonstrated that infants a. cannot distinguish sounds from their own language and other languages until they start to speak. b. do not develop a preference for sounds from their own language until they are about 1 year old. c. show a preference for sounds from their own language by the time they are 1 week old. d. cannot distinguish sounds from their own language and other languages until their vocabulary includes well over 1,000 words.

show a preference for sounds from their own language by the time they are 1 week old.

Consider the two following patterns: >>>>><<<<< and +++++*****. The 10 characters in the first pattern are perceived as a single figure, whereas the 10 characters in the second pattern are perceived as two groups of five characters each. Which Gestalt principle accounts for this outcome? a. Closure b. Symmetry c. Similarity d. Proximity

similarity

After suffering a large bruise from a somewhat wild game of Twister, Rachel feels a throbbing pain in her leg. This dull pain was most likely carried by ______. a. Slow fibers b. Warm receptors c. Fast fibers d. Cold receptors

slow fibers

Doug was born with a malfunctioning thalamus. Most of his sensory experiences, sadly, will be impaired, but not his sense of ______. a. Hearing b. Smell c. Taste d. Vision

smell

According to this type of theory, seeing a hammer might also partially activate memories for related items, such as nails, screwdrivers, and wrenches. Which type of memory theory is this? a. selective attention models b. filter theory c. schemas d. spreading activation models

spreading activation models

Victor and Stanislaus are two elderly gentlemen in line at the Division of Motor Vehicles. They are both waiting to take a written test on driving laws to renew their licenses. Stanislaus overhears a DMV employee commenting that elderly men usually perform worst on the exam, but Victor does not hear the comment. Victor scores higher than Stanislaus on the exam, even though their performances are usually quite similar. Stanislaus's lower score may have been due to the effect of ____________________. a. his greater emotional intelligence b. stereotype threat c. his greater interpersonal intelligence d. his greater intrapersonal intelligence

stereotype threat

Recall the story about Han's being classically conditioned. Soon, Han notices that when he is in the shower and hears water running through the pipes, he feels afraid. Han is now most likely experiencing learning through a. extinction. b. stimulus discrimination. c. stimulus generalization. d. spontaneous recovery.

stimulus generalization

When Ibrahim was six years old, he became terrified when the family's parrot flew at him and bit him on the nose. Since then, he has been afraid of all birds. Ibrahim's bird phobia illustrates the classical conditioning process of______________. a. stimulus generalization b. spontaneous recovery c. stimulus discrimination d. extinction

stimulus generalization

Han takes a shower in his family's new apartment. He gets the water perfect—not too hot, because that hurts! Then Han hears his son flush the toilet. The water gets very hot, which makes Han feel a lot of pain. After this happens a few times, Han feels afraid when he hears a toilet flush while he is in the shower. Soon, Han notices that when he is in the shower and hears water running through the pipes, he feels afraid. Han is now most likely experiencing learning through _______. After a few months, Han has had enough! He asks his son to flush the toilet many times when Han is showering with very cold water so that Han no longer feels afraid of the toilet flushing. Han is attempting to perform on himself a learning procedure called ________. a. stimulus generalization; extinction b. spontaneous recovery; stimulus discrimination c. stimulus generalization; stimulus discrimination d. second-order conditioning; extinction

stimulus generalization; extinction

Howard loves everything about movies, including movie history. He knows that many of the tricks used in special effects have their origins in the Gestalt phenomenon called ______________. a. binocular disparity b. stroboscopic motion c. motion aftereffects d. linear perspective

stroboscopic motion

When using shaping to train a crow to pick up trash, it is important to reinforce ________. a. All answers are incorrect b. the last behavior the crow performs c. successive approximations of the desired behavior d. the first behavior the crow performs

successive approximations of the desired behavior

Alex sees a girl stealing a candy bar in a convenience store. When the police question him, Alex says the thief was wearing a red shirt. Later in the interrogation, the officer asks what candy the girl in the blue shirt stole. Months later, when Alex testifies in court, he describes the girl as having worn a blue shirt. Alex's testimony at the trial shows the influence of a. Flashbulb memories b. Sleeper effect c. Blocking d. Suggestibility

suggestibility

Consider two representations. Representation A is abstract and bears no systematic relationship to what it represents, whereas Representation B shares some features of what it represents. Representation A is a(n) ________ and Representation B is a(n) ________. a. analogical representation; analogical representation b. symbolic representation; analogical representation c. symbolic representation; symbolic representation d. analogical representation; symbolic representation

symbolic representation; analogical representation

The sound of the word cow is a(n) ______________ for a cow, while the sound of the word moo is a(n) ______________ for the sound a cow makes. a. exemplar; prototype b. analogical representation; symbolic representation c. prototype; exemplar d. symbolic representation; analogical representation

symbolic representation; analogical representation

When Beatrice was a baby, her first word was mama. When she was 10 years old and capable of more complex thinking, Beatrice was able to solve a puzzle by picturing the solution in her mind. In this example, the word mama is a(n) ______________ representation, and the visualized solution is a(n) ______________ representation. a. concrete; abstract b. abstract; concrete c. analogical; symbolic d. symbolic; analogical

symbolic; analogical

Pum is lying awake and listening to the sounds of the city. He hears a very low pitched sound in the distance. How does his auditory system code this type of pitch? a. Temporal coding b. The vestibular sense c. Localization d. Place coding

temporal coding

If you spend the same amount of time reviewing material as testing yourself on the material, you will learn more from ________ because of the increased ________ time. a. reviewing; rehearsal b. reviewing; retrieval c. testing; retrieval d. testing; rehearsal

testing; retrieval

During the COVID pandemic, people often wore masks when socializing. Which of the following could be disrupted by this? a. the Thatcher effect b. response bias c. the cocktail party effect d. the McGurk effect

the McGurk effect

After seeing the movie Shark Attack 3D, Joaquin refused a friend's invitation to go swimming at the beach. If Joaquin refused because he remembered the bloody shark attacks in the movie, his decision is best explained by _________. a. an algorithm b. an effect of framing c. the availability heuristic d. the representativeness heuristic

the availability heuristic

Jenny's best friend, Doris, got a bad case of food poisoning after eating at a Greek restaurant. For weeks afterward, whenever they would hang out, Doris would go on and on about how awful it was. Now Jenny refuses to touch Greek food herself, because she thinks she may get sick too. It appears Jenny has fallen prey to the bias in decision making called ____________________. a. the representativeness heuristic b. framing c. the availability heuristic d. counterfactual thinking

the availability heuristic

The main difference between the exemplar model and the prototype model is that the prototype model is defined by ________ of the category and the exemplar model is defined by ________ of the category. a. the best example; all the examples b. all the examples; the best example c. the most common example; the best set of examples d. the best set of examples; the most common example

the best example; all the examples

Sunil wishes to classically condition his dog to fear skunks so the dog does not get sprayed again. This task should be much easier than teaching him to fear a houseplant because a. dogs respond better to classical conditioning than to operant conditioning. b. the dog is biologically prepared to fear certain types of objects. c. the dog's mind cannot physically be trained to fear plants. d. the dog has high intelligence.

