Psychology Exam 2
Herb understood everything that was said, but he could not speak.
Broca's aphasia
brain area for language production
Broca's area
Which of the following are accurate findings of Bandura's research in the 1960s, in which children saw adults interact with a large inflatable doll called Bobo?
Children learned to act aggressively toward the doll if they saw adults do so. Bandura's results suggest that exposing children to violence may encourage them to behave aggressively.
This is the mean, or average, score.
100
About 16 percent of people score higher than this.
115
About 2.3 percent of the population score lower than this.
70
Identify the true and false statements about the reliability and validity of intelligence tests.
A person's performance on an intelligence test at one time corresponds with his performance on the same test at another time. People who score high on IQ tests often do well at school and in complex careers.
Audrey suffers from expressive aphasia as a result of a stroke that was localized in Broca's area. Which of the following effects might she exhibit?
Audrey can understand everything that is said to her but has trouble repeating what has been said. When Audrey is able to say a word, she is unable to combine it with another word. Audrey can move her tongue and lips but struggles to form words.
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about early experimental work on conditioning.
In 1920, John Watson and ROSALIE RAYNER reported using FRIGHTENING NOISES to instill a phobia of white rats and other white things in an 11-month-old boy named ALBERT. A few years later, MARY COVER JONES investigated the elimination of phobias with an older boy who feared rabbits—providing his favorite food as a stimulus while bringing the rabbit progressively closer.
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about recent developments in the theory of classical conditioning.
In contrast to behaviorism, more recent learning theory emphasizes the role of cognition. Rescorla and Wagner showed that when the unconditioned stimulus is surprising and the conditioned stimulus comes BEFORE it, the animal makes the connection between the stimuli especially EASILY; the conditioned stimulus helps an animal PREDICT the unconditioned one.
Identify the claims of linguistic relativity theory that have been supported by research.
Language influences how people think about quantities. Language influences how people think about time and space. Sexist language can influence how people think about men and women.
People who are high in g (general intelligence factor) tend to live longer. Which of the following explanations for this have been proposed?
People with higher g scores are more informed about the link between health and various behaviors. People with higher g scores end up in jobs that are less dangerous and have better health benefits. Higher g is associated with more education. It is the education, not the high g, that confers health benefits.
Identify each description about reading as benefitting from either phonics or whole language.
Phonics: produces more proficient readers Whole Language: more natural and in line with how children learn to talk better for motivating students to read
After Adola broke up with her boyfriend, she tended only to recall the times when they did not get along
memory bias
When Monica first met her close friend William, she thought he was boring, but now she recalls him as having been warm and engaging when they first met.
memory bias
distorted memory of past events based on current information
memory bias
Abellona enjoyed rereading the murder mystery because she forgot who had committed the crime.
memory decay
Keaton memorized all 206 bones in the body by visualizing each in a specific location on his path across campus.
method of loci
Bonita thought her psychology professor had assigned a ten-page paper, but her history professor had given that assignment.
misattribution
wrong source
misattribution
To remember how to spell geography, Benat made up the sentence, "George eats old gray rats and paints hamsters yellow."
mnemonics
Crystal sees lots of students skateboarding from class to class, so she decides to start using her own skateboard to get around campus.
modeling
smallest unit of meaning in language
morphemes
the units "psych-" and "-ology"
morphemes
The Chinese word for violin is: Identify these phrases about representation as correct or incorrect.
The word does not look anything like a violin. The relationship between the word and a violin is arbitrary.
Michael keeps looking for his keys on the kitchen table, where he usually leaves them. Eventually, he checks in his pocket and finds them.
overcoming a mental set
Matt has a hammer and a window that will not open, but he does not want to smash the window. Eventually he realizes that he can use the hammer as a lever.
overcoming functional fixedness
remembering things one wants to forget
persistence
basic sounds of speech
phonemes
the sounds /s/, /i/, /ch/, /ol/, /o/, /g/, and /ee/
phonemes
When Jason joined the basketball team, his coach introduced him to the 10 other players on the team. As the coach finished, Jason was dismayed to find that he could only remember the names of the first teammate and the last teammate his coach had named. Which of the following factors explain why Jason could not remember the names of the middle teammates?
primary effect recency effect serial position effect
Erin took four years of French in high school. On her first college exam in Italian, she could only recall the French words.
proactive interference
involves getting from a present state to a goal state
problem solving
involves obstacles
problem solving
Although she had not played in years, Piyumi played and won at ping-pong.
procedural memory
the best, most typical member of a category
prototype
Which of the following are examples of explicit memory?
recounting a conversation a person had with a friend explaining the rules for playing a card game repeating directions to drive to a new friend's house
Which of the following are examples of implicit memory?
remembering how to tie a square knot remembering how to paint a ceiling smelling popcorn, then later deciding you'd like to go see a movie
Imagine that after John Watson's experiments on Little Albert, another researcher had to develop a plan to extinguish Little Albert's conditioned response to the rat. Which of the following techniques could have achieved that goal?
repeatedly showing Little Albert the rat without making a loud sound
making decisions by placing people or objects into categories
representativeness heuristic
Chao is looking for a dog sitter, but no one can cover all the times required. He then puts together a schedule for three different people to help with the dog.
restructuring problems
recalling the definition of a key term from your memory
retrieval
Carolyn has spent the past two weeks learning to play a new song on her guitar. When she tries to play the song she learned a month ago, she finds she cannot recall the notes.
