Psychology EXAM 2
Justin is frustrated with his daughter's lack of focus on her science homework. She's doing some complex work, but she has a tendency to give up early. What would Carol Dweck recommend as the best type of praise for Justin to give his daughter?
"I like the way you're working so hard on that."
Researchers who administered the blirt test wanted to check its reliability by giving students the test another time. Which of the following graphs show the most reliable results (the x-axis shows the original text scores, and the y-axis shows the re-test scores).
(red dots)
Cattell's personality test identified ________ personality traits that were scored on a continuum from high to low.
16
When Justin's dog hears the sound of a car door slam outside, she excitedly runs to the door and barks. This is an example of
classical conditioning.
LaToya's friends drop by her house and insist she join them while they go prank some of the kids at their rival school. She knows she shouldn't go, but she hops in the car anyway. Her ________ behavior is better understood if you know about the developing adolescent brain.
impulsive
The fact that some areas of the brain are still developing during adolescence causes adolescents to be more ________ than adults.
impulsive
The basic idea behind psychosexual development is that
in each stage of development, a child focuses on a specific pleasure-seeking area of the body.
According to a study by Raineki, Cortés, Belnoue, and Sullivan (2012), rat pups who experience abuse early in their lives were likely to show depressive behaviors and
increased activation in the amygdala.
People who live in ________ cultures tend to believe that independence, competition, and personal achievement are important
individualist
Between ages 7 and 11, a child may compare himself to his peers and wonder if he measures up. Erikson's conflict during this stage of development is called
industry vs. inferiority.
Which of the following is an example of instinct?
infant rooting for a nipple
Research by Hamlin, Mahanjan, Liberman, and Wynn found that
infants seem to make moral judgements.
Which of the following best defines the Asch effect?
influence of the group majority on an individual's judgment
A new born baby knowing how to suck to get food is an example of a
instinct.
People in early adulthood (20s through early 40s) are ready to establish emotional closeness and maintain relationships with others. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
intimacy vs. isolation
The ________ is the belief that people get the outcomes they deserve.
just-world hypothesis
Zoe believes that homeless people deserve to be homeless because she thinks they don't work hard enough. Her belief is an example of the
just-world hypothesis
When Rosalie falls asleep at a park next to an elementary school, the ringing bell wakes her up. She immediately jumps to her feet and starts to pack up her bag because she has been conditioned to think the ringing bell signifies the end of class and the need to go somewhere else. When Rosalie was little, before ever attending school, the sound of a bell was a
neutral stimulus.
Providing a child with a sticker each time he picks up his toys is an example of a ________.
positive reinforcer
Which type of reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities that are not learned?
primary
A person will be less likely to fall prey to the Asch effect if there is at least one other dissenter in the group, if the group is small, or if responses are made in ________.
private
Unconscious processes and hidden thoughts or desires are tested through ________ personality tests, such as the TAT.
projective
Dr. Grimes conducts a ________ by requesting that his patient respond to ambiguous stimuli, thus revealing hidden feelings, impulses, and desires.
projective test
Lawrence Kohlberg is best known for ________.
proposing a theory of moral development with three distinct levels, each level having two stages that represent different degrees of moral reasoning
Mary didn't make the tennis team and decided that it was for the best because she didn't want to attend daily practices anyway. This is an example of which defense mechanism?
rationalization
Lisa was not prepared to be a mother and felt guilty for not welcoming her child when he was born. As a result, she tries to prove her love by becoming overindulgent and overprotective of the child. This is an example of which defense mechanism?
reaction formation
The saying, "I scratch your back, you scratch mine." best fits with the concept of
reciprocity.
Sean wants to teach his dog to turn the light on. What would be the best way to train his dog, utilizing the idea of shaping? What might he do that using the concept of shaping?
reward his dog when the dog looks at the light switch, when she touches the lightswitch, when she pushes it, and when she turns it on by command
A person's knowledge about the appropriate behavior and sequence of events to follow in a new situation is called a/an ________.
script.
Money is an example of which type of reinforcer?
secondary
Which of the following strategies would effectively prevent groupthink from occurring?
seek outside opinions on group decisions.
According to the principles of social learning theory, Claire is likely to demonstrate aggressive behavior if she
sees a character on t.v. get rewarded for being violent towards another character
Jamal is placed in the remedial reading class at school and labels himself as a bad reader, thereby causing him to read less and not improve his reading. This is an example of the
self-fulfilling prophecy.