the dog is biologically prepared to fear certain types of objects

Sarah and Imani strike up a conversation while sitting next to each other on an airplane. Imani thinks Sarah is very intelligent and knowledgeable. When Sarah tells Imani that she works at an elementary school, Imani assumes that Sarah is a teacher, but Sarah is actually a secretary. Imani used which of the following to form her incorrect conclusion? a. The representativeness heuristic b. Framing c. An algorithm d. The availability heuristic

the representativeness heuristic

Your friends introduce you to Jane, who they have described as creative, intelligent, and very detail oriented. After meeting Jane, your friends ask you to guess whether Jane works as an artist or as a cashier. You guess that Jane is an artist. Your response was most likely due to your use of a. implicit decision making. b. affect-as-information reasoning. c. the representativeness heuristic. d. the availability heuristic.

the representativeness heuristic

When remembering words on a list, people tend to remember words at the beginning of the list and words at the end of the list better than words in the middle of the list. This phenomenon is known as a. motivated forgetting. b. retroactive interference. c. the serial position effect. d. spreading activation effect.

the serial position effect.

You are conducting an informal study in which, for a month, you play a particular song for your best friend just before you serve her dinner. Eventually, you play just the song to see what will happen, and your friend begins to salivate and says that she has hunger pains. At the beginning of this study, what was the neutral stimulus? a. The food b. Hunger c. The song d. Salivation

the song

Read the following paragraph: Aoccdrnig to rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be at the rghit pclae. The rset can be a total mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit porbelm. The fact that you could read this paragraph is most likely due to ______. a. top-down processing b. occlusion c. bottom-up processing d. continuity

top-down processing

The Rescorla-Wagner model states that the strength of the conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus association depends on how __________ the unconditioned stimulus is. a. Rewarding b. Unexpected c. Fearful d. Evolutionarily significant

unexpected

In conditioning birds and rats, you find that it is easier to condition birds with vision-relevant stimuli than with taste-relevant stimuli, and it is easier to condition rats with taste-relevant stimuli than with vision-relevant stimuli. These results occur because a. unlike rats, birds have no taste buds. b. unlike rats, birds rely on vision more than taste for food selection. c. birds are the only species that lack the ability for learned food aversions. d. birds and rats evolved separately.

unlike rats, birds rely on vision more than taste for food selection.

Timmy is trying to get a toy that comes in some boxes of breakfast cereal. He keeps opening boxes of cereal, knowing that if he opens enough boxes, he will eventually find a toy. Timmy is being reinforced on a __________ schedule. a. Fixed ratio b. Variable interval c. Fixed interval d. Variable ratio

variable ratio

Harriet recently took the WAIS-IV intelligence test. She was 20 years old at the time, and the result indicated that she had a mental age of 16. Harriet's intelligence quotient (IQ) is ______. a. 50 b. 120 c. 100 d. 80

80

Which of the following does NOT describe a research finding about the relationship between watching violence and acting violently? a. A meta-analysis showed that exposure to violent media increases the likelihood of aggression. b. Additional variables, such as personality, poverty, or parental negligence, can affect both television-viewing habits and violent tendencies. c. Longitudinal studies found that factors other than exposure to violence may influence the relationship between watching violence and acting violently. d. A cross-sectional study showed that the relationship between watching violence and acting violently is stronger for boys than it is for girls.

A cross-sectional study showed that the relationship between watching violence and acting violently is stronger for boys than it is for girls.

Which best summarizes the findings on how dopamine neurons respond during classical conditioning? a. After conditioning, only the conditioned stimulus (CS) causes an increase in dopamine activity in the reward regions of the brain. b. After conditioning, both the conditioned (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) cause an increase in dopamine activity in the reward regions of the brain. c. Before conditioning, the conditioned stimulus (CS) causes a decrease in dopamine activity throughout the brain. d. Before conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus (US) causes a decrease in dopamine activity throughout the brain.

After conditioning, only the conditioned stimulus (CS) causes an increase in dopamine activity in the reward regions of the brain.

Which of the following examples illustrates the gate control theory of pain? a. After stubbing his toe, Ronald rubs the toe and finds that it eases the pain a little. b. Amira could not feel pain below her waist after she sustained a lower spinal injury in a car accident. c. Jacquelyn completed a hard workout but did not feel sore until the following day. d. Juan tears a knee ligament while playing soccer game. He instinctively grabs his knee to signal to his teammates that he is hurt and to stabilize the knee.

After stubbing his toe, Ronald rubs the toe and finds that it eases the pain a little.

Rescorla-Wagner model emphasizes prediction error between conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) . Which of the following statement is correct about the connection between CS and US? a. The CS-US connection is strengthened when the US is unexpected. b. Positive prediction error strengthens the CS-US connection. c. Negative prediction error weakens the CS-US connection. d. All of the answer options are correct.

All of the answer options are correct.

The text describes a study in which women drank either water or carrot juice during their pregnancy and while nursing. The first group of women drank carrot juice while pregnant and nursing; the second drank carrot juice while pregnant and water while nursing; the third drank water while pregnant and carrot juice while nursing; and the fourth drank only water during both periods. What do the findings of this study illustrate? a. Babies prefer foods that are low in or contain no sugar, such as water. b. Culture has no influence on infants' taste preferences. Babies like what they like for individual reasons. c. All babies prefer sweet foods, like carrot juice, to water regardless of what their mothers drank during either period. d. Babies preferred carrot juice if their mothers drank it during pregnancy or after pregnancy, while nursing.

Babies preferred carrot juice if their mothers drank it during pregnancy or after pregnancy, while nursing.

How is blocking different from retrograde amnesia? a. Blocking is the inability to form new memories, whereas retrograde amnesia is the inability to recall past memories. b. Blocking is permanent, whereas retrograde amnesia often lifts once the one's psychological or physical trauma has healed somewhat. c. Blocking is the inability to recall past memories, whereas retrograde amnesia is the inability to create new memories. d. Blocking is the inability to recall information from long-term memory, whereas retrograde amnesia is damage to one's long-term memory.

Blocking is the inability to recall information from long-term memory, whereas retrograde amnesia is damage to one's long-term memory.