retroactive interference
long-term memory structures
schema
Andrew lectured on the components of a newspaper article.
semantic memory
Psychology is dope.
semantics
meaning of phrases or sentences
semantics
Three-year-old Luciana learns by watching and listening to her siblings and parents.
social learning
Midori was calm when studying but anxious when taking the exam; she could not recall some of the information.
state-dependent memory
maintaining information until you take a test
storage
Amado's friend tells him that their neighbor's dog is vicious. Later, Amado mistakenly recalls a time when the dog chased him.
suggestibility
Ekon witnessed a minor car accident. After the lawyer told him the driver had been speeding, Ekon recalled seeing lots of broken glass at the scene.
suggestibility
changing memory based on misleading information
suggestibility
rules for combining words into sentences
syntax
Identify the characteristics of classical conditioning and those that apply to operant conditioning.
the animal's response being involuntary a passive, automatic process
Tori always did her homework in her classroom and performed well on a subsequent essay exam given in the same room.
context-dependent memory
José has a large research paper to write. He plans to first procure research articles, then review them, then write a summary of each one, and then write his conclusion.
create subgoals
Abasi wrote a poem but later discovered it was actually parts of two famous poems.
cryptomnesia
knowledge and use of knowledge
crystallized intelligence
involves ranking outcomes as better or worse
decision making
involves selection among alternatives
decision making
Nina remembers key terms related to memory for her psychology test by thinking of an example of each.
elaborative rehearsal
connecting new information to long-term memories
elaborative rehearsal
reading the textbook and paying attention in class
encoding
When Amira discovered her old Halloween costume in the back of her closet, she remembered winning her school's costume contest that year.
encoding specificity
Sami recalled the events of the music festival she attended.
episodic memory
any member of a category
exemplar
Kamali grew up hearing stories of the great blizzard. She remembered walking home in this blizzard and was astonished to discover that the blizzard occurred before she was born.
false memory
flexibility and novelty in thinking
fluid intelligence
A dating app CEO, hoping to get venture capital funding, says that his site is used by 20 percent of San Francisco singles.
framing
A professor gives extra credit for homework turned in rather than deducting points if it is not turned in.
framing
Decisions are shaped by whether potential gains or potential losses are emphasized.
framing
high overall intelligence
g factor
Which of the following theories on intelligence have strong evidential support?
general intelligence crystalized intelligence fluid intelligence
Read aloud to her baby the mom.
incorrect syntax
Boris, an architect, takes a break from a problem he's been working on because he knows that sometimes he comes up with solutions to a difficult problem in an "aha" moment.
insight
Akeem listens carefully as the tech support person explains how to set up his new wi-fi router.
instructed learning
Machala repeats an address to herself while looking for a piece of paper to write it down.
maintenance rehearsal
rote repetition
maintenance rehearsal
Catherine could picture the movie actor and knew that his name began with an "R," but she could not recall the actor's name.
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
forgetting overtime
transcience
After Samesh sees his older brother's soccer teammates congratulate him on an amazing goal, Samesh decides to try playing soccer.
vicarious learning
Joseph looks up a word in a dictionary to learn how to spell the word.
visual encoding
When Paola's car broke down, she identified what time she needed to get to work, then researched bus schedules to see what bus to catch, then set the time she needed to leave the house to walk to the bus stop.
working backwards
temporary inability to retrieve information
blocking
a group of things with one or more shared properties
category
Continuous reinforcement is when behavior is reinforced every time it occurs. But in the real world, partial reinforcement—the occasional reinforcement of behavior—is more common. Fill in the blanks with the correct reinforcement schedules for the given situations.
Steve's Intro Psych instructor collects students' homework assignments after every class. Sometimes, she awards extra credit for every homework assignment; at other times, three or four homework assignments will go by without extra credit. To increase his chances of getting the extra points, Steve consistently turns in the homework. Steve is reinforced on a VARIABLE RATIO schedule. Radio station WPYS gives prizes as a promotion to listeners who call in to the station. WPYS makes a rule that the same person can win only once a month. This is an example of a FIXED INTERVAL schedule.
To memorize the first 20 digits in the number π, Stephan organized the individual numbers into a series of dates.
chunking
When the lightning flashed, 6-year-old Benji covered his ears, expecting the thunder to follow.
classical conditioning
Identify the true and false statements about the process of classical conditioning.
We learn to respond to an initially neutral stimulus because it predicts the occurrence of a second stimulus or event. Classical conditioning involves learning a relationship between two stimuli in the environment.
June could not understand what was said to her, and she spoke in nonsensical sentences.
Wernick's aphasia
brain area for language comprehension
Wernicke's area
Deep in conversation with a friend, Driti couldn't remember where she had put her phone down.
absentmindedness
encoding failure from lack of attention
absentmindedness
Marco memorizes a list of words by making up a rhyme.
acoustic encoding
The clerk first shows the shopper the most expensive suit, and then shows him a nice belt, which is less expensive by comparison.
anchoring
The real estate agent describes an apartment as "spacious, modern, well located, overlooks a highway, fixer-upper kitchen."
anchoring
evaluating current information, usually numerical data, to be either negative or positive by comparing it to previously provided information
anchoring
making decisions based on information that is easily retrieved: usually information that has been heard or seen recently or frequently
availability heuristic
Petrine knew her neighbor's name, but when introducing her to a friend, she was temporarily unable to recall it.
blocking