A person with high self-efficacy would likely
set attainable goals
Social and environmental factors play large roles in the regulation of body weight. These factors are not necessarily considered in the ________, which claims that each individual has an ideal body weight that is resistant to change.
set point theory
Which hormone plays a major role in sexual motivation for both men and women?
testosterone
The most important takeaway from Freud's theory of psychosexual development is
that childhood experiences can shape personality.
The term "latent learning" refers to learning that ________.
that does not reveal itself until it is needed
Most people are likely to be surprised by the results of Milgram's initial obedience experiment because ________.
the "teachers" were more obedient than most people would have predicted
In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus).
unconditioned response
Don knows that drinking too much liquor is a costly habit that is bad for his health, but he continues to drink large amounts of liquor. He also thinks he is a smart person that makes good choices. Don feels some psychological discomfort from this contradiction, which is also called ________.
Cognitive diss
Erik Erikson said that at each stage of development there is a ________ that needs to be addressed for a healthy personality.
Conflict
Rhonda, mother of three, insists that development takes place gradually and at its own pace, whereas Carolyn, mother of four, insists that development happens in distinct stages. Rhonda argues for ________ development but Carolyn sees development as ________.
Continuous, discontinuous
________ are culturally specific standards that govern the types and frequencies of displays of emotions that are acceptable.
Cultural display rules
Stage theories hold that the sequence of development is ________.
universal
Henry is observing beetles for his biology project. They return to their nest at unpredictable intervals all day long, so Henry keeps a close watch all day. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
variable interval
Sven eats popcorn every time he goes to the movies. He goes to a new theatre with no concessions and finds that his mouth is watering for popcorn the entire time. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus?
watching a movie
Before Bandura proposed his Bobo doll experiment, most learning specialists believed that learning only occurred ________.
when an individual did something and discovered the consequences directly
A person is most likely to assist another
when the costs of helping are low and the rewards are high.
Marguerite is a psychologist who lives in America. She wants to administer personality tests in her native country of Togo to determine if the tests are still valid in different cultures. Testing Western ideas in other cultures is the ________ approach to the study of personality.
Cultural-comparative
What is the partly conscious rational component of personality that regulates thoughts and behavior and is most in touch with reality?
Ego
What was the primary finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart?
Identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities.
When students implemented interleaving, how much did they feel like they learned?
Less than students who studied using a blocking strategy
According to the frustration aggression theory, what would you expect to happen after Mekayla bombs her performance at the piano recital?
Mekayla kicks her cat.
A person's ________ is the amount of energy that is expended in a given period of time
Metabolic rate
What is interleaving?
Mixing up what you study
Babies who show the ________ will spread their arms and quickly pull them back if they feel like they are falling.
Moro reflex
Soon after birth, a nurse almost drops Osei. He spreads his arms, pulls them back in, and then cries. This is an example of ________.
Moro reflex
Is being able to multitask, or cognitively focus on two different tasks at the same time, something that humans can do?
No, it is impossible for humans to multitask
Suppose you hate reality shows, but you pretend to like them in order to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by your friends, who all love reality television. This is an example of ________ social influence.
Normative
Research has shown that in general students prefer reaching out where?
Online through email or messages
Five-year-old Savanna has become very competitive with her mother for her father's affections and quite defiantly states that she is "Going to marry Daddy when I grow up!" Which psychosexual stage does this exemplify?
Phallic stage
________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.
Primary
________ designed a personality test where each of 16 personality traits was scored on a continuum from high to low.
Raymond Cattell
What is the relationship between reaching out for help and final grade?
Reaching out for help leads to better final grades
Heather and Mike share the household chores as equally as possible. They take turns with the cooking and driving their son to daycare. Both of them work outside the home, and each of them takes responsibility for child care one night a week to give the other one a break. We can say that their relationship has ________.
Reciprocity
During the Vietnam war era, Lt. William Calley was convicted of ordering his men to shoot women and children during the My Lai massacre. This incident most resembles the work of which of the following researchers?
Stanley Milgram's obedience studies
A group of operating room nurses were asked about their beliefs and best practices in the operating room. When a doctor ordered some things during a procedure, all of the nurses obeyed, even if that meant doing things they previously said they would not do. This behavior is supported by
Stanley Milgram's obedience studies.
How much did students feel like they were learning while they were studying using interleaving?
Students that used interleaving felt like they learned less than students that used blocking
What is the effect of task switching while studying?