Shawna is deciding whether to breastfeed her baby. In light of the known relation between breastfeeding and cognitive development, what would you advise her to do? a. Breastfeeding is associated with enhanced cognitive development, so Shawna should strongly consider breastfeeding her baby. b. Shawna should not breastfeed her baby, because research has found that in some cases, it can lead to intellectual disability. c. Breastfeeding is not directly associated with enhanced cognitive development, so Shawna could either breastfeed her baby or use formula. d. Shawna should breastfeed her baby regardless of its relation to cognitive development.

Breastfeeding is associated with enhanced cognitive development, so Shawna should strongly consider breastfeeding her baby.

Speech is produced in which of the following areas of the brain? a. Wernicke's area b. Broca's area c. Hippocampus d. Amygdala

Broca's area

After a large balloon burst loudly and suddenly at her birthday party, Cindyshowed a fear of balloons. In terms of the acquisition phase of classicalconditioning, balloons are the ______________ and her fear is the______________. a. CR; CS b. CS; CR c. CS; US d. US; UR

CS; CR

Which of the following is a potential consequence of a parent punishing their child? a. Operant conditioning can lead a child to associate negative emotions (from the punishment) with the parent (who administered the punishment). b. Habituation can lead to a child no longer responding to punishment. c. Classical conditioning can lead a child to associate negative emotions (from the punishment) with the parent (who administered the punishment). d. Sensitization can lead to a child having extreme reactions to minimal punishment.

Classical conditioning can lead a child to associate negative emotions (from the punishment) with the parent (who administered the punishment).

What is the main difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning? a. Classical conditioning requires learning that two events are related, whereas operant conditioning demonstrates that behavior leads to a consequence. b. Classical conditioning uses reward-based learning, whereas operant conditioning is caused by reflexive actions. c. Learners in classical conditioning are active while responding stimulus, whereas learners in operant conditioning are passive while responding to stimulus d. Classical conditioning is caused by reflexive actions, whereas operant conditioning requires cognitive evaluation.

Classical conditioning requires learning that two events are related, whereas operant conditioning demonstrates that behavior leads to a consequence.

What is the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning? a. In operant conditioning, the learner learns the consequences of an action by watching others being rewarded or punished for it. In classical conditioning, the learner simply does what someone else did, regardless of whether that person was rewarded or punished for it. b. Operant conditioning trains the learner to do something without thinking about it. Classical conditioning trains the learner to do something in order to receive a reward. c. In classical conditioning, the learner learns the consequences of an action by watching others being rewarded or punished for it. In operant conditioning, the learner simply does what someone else did, regardless of whether that person was rewarded or punished for it. d. Classical conditioning trains the learner to do something without thinking about it. Operant conditioning trains the learner to do something in order to receive a reward.

Classical conditioning trains the learner to do something without thinking about it. Operant conditioning trains the learner to do something in order to receive a reward.

Which of the following is an example of availability heuristic? a. Liz tucks a feather into each shoe when she runs track races, claiming this custom helps her win. b. Danny tips a waiter more than he normally would because last night Danny saw a character on his favorite TV show tip very generously. c. A teacher supervising a group project asks the students to rate everyone's contributions, including their own. Jan rates her own work as more valuable than any other group member rates her work. d. A baseball scout who is impressed by a minor-league player cites his strong build and classic form at the plate, ignoring the player's high strikeout rate.

Danny tips a waiter more than he normally would because last night Danny saw a character on his favorite TV show tip very generously.

Kaitlyn has three favorite perfumes. One perfume has a floral scent, one has a citrus scent, and one is musky. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for how the receptors in her olfactory epithelium transduce these three smells for interpretation by the brain? a. The scent of each perfume is encoded by one type of receptor. b. Each perfume stimulates a unique pattern of several types of receptors, and each pattern is interpreted by the brain. c. All three perfumes are encoded by the same receptors, but the brain is able to distinguish them. d. Some olfactory receptors are more sensitive than others.

Each perfume stimulates a unique pattern of several types of receptors, and each pattern is interpreted by the brain.

What does spontaneous recovery tell us about how extinction works? a. Extinction does not work because of spontaneous recovery. b. Extinction helps delete outdated information from memory. c. Extinction only inhibits rather than deletes the learned association between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus. d. Extinction helps us adapt old learning strategies to novel problems.

Extinction only inhibits rather than deletes the learned association between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus.

Leroy throws a party while his parents are out of town. During the party, Monica runs up to Leroy and exclaims, "Your mom just pulled up to the house in her Jeep!" When he looks out the window, he is able to quickly determine that the Jeep is not his parents' because it is not the right color. In signal detection terminology, Monica's response is a ______________, while Leroy's response is a ______________. a. Miss; hit b. Miss; correct rejection c. False alarm; correct rejection d. False alarm; hit

False alarm; correct rejection

While getting out of his car, Maulik bangs his head on the car door. The pain of the initial collision is carried to his brain by ______________ fibers, and the lingering aching of his forehead is carried by ______________ fibers. a. Fast; slow b. Slow; slow c. Fast; fast d. Slow; fast

Fast; slow

When our assignment of ______________ to an image is ambiguous, we can switch back and forth between seeing two different images in one picture--what we thought was part of the background can also shift to look like the most important part of the picture. a. Proximity b. Grouping c. Binocular disparity d. Figure and ground

Figure and ground

Avalon spends a minute staring directly at a light that activates her L cones. According to opponent-process theory, what color should she see at the center of her vision when she turns away from the light and looks at a blank white wall? a. Red b. Orange c. Green d. Yellow

Green

Which part of the auditory system is most commonly damaged in people who receive cochlear implants? a. Ossicles b. Basilar membrane c. Temporal lobes d. Hair cells

Hair cells

Which of the following is the correct pathway for processing the sensation of picking up a snowball with your bare hand? a. Receptors in the skin's inner layer receive the cold input. Then axons carry the information to spinal or cranial nerves, into the hindbrain, and finally to the occipital lobe. b. Haptic receptors in the skin's outer layer receive the cold input. Then axons carry the information to spinal or cranial nerves, into the thalamus, and finally to the primary somatosensory cortex. c. Haptic receptors in the skin's outer layer receive the cold input. Then dendrites transmit the information to cranial nerves and into the parietal lobe. d. Receptors in the skin's outer layer receive the tactile input. Then axons carry the information to spinal or cranial nerves, into the hypothalamus, and finally to the occipital lobe.

Haptic receptors in the skin's outer layer receive the cold input. Then axons carry the information to spinal or cranial nerves, into the thalamus, and finally to the primary somatosensory cortex.

Instead of worrying about finding his future dream job, Dan breaks this big problem down into smaller, more manageable parts by doing which of the following? a. He forms subgoals of visiting the career center, researching occupational salaries, and talking to people in professions he is considering. b. He changes the representation of the problem using insight. He stops thinking about finding his dream job, and one day he suddenly realizes that it is teaching elementary school. c. He works backward. Once he determined the salary he wants, he finds occupations that pay that amount and then considers whether they interest him. d. He creates analogies. One friend found a job through networking at an alumni event, and another found a job through an online recruiter, so Dan tries both these methods.

He forms subgoals of visiting the career center, researching occupational salaries, and talking to people in professions he is considering.

The text describes a study by Loftus et al. in which one group of participants watched a video of a red car approaching a stop sign, while a second group watched a video of a red car approaching a yield sign. Each group was then asked, "Did another car pass the red [car] while it was stopped at the stop sign?" Some participants in the second group claimed they saw the red car at a stop sign. What are the implications of this study? a. Stop signs and yield signs are so similar that people generalize; future experiments must employ objects that are less similar. b. Eyewitness testimony is pretty accurate. Though some participants mistakenly saw a yield sign instead of a stop sign, both signs instruct drivers to stop. c. Flashbulb memories are unreliable. d. How questions are phrased can influence people's answers. Police officers, attorneys, and researchers must ask questions carefully to avoid suggestibility bias.

How questions are phrased can influence people's answers. Police officers, attorneys, and researchers must ask questions carefully to avoid suggestibility bias.

How does operant conditioning differ from vicarious learning? a. In operant conditioning, a learner learns a behavior from watching others. In vicarious learning, a learner receives a reward for performing a desired behavior. b. In vicarious learning, a learner passively learns to associate a specific stimulus with a reward. In operant conditioning, a learner receives a reward for performing a desired behavior. c. In operant conditioning, a learner passively learns to associate a specific stimulus with a reward. In vicarious learning, a learner receives a reward for performing a desired behavior. d. In vicarious learning, a learner learns a behavior from watching others. In operant conditioning, a learner receives a reward for performing a desired behavior.

In vicarious learning, a learner learns a behavior from watching others. In operant conditioning, a learner receives a reward for performing a desired behavior.

Which of the following questions best summarizes the modern version of the nature/nurture question about intelligence? a. What independent roles do genes and the environment play on intelligence? b. Is intelligence primarily determined by the environment? c. Is intelligence primarily determined by genetics? d. In what way do genes and the environment interact with each other to influence intelligence?

In what way do genes and the environment interact with each other to influence intelligence?

Dale is worried about the security in the building where his company is housed. He wants the security force to increase its screening of people who are potential "threats." To put this in terms of signal detection theory, Dale thinks that security should ______ their response criterion, which will reduce the number of ______ of security threats. a. Decrease; misses b. Increase; false alarms c. Decrease; false alarms d. Increase; misses

Increase; misses

Jack's parents caught him returning home late from a date and grounded him for a month. Robert was also caught arriving home late from a date, but his parents told him that as long as he gets home on time on subsequent dates, they will give him a higher allowance (though they will remove this increase if they catch him coming home late again). Neither set of parents catches every time their teenager gets home late. Why would we expect Robert to be home on time more often than Jack on future dates? a. Jack is receiving intermittent reinforcement, while Robert is receiving continuous reinforcement. b. People respond better to positive reinforcement than they do to positive punishment. c. Jack's behavior is continuously reinforced, while Robert's is reinforced intermittently. d. People respond better to positive punishment than they do to positive reinforcement.

Jack is receiving intermittent reinforcement, while Robert is receiving continuous reinforcement.

Jess is skating in a Roller Derby bout. The referee blows her whistle to signal the end of the jam. In a process called perception, a. sensory receptors translate the sound into signals for Jess's brain. b. Jess's brain processes the signals and knows that they mean "stop skating." c. the sound of the whistle is a physical stimulus. d. Jess's ears detect the sound waves from the whistle.

Jess's brain processes the signals and knows that they mean "stop skating."

______________ is the strengthening of a synaptic connection, making postsynaptic neurons more easily activated by presynaptic neurons. a. Consolidation b. Reconsolidation c. Engramming d. Long-term potentiation(LTP)

Long-term potentiation(LTP)

What is the difference between negative reinforcement and negative punishment? a. Negative reinforcement rewards the learner for an undesirable behavior, such as offering a child candy to stop her screaming. Negative punishment is punishment that is destructive, such as spanking or slapping the screaming child across the face. b. Negative reinforcement involves taking away something the learner wants, to discourage him from repeating the behavior. Negative punishment entails removing an undesired condition after the learner demonstrates the desired behavior. c. Negative punishment involves taking away something the learner wants, to discourage him from repeating the behavior. Negative reinforcement entails removing an undesired condition after the learner demonstrates the desired behavior. d. Negative reinforcement inadvertently encourages bad behavior; negative punishment discourages bad behavior.

Negative punishment involves taking away something the learner wants, to discourage him from repeating the behavior. Negative reinforcement entails removing an undesired condition after the learner demonstrates the desired behavior.

Why does a blind spot exist in our visual field? a. No rods or cones exist on the spot where the optic nerve attaches to the retina. b. The cornea casts a small shadow on the retina. c. The lens is unable to bend enough to capture visual stimuli closer than 2 inches from the face. d. Even when it is fully open, the iris blocks some light from entering the pupil.

No rods or cones exist on the spot where the optic nerve attaches to the retina.

Your little cousin Athena wants to know why she has crayons with colors called blue green and orange-yellow but not blue-yellow or orange-green. You explain that cells in your eye help create the perception that some colors are opposites. Good thing you learned about the ______________ theory! a. Opponent-process b. Bottom-up processing c. Top-down processing d. Trichromatic

Opponent-process

Your friend wants to make a bet with you, and he gives you two options. If you choose Option 1, you will have an 80 percent chance of winning $100, but a 20 percent chance of losing $100. If you choose Option 2, you are guaranteed to win $5. If you are like most people when it comes to making decisions, you would probably choose ________ because of ________. a. Option 2; anchoring b. Option 2; loss aversion c. Option 1; confirmation bias d. Option 1; the availability heuristic

Option 2; loss aversion

When Shane was born, his parents realized that he could not hear. They took Shane to the doctor and were told that there was no conduction of sound waves by the bones of Shane's middle ear. In other words, Shaun's _____ were not functioning. a. Auditory nerves b. Hair cells c. Ossicles d. Eardrums

Ossicles

When Mrs. Rodriguez has trouble hearing a student's question, she uses her hand to bend her ear toward the student in order to better funnel sound waves into her auditory canal. Mrs. Rodriguez is able to hear better by doing this because she is bending her _____. a. Outer ear b. Hair cells c. Ossicles d. Middle ear

Outer ear

Brian doesn't mind if he misses a call from his parents. But when he is expecting a call from his date, he is sure to check his phone if there is even the slightest feeling of it vibrating. Signal detection theory can explain this based on Brian having a different ______ for calls from his date than for calls from his parents. a. Signal sensitivity b. Absolute threshold c. Difference threshold d. Response bias

Response bias

Which of the following best illustrates the affect-as-information theory? a. Myrtle spends a lot of time thinking about the causes of her sad mood. b. Padma asks her friends for their opinions before going on a date. c. Hermione tries to think logically about her feelings. d. Ronald is in a bad mood today, so he rates his quality of life as relatively low.