Task switching negatively impacts learning
When Catherine landed a big contract for her firm, she accepted the credit for her hard work and smart "wheeling and dealing." When she failed to get the contract in another situation, she blamed the sneaky and dishonest tactics of the competition. What is this an example of? Responses
The self-serving bias
A research team wants to ensure their test is valid. What could they do to test its convergent validity?
The test results in similar scores with other personality tests of similar traits.
Personality tests can be checked for validity, meaning they test what they are supposed to test, in a variety of ways. Which is an example of convergent validity?
The test results in similar scores with other personality tests of similar traits.
Which group of words is most appropriate for the psychodynamic theory of Freud?
Unconscious, repressed thoughts, early childhood, conflict
Happiness, sadness, fright, and surprise are
Universal emotions
Research by ________ identified the sexual response cycle and also revealed information about reproductive anatomy.
William Masters and Virginia Johnson
Which early researcher(s) observed sexual acts in order to measure physiological responses?
William Masters and Virginia Johnson
According to the ________, the source, content, and audience will all influence the persuasiveness of a message.
Yale attitude change
________ believed that physiological arousal is very similar across the different types of emotions that we experience. For example, our body might respond similarly to getting a new job or getting fired from a job. These researchers claim that the cognitive appraisal of the situation is critical to the actual emotion experienced.
a Schachter-Singer
Negative punishment refers to a situation where ________.
a behavior decreased because something desirable was eliminated through engaging in the behavior
In psychology, which is the best definition for the term personality? ________.
a combination of long-lasting and distinctive behaviors, thoughts, motives, and emotions that typify how we react to other people and situations
Pluralistic ignorance occurs when
a person relies on other people to gauge whether help is needed, and then decide to do nothing.
The concept of "types of desserts I like" is an example of ________.
a schemata
Believing that old people think slowly is an example of ________, but refusing to hire a person because they are advanced in age is an example of ________.
a stereotype; discrimination
Believing that women with blonde hair are dumb is an example of ________, while refusing to hire a woman with blonde hair is an example of ________.
a stereotype; discrimination
Which is an example of negative reinforcement?
buckling your seatbelt to remove the "beep, beep, beep" sound in your car
A young adult, compared to an elderly adult, will probably be superior at learning the ins and outs of the latest online social media networks (like Facebook and Twitter), because the younger adult will tend to have stronger ________ intelligence than the older adult.
fluid
The ________ stage is when children can think and reason about abstract ideas and hypothetical situations.
formal operational
A man in a blue Audi speeds into a parking spot right in front of Lena. She is annoyed and thinks, "What a spoiled jerk that guy is." Her thinking best demonstrates the
fundamental attribution error.
Someone with ________ may be inclined to undertake gender-affirming hormone therapy.
gender dysphoria
Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?
getting five bucks from your parents every time you learn 3 new songs on the violin
Which of the following is the best example of the foot-in-the-door technique of persuasion?
getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether
________ focus on large muscle groups that control our arms, legs, and larger movements.
gross motor skills
Cedrick is the floor manager at a restaurant. He calls a meeting with his staff to discuss scheduling, and he gives his idea first. Everyone quickly agrees with him and his new idea is implemented. This is an example of
groupthink.
Blackwell, Trzesniewski, and Dweck's research found that students with a ________ prefered challenging work and were not discouraged by failure.
growth mindset
A pattern of behavior that we regularly engage in is known as a/an
habit.
The seven universal emotions are
happiness, surprise, sadness, fright, disgust, contempt, and anger
Genetic influences are represented by a measure that estimates how much of some behavior is due to genetic influences; this measure is referred to as ________.
heritability
According to a study done by Sarah Master and her colleagues, which was most helpful in reducing pain?
holding hands of a loved one
Amy is a woman who feels emotional and sexual attraction for other women but not towards men. Amy is ________.
homosexual
Lesions to the medial preoptic area of the ________ in rats disrupt a male rat's ability to engage in sexual behavior.
hypothalamus
Several areas of the ________ are particularly important to regulating eating behavior.
hypothalamus
While lesions in the ________ may disrupt a male mat's ability to engage in sexual behavior, it will not disrupt his desire to do so.
hypothalamus
What is the completely unconscious, irrational component of personality that seeks immediate satisfaction of instinctual urges and drives; ruled by the pleasure principle?
id
According to the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart, ________ twins have very similar personalities when ________.
identical; together or apart
According to Erikson, adolescents are in the ________ stage of development.
identity versus role confusion
Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
identity vs. confusion
According to Erik Erikson, the primary developmental dilemma of adolescence is
identity vs. confusion.