Ronald is in a bad mood today, so he rates his quality of life as relatively low.

The text describes research on how many more women have joined orchestras since the introduction of the blind audition process, where candidates audition behind a curtain and their names are withheld from judges. What role did schemas play in limiting the number of women in orchestras before the blind audition process was introduced? a. Schemas are analogic representations. Most judges were men, who excluded women from the analogic representation of "musician." b. Schemas are used to assign social roles in various social situations. The blind audition process prevented women from being overlooked, as they previously had been due to cultural assumptions that their social role is that of caregiving. c. Schemas describe the steps or components of a larger event. When the steps were changed, the screening result changed. d. Schemas are defined as categories or classes of related items. Prior to blind auditions, judges did not include women within the category of musicians.

Schemas are used to assign social roles in various social situations. The blind audition process prevented women from being overlooked, as they previously had been due to cultural assumptions that their social role is that of caregiving.

The detection of physical stimuli, such as odors, lights, and sounds, is called ______________. a. Sensation b. Difference threshold c. Absolute threshold d. Perception

Sensation

Professor Atlas has a dull ache in his lower back, probably from hunching over his philosophy books for the past several weeks. Which nerve fibers are carrying the pain information to his brain? a. Fast fibers b. Vestibular fibers c. Slow fibers d. Kinesthetic fibers

Slow fibers

Gary was in a motorcycle accident and damaged his thalamus. Gary will have no difficulty carrying out which of the following actions? a. Feeling the skin on his daughter's cheek b. Seeing the print in his book c. Smelling roses in his garden d. Hearing his favorite song on the radio

Smelling roses in his garden

Which of the following is a challenge to the idea of equipotentiality? a. Some behaviors are more easily learned than others. b. Shaping can be used to condition complicated behaviors. c. Both humans and animals can learn through conditioning. d. The timing of the stimulus and response is critical for learning.

Some behaviors are more easily learned than others.

Why are repressed memories controversial? a. Just as DNA evidence was controversial for the first few years it was used in court, repressed memories are a new form of evidence with which jurors are unfamiliar but will grow to accept. b. Some therapeutic methods, such as hypnosis, involve a high level of suggestibility. Suggestibility can create false memories. c. Repressed memories are actually representations of things. For example, someone with a "repressed memory" of abuse might simply be going through a difficult time. d. Repressed "memories" do not exist. They are malicious lies devised out of revenge.

Some therapeutic methods, such as hypnosis, involve a high level of suggestibility. Suggestibility can create false memories.

After transduction, most of the sensory neural information passes through which structure? a. Amygdala b. Hypothalamus c. Thalamus d. Hippocampus

Thalamus

When Gretchen eats her favorite brand of pickle, the molecules stimulate taste receptors located in her` ______________ that are grouped within ______________. a. Papillae; the tongue b. Taste buds; papillae c. Saliva; taste buds d. Tongue; taste buds

Taste buds; papillae

When Lydia eats her favorite ice cream, taste receptors in the ________ convert the chemical molecules into signals which are then transmitted to the brain by process of______________. a. Facial nerve; transduction b. Saliva; physical stimulation c. Papillae; sensation d. Taste buds; transduction

Taste buds; transduction

Pum is lying awake and listening to the sounds of the city. He hears a very low pitched sound in the distance. How does his auditory system code this type of pitch? a. Temporal coding b. The vestibular sense c. Place coding d. Localization

Temporal coding

Pum is lying awake and listening to the sounds of the city. He hears a very low pitched sound in the distance. How does his auditory system code this type of pitch? a. The vestibular sense b. Temporal coding c. Localization d. Place coding

Temporal coding

The start gun goes off to signal the beginning of the race. How do the runners sense the noise and interpret its meaning? a. The sound waves change the air pressure. The middle ear detects this change in air pressure and makes the ossicles in the outer ear vibrate. The ossicles then transduce the vibration into a neural signal, which they send to the brain via the auditory nerve. b. The sound waves travel through the air to the eardrum. Receptors in the middle ear send information to the brain via the auditory nerve that a gun has been fired. c. The sound wave travels through the air to the outer ear. Vibrations in the ossicles of the middle ear stimulate membranes in the inner ear. Receptors in the inner ear then transduce the sound into neural signals sent to the brain via the auditory nerve. d. The sound waves change the air pressure. The outer ear detects this change in air pressure and makes the ossicles in the middle ear vibrate. The ossicles then transduce the vibration into a neural signal, which they send to the brain via the occipital nerve.

The sound wave travels through the air to the outer ear. Vibrations in the ossicles of the middle ear stimulate membranes in the inner ear. Receptors in the inner ear then transduce the sound into neural signals sent to the brain via the auditory nerve.

Which of the following is a reason why flashbulb memories are often experienced with high confidence? a. The story is repeated often. b. They are revised often. c. Memories of location are particularly strong. d. They do not suffer from persistence.

The story is repeated often.

Which of the following best summarizes Dr. Shepard Siegel's research on drug tolerance in different situations? a. Novel situations increase tolerance because the body needs to make sure that it can pay attention to the new situation. b. Different situations only have an effect on triggering addictive behaviors and do not influence tolerance of the drug. c. Tolerance is lowest when the drug is taken in the same place where drug use has previously occurred because the body is expecting a larger dose of the drug. d. Tolerance is greatest when the drug is taken in the same place where drug use has previously occurred because the body compensates for the expected drug.

Tolerance is greatest when the drug is taken in the same place where drug use has previously occurred because the body compensates for the expected drug.

The attentional focus mechanism suggested by gate control theory relies on the notion of what kind of processing? a. Place coding b. Top-down c. Bottom-up d. Temporal coding

Top-down

Hunter and Marissa went out on their patio late at night to look at the stars. Hunter had been reading about constellations, and sure enough, he saw that several clusters of stars seemed to be organized into identifiable shapes. Hunter's interest in constellations may have led to ______________. a. Occlusion b. Illusory contours c. Top-down processing d. Bottom-up processing

Top-down processing

You are uncertain which reinforcer will most effectively reinforce your child's behavior, so you decide to apply Premack's theory to find the best reinforcement. Which solution best follows Premack's theory? a. You buy a new toy and use that as a reinforcer. b. You figure out which toy your child plays with the most during free time and use that toy as a reinforcer. c. You use chocolate as a reinforcer because food is the most valuable reinforcer. d. You take your child to the movies because novel experiences are the most valuable reinforcers.

You figure out which toy your child plays with the most during free time and use that toy as a reinforcer.

Based on Weber's law, which of the following pairs would it be the easiest to discern a difference in weight? a. a 20-pound child and a 22-pound child b. a 1-pound bag of sugar and a 2-pound bag of sugar c. a 2-liter bottle of water and a 2.2-liter bottle of water d. a 5-pound free weight and a 6-pound free weight

a 1-pound bag of sugar and a 2-pound bag of sugar

The Premack principle explains why a. fixed ratio typically produces high rates of responding b. shaping desirable behaviors leads to accurate conditioning. c. reward is preferred to punishment for effective learning. d. a favored activity can be used to reinforce a less favored activity.

a favored activity can be used to reinforce a less favored activity.

Ming's computer crashed suddenly the other day. Ming kept trying the solution that worked last few times it had crashed, even though it is clear that it won't fix his computer now. Ming's failure to solve this problem is most likely due to ______________. a. a mental set b. functional fixedness c. restructuring d. a failure to develop an appropriate analogy

a mental set

Florian could never remember his locker combination until he realized that the three numbers perfectly matched his favorite singer's birth date. Now he has no problem remembering his combination, thanks to which of the following? a. Encoding specificity b. Maintenance rehearsal c. A mnemonic d. Regency effects

a mnemonic

To figure out the attendance of her Introductory Psychology class on any given day, your professor could simply count the number of students in the room. Or she could break the class into four equal groups, estimate the number of students in one group, and then multiply that number by four. In the first case, your professor would be using ______________ to calculate attendance, and ______________ in the second case. a. an algorithm; a heuristic b. inductive reasoning; deductive reasoning c. deductive reasoning; inductive reasoning d. a heuristic; an algorithm

an algorithm; a heuristic

Vernon is most likely to agree to pay extra to upgrade his hotel room if he has just booked ________, because of the phenomenon known as ________. a. an expensive vacation; framing b. an inexpensive vacation; framing c. an expensive vacation; anchoring d. an inexpensive vacation; anchoring

an expensive vacation; anchoring

Patient J.B. suffered an injury and now has memory problems. He remembers his childhood, past events, and knowledge he had previously learned, but since the injury, he has not formed any new explicit memories. Luckily, he can still learn new implicit tasks. What disorder does J.B. have? a. Forgetfulness b. attention-deficit disorder c. retrograde amnesia d. anterograde amnesia

anterograde amnesia

Clive Wearing can only remember about 7 seconds at a time. He can't remember new information and feels as though he is constantly "awakening for the first time." These symptoms can be explained by his dense _____, caused by damage to his _____. a. retrograde amnesia; cerebral cortex b. proactive interference; hippocampus c. anterograde amnesia; hippocampus d. retroactive interference; cerebral cortex

anterograde amnesia; hippocampus

The encoding specificity principle states that a. anything encoded with information can be a retrieval cue for that information. b. similar kinds of information are encoded into common schemas. c. associative networks are formed of similarly encoded pieces of information. d. only similar kinds of information can be encoded together.

anything encoded with information can be a retrieval cue for that information.

The Law School Admissions Test (LSAT) is designed to measure someone's ability to think logically. This ability is predictive of success in law school and as a practicing attorney in the future. The LSAT is a(n) ________ test. a. General knowledge b. Achievement c. General ability d. Aptitude

aptitude

Maquinna takes the SAT, a test designed to assess his potential to do well in college. Sayen takes the Advanced Placement English Literature exam, which is designed to assess how much she has learned in that subject. Maquinna is taking an ______________ test, whereas Sayen is taking an ______________ test. a. achievement; intelligence b. achievement; aptitude c. aptitude; achievement d. aptitude; intelligence

aptitude; achievement

Recent brain imaging studies have found that different kinds of intelligence a. are related to the sizes of different brain regions. b. are related to the size of a single brain region. c. are unrelated to the sizes of different brain regions. d. can be inferred from activity in certain brain regions.

are related to the sizes of different brain regions.

What is the proper order of events that need to take place in order for classical conditioning to occur? a. conditioned stimulus presentation → unconditioned stimulus presentation, which elicits the unconditioned response → after many trials, the conditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response b. unconditioned response presentation → conditioned stimulus presentation, which elicits the unconditioned stimulus → after many trials, the unconditioned response elicits the conditioned stimulus c. unconditioned stimulus presentation → conditioned stimulus presentation, which elicits the conditioned response → after many trials, the unconditioned stimulus elicits the unconditioned response d. conditioned response presentation → unconditioned response presentation, which elicits the conditioned response → after many trials, the conditioned response elicits the unconditioned stimulus

conditioned stimulus presentation → unconditioned stimulus presentation, which elicits the unconditioned response → after many trials, the conditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response

Generally, being able to learn what stimuli predict pleasure or pain is consistent with Pavlov's belief that a. some types of learning are more important than others. b. conditioning is how we adapt to our environments. c. behavior is modified by the presence of others. d. conditioning is how we modify our environments.

conditioning is how we adapt to our environments

Changes in the strength of neural connections and construction of new synapses is the process of a. Retrieval b. Rehearsal c. Perception d. Consolidation

consolidation

Georgia must memorize a speech to give in class. She knows that practicing the speech in the same room where she will ultimately deliver it will help her remember the material. Georgia is going to use ______ to help her remember the speech. a. context-dependent memory b. mnemonics c. persistence d. state-dependent memory

context-dependent memory

This semester, Kofi is studying in a new way. After dinner, he brings his books to an empty lecture hall and studies there instead of in the dorm. He is hoping to get a boost from the ______________. a. context-dependent memory effect b. state-dependent memory effect c. method of loci d. retrieval cue

context-dependent memory effect

If you study in the same room in which you take an exam, you will probably do better on the exam than if you had studied somewhere else. This outcome occurs because of ________ memory, which is a form of ________. a. state-dependent; encoding specificity b. context-dependent; hierarchical storage c. state-dependent; hierarchical storage d. context-dependent; encoding specificity

context-dependent; encoding specificity

The memory enhancement that occurs when there are matching situations surrounding encoding and recall match is called ________ memory; the memory enhancement that occurs when there are matching internal states surrounding encoding and recall match is called ________ memory. a. state-dependent; context-dependent b. episodic; semantic c. semantic; episodic d. context-dependent; state-dependent

context-dependent; state-dependent

The Stanford-Binet test provides an inaccurate measure of intelligence in adults because chronological age ________ mental age. a. continues to increase without an increase in b. is unitary, and there are multiple forms of c. increases more rapidly than d. can be more accurately measured than

continues to increase without an increase in

Of the following, which schedule of reinforcement leads to fastest extinction? a. Fixed b. Interval c. Continuous d. Partial

continuous

What of reinforcement leads to fastest acquisition? a. Interval b. Continuous c. Ratio d. Fixed

continuous

Courtney is a highly intelligent person and also a successful attorney. She is thankful that both of her parents not only had very high IQs but also gave her educationally rich childhood full of diverse experiences. Generally speaking, Courtney's high intelligence can be attributed to the ____________________________. a. contributions of nature and nurture b. quality of her childhood teachers c. benefits of having involved parents d. impact of affluence on IQ and on occupational success

contributions of nature and nurture

Joaquin worked really hard on writing his first history paper. He went to the library to research possible sources and took thorough notes about everything he read. But when he sat down to write his paper, he mistakenly thought that some of his notes represented his own original ideas rather than those of other scholars. Without realizing it, Joaquin plagiarized the work of others by making a source attribution error called ______________. a. Cryptomnesia b. Suggestibility c. Memory bias d. Distortion

cryptomnesia

John wants to teach his pet to do a trick. What type(s) of reinforcement should he use if he wants to ensure fast learning and enduring, stable behavior? a. first continuous, then partial b. partial c. first partial, then continuous d. continuous

first continuous, then partial

What is the process whereby the conditioned response is weakened when it is no longer presented with the unconditioned stimulus? a. Acquisition b. Extinction c. Reward d. second-order conditioning

extinction

Dr. Ramos is a radiologist who looks at dozens of scans each day to diagnose everything from broken bones to tumors. Every once in a while, she sees something on the scan that turns out to be nothing. This situation is called a ______________. a. Correct rejection b. Hit c. False alarm d. Miss

false alarm

As a research participant, you read a list of names of unknown individuals. On another day, you read a list that includes some of those names, and you are asked if anyone on the list is famous. According to the ________, you will remember the individuals from the first list as famous. a. False fame effect b. Regency effect c. Spreading activation model d. Cryptomnesia effect

false fame effect

Terri fell and sprained her wrist. She immediately felt a sharp pain, thanks to nerve fibers that carried pain information to her brain. Which nerve fibers are these? a. cortical tissue b. tactile stimulation c. fast fibers d. slow fibers

fast fibers

Prolonged exposure to movement in one direction ________ the motion detectors responsive to that direction. When the movement stops, the baseline firing rate of detectors for the opposite direction of motion will be ________ than the firing rate for the detectors that responded to the prolonged movement, leading to motion aftereffects. a. fatigues; higher b. fatigues; lower c. sensitizes; higher d. sensitizes; lower

fatigues; higher

Taavi is making a multilayered wedding cake for the first time and looking for ways to prevent the cake from collapsing. He then remembers a bridge he once saw that had an interesting support system, which gives him the idea to reinforce the cake in a similar way. Taavi solved this dilemma by ______________. a. overcoming functional fixedness b. having an insight c. finding an appropriate analogy d. restructuring

finding an appropriate analogy

When studying for your psychology exam, you start to confuse the concept of learning with the concept of memory. Your roommate helps clarify the two concepts by explaining that a. learning only includes how we acquire skills but memory includes how we acquire, store, and retrieve any kind of information. b. learning examines how we adjust our behavior based on repeated stimuli, but memory is broader and includes more predictive associations. c. learning focuses on associations between stimuli, actions, or consequences and memory focuses on how we acquire, store, and retrieve knowledge. d. learning and memory are the same thing and the terms are used interchangeably by psychologists.

learning focuses on associations between stimuli, actions, or consequences and memory focuses on how we acquire, store, and retrieve knowledge.

In a memory experiment, participants in Group A are asked to just listen to a list of words. Group B is asked to count the number of words that begin with the letter e. Group C is asked to repeat each word as they hear it. Group D is asked to use each word in a sentence. According to the ________ model of memory, ________ would later remember the most words from the list. a. spreading activation; Group C b. level of processing; Group D c. spreading activation; Group B d. level of processing; Group A

level of processing; Group D

Lana and Seth have a vocabulary test tomorrow. Lana reads her list of words over and over. Seth uses the words in the list to tell a story about his own life. According to the _____ model of memory, the student who is more likely to place more words in long-term storage is ______. a. levels of processing; Seth b. spreading activation; Seth c. spreading activation; Lana d. levels of processing; Lana

levels of processing; Seth

Harry is reading the textbook for his potions class and is trying to relate the material to his own experiences. According to the __________ model of memory, this would be considered __________. a. levels of processing; elaborative rehearsal b. Atkinson and Shiffrin three-part; consolidation c. Atkinson and Shiffrin three-part; elaborative rehearsal d. levels of processing; consolidation

levels of processing; elaborative rehearsal

Studies of the role of dopamine have shown that which of the following pairs are distinct processes? a. liking and wanting b. wanting and loving c. needing and wanting d. liking and loving

liking and wanting

Your younger daughter watches your older daughter mow the lawn. Later, your younger daughter attempts to mow the lawn. According to the principles of______________, your older daughter has acted as a ______________. a. vicarious conditioning; guide b. continuous reinforcement; model c. observational learning; model d. preparedness; guide

observational learning; model

Both Tolman's operant conditioning research of three groups of rat running mazes (no food reward group, regularly reward group, and no food until day 11 group) and Bandura's vicarious learning research of three groups of children watching a model hitting a doll (control group, reward group, and punishment group) demonstrated that reward affects ___________. a. learning more than performance b. neither learning nor performance c. performance more than learning d. learning and performance equally

performance more than learning

Children learn language in which order? a. phonemes, basic words, telegraphic speech, overgeneralizations b. morphemes, telegraphic speech, basic words, overgeneralizations c. morphemes, basic words, overgeneralizations, telegraphic speech d. phonemes, telegraphic speech, overgeneralizations, basic words

phonemes, basic words, telegraphic speech, overgeneralizations

The ________ approach has been shown to be the most effective way to teach reading; the ________ approach is most widely used. a. phonics; whole language b. whole language; phonics c. phonics; phonics d. whole language; whole language

phonics; whole language

The mechanism for encoding frequency is called ______________. a. place coding b. temporal coding c. vestibular sensation d. localization

place coding

In the Rescorla-Wagner model, a surprising or unexpected unconditioned stimulus following the conditioned stimulus will lead to a __________ and will __________ the association between the conditioned and unconditioned stimulus. a. positive prediction error; weaken b. negative prediction error; strengthen c. negative prediction error; weaken d. positive prediction error; strengthen

positive prediction error; strengthen

Jill gets mad when her roommate, Brenda, uses Jill's stuff. Lately, when Jill catches Brenda using her stuff, Jill will play very loudly a song that Brenda hates. Now, Brenda is using Jill's stuff much less, due to the effect of a. positive reinforcement. b. positive punishment. c. negative punishment. d. negative reinforcement.

positive punishment

Federico's son is 2 years old and is trying to learn how to tie his shoelaces. Federico knows how to tie shoelaces but is having a hard time explaining the steps to his son. Federico is struggling with describing his _____ memory of how to tie shoelaces. a. Semantic b. Procedural c. Episodic d. Prospective

procedural

Luisa loves to swim. While swimming, she sometimes thinks about what the temperature must be in Fahrenheit and how to convert it to Celsius. Luisa's memory of how to swim is ______________, and her memory of how to convert Fahrenheit to Celsius is ______________. a. episodic; semantic b. episodic; procedural c. procedural; semantic d. procedural; episodic

procedural; semantic

Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement are similar in that both a. involve the administration of a stimulus. b. involve the removal of a stimulus. c. produce an increase in the probability of a behavior. d. produce a decrease in the probability of a behavior.

produce an increase in the probability of a behavior

A problem with schemas is that they can easily a. incorrectly categorize examples. b. miss defining attributes. c. promote stereotypes. d. confuse prototypes and exemplars.

promote stereotypes

Julie does not know what a "clunker" is. Her friend Bob says, "You know that old car Fred has? That is a great example of a clunker." Bob is describing the "clunker" concept in terms of the ______________. a. Exemplar model b. Defining attribute model c. Representativeness heuristic d. Prototype model

prototype model

Yuri asks his father, Vadim, what a triangle looks like. Vadim gets out a piece of paper and draws a triangle that has three identical angles and sides, rather than drawing one that is oblong and asymmetrical. Vadim has shown his son a triangle using the ____________________. a. exemplar model b. defining attribute model c. representativeness heuristic d. prototype model

prototype model

Scripts are good because they ________ but can be bad because they ________. a. provide a guide to behavior in a given situation; reinforce stereotypical behaviors b. reinforce stereotypical behaviors; provide a guide to behavior in a given situation c. provide a flexible way to assess a situation; reinforce stereotypical behaviors d. provide a guide to behavior in a given situation; take time to activate

provide a guide to behavior in a given situation; reinforce stereotypical behaviors

Consider the pattern: XXY XXY XXY. People perceive this pattern as consisting of three groups of three letters each. Which Gestalt principle accounts for this outcome? a. Similarity b. Proximity c. Common region d. Good continuation

proximity

Dan is trying to throw paper balls into a trash can. Every paper ball that he throws hits the left edge of the trash can and falls to the floor beside the can. Dan's paper ball-throwing is best described as _________. a. both valid and reliable b. neither valid nor reliable c. valid d. reliable

reliable

Jaden has a horrible pain on his right side, a symptom that is prototypical of appendicitis. Even though he does not have any of the other symptoms of appendicitis, he is convinced he has it and goes to the emergency room. He is mortified to learn that all he had was a bad case of gas. Because Jaden's error was based on the prototype of the symptom he had, he relied on the ______________ heuristic. a. Framing b. Affective c. Representativeness d. Availability

representativeness

When Mandy and Joe meet, Joe tells her that he loves math and computers and his favorite hobbies have always involved building things. Mandy concludes that Joe must be an engineering student rather than a liberal arts student, even though there are many more liberal arts than engineering students at their school. Mandy is using the ________ heuristic and ignoring ________. a. availability; base rates b. availability; subjective likelihood c. representativeness; subjective likelihood d. representativeness; base rates

representativeness; base rates

Objects, words, images, or other stimuli that remind us of something we had forgotten about are called ______________. a. Retrieval cues b. Schemas c. Suggestibility d. Context dependencies

retrieval cues

Impairment of the ability to recall an item after remembering related material is known as a. Reconsolidation b. Anterograde amnesia c. Retrieval-induced forgetting d. confabulation

retrieval-induced forgetting

In the fall, Professor Cole memorized the names of his 44 students. Now, in the spring, he has learned the names of his 42 new students. When Professor Cole runs into one of the students from the fall class, he finds that he cannot remember the student's name. He could only think of the names of students in his spring class. This is most likely due to ______. a. anterograde amnesia b. retroactive interference c. proactive interference d. retrograde amnesia

retroactive interference

Pete taught Introductory Psychology last term and is teaching it again this term. When he runs into one of his students from last term, he does not remember her name. He finds that he can only remember the names of his current students. Pete's inability to remember the names of last term's students is most likely due to ______________. a. proactive interference b. retroactive interference c. retrograde amnesia d. anterograde amnesia

retroactive interference

Phyllis hardly remembers any Italian now that she is studying French. This is a case of ______________. a. retroactive interference b. blocking c. the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon d. proactive interference

retroactive interference

Shaping is a. completely ineffective. b. rewarding behaviors that increasingly resemble the desired behavior. c. teaching a behavior by modeling it first. d. a way to teach an animal to stop a specific behavior.

rewarding behaviors that increasingly resemble the desired behavior

Encharta is sitting outside, looking at her beautiful garden. As the sun goes down, the colors become less bright and finally all become shades of gray. This change happens because the a. amount of photopigment is increasing. b. cones are taking over for the rods. c. amount of photopigment is decreasing. d. rods are taking over for the cones.

rods are taking over for the cones

You are conducting an informal study in which, for a month, you play a particular song for your best friend right before you serve her dinner. Eventually, you play the song and wait to see how your friend responds. She begins to salivate and says she has hunger pains. In this scenario, what is the conditioned response? a. The time of day b. The song c. Salivation d. The food

salivation

Tiffany says, "Cheerleading is a sport. It is competitive and takes a lot of athletic ability!" Hugh replies, "You're crazy! Cheerleading is not a sport. All cheerleaders do is shake pom-poms and yell out the spelling of words." Tiffany and Hugh clearly disagree about the _______ of "sport." a. Schema b. Prototype c. Concept d. Exemplar

schema

When one learns the consequences of an action by watching another person perform the action, this type of learning is called ________ learning. a. Modeling b. Shaping c. Vicarious d. Latent

vicarious

Which memory system is most closely related to intelligence test scores? a. Semantic b. Procedural c. Episodic d. Working

working