What was the main takeaway of the Stanford prison experiment?
social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior
The Stanford prison experiment mostly showed that
social roles have an impact on behavior.
Based on the Carol Dweck's research on mindsets, what would be the best advice a teacher could offer his student while working on some difficult problems?
"I like the way you're working so hard on that."
What is a social role?
A socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group
Define interleaving.
A study strategy to mix up what you are learning
Sharonda realized that her health was declining rapidly, so she decided to spend a few weeks with each of her children and spend quality time with those she loves. Her behavior best fits which stage of Elizabeth Kübler-Ross's stages of grief model?
Acceptance
Imagine that a student came into this class simply thinking that infants and young children gradually develop intellectually. Now the student realizes that there are four distinguishable stages of cognitive development. What process would Piaget say is taking place in the student's mind?
Accommodation
Which of the following is a way that the James-Lange theory of emotion differs from the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion?
According to the James-Lange theory, emotions arise from physiological arousal; according to the Schachter-Singer theory, emotions include a cognitive factor and a physiological factor.
How we feel about various topics (for example, Jarious gets mad at people who use profanity) reflects the ________ component of an attitude.
Affective
Which early researcher(s) conducted surveys and interviews to gather data about sexual behavior?
Alfred Kinsey
Which of the following is a way that anorexia nervosa is different from bulimia nervosa?
Anorexia is associated with starvation, and bulimia is associated with binge eating.
Many cultures have stories about a hero who goes on a quest, such as Hercules, King Arthur, and Gilgamesh. What would Carl Jung say this exemplified?
Archetype
Research indicates that the ________ parenting style is associated with positive psychological outcomes for children, including high self-esteem and social skills.
Authoritative
Carla requests a glass of "choggi ulk" so her mom gives her some chocolate milk. This supports the views of ________, who would say that Carla learned and developed her vocabulary because of ________.
B.F. Skinner; reinforcement
When April learned she is suffering from leukemia, she met with her doctor and said, "I'll do anything to get rid of my disease. I'll improve my diet, quit smoking, lose weight, anything; just make me better." April appears to be in the ________ stage of Kübler-Ross's stages of grief.
Bargaining
Which of the following is NOT something the theories of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow have in common?
Both theories focus on the personality formed in infancy.
How is bulimia different from binge eating?
Bulimia consists of binge eating and then purging the food, while binge eating consists of overeating and then feeling guilty.
Robert Williams developed the first culturally specific projective test designed to reflect the everyday life experiences of African Americans. This is known as the
C-TCB
Which type of persuasion involves logic-driven arguments using data and facts to convince people of an argument's worthiness?
Central route
Sexual motivation for both men and women varies as a function of circulating ________ levels.
testosterone
Luis works part-time after school to earn money so he can afford a secondhand motorcycle. Luis is working because of ________ motivation.
Extrinsic
Participants in a study thought cartoons were funnier when holding a pen between their teeth (mimicking the facial action of a smile) compared to when holding a pen between their lips (similar to a frown). This study was testing the ________.
Facial feedback hypothesis
Which of the following are examples of the social level in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
Family friendship
Exposure to alcohol when the mother drinks during her pregnancy can produce a very serious condition that includes mental retardation and other developmental problems. What is this condition called?
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Which of the three stages is the longest?
Fetus (fetal)
________ focus on the muscles in our fingers, toes, and eyes, and enable coordination of small actions.
Fine motor skills
The traits openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism are key components of the ________.
Five Factor Model
Twenty-four-year-old Emma, compared to her 70-year-old grandmother, Sue, will probably be superior with learning the ins and outs of the latest online social media networks (like Facebook, Twitter, etc.) because younger adults tend to have stronger ________ intelligence than the older adult.
Fluid
According to Freud, when Martin accidentally said, "nice to beat you" while being introduced to his friend's acquaintance on the opposing soccer team instead of "nice to meet you," Martin's unconscious desires were revealed. This is called a/an
Freudian slip
________ dysphoria is a diagnostic category in DSM-5 for individuals who do not identify with the cultural expectations associated with their sex assigned at birth.
Gender
The early trait theorist, ________, found 4,500 words to describe people and then organized these into different trait categories.
Gordon Allport
The ________ reflex explains why newborns hold on tight when you put a finger in their hands.
Grasping reflex
Before registering for the next semester, Karen asks her friends about a professor she doesn't know. They all say the proAccording to the frustration aggression theory, what would you expect to happen after Mekayla bombs her performance at the piano recital?fessor is a great teacher. Consequently, Karen assumes that this person is a great teacher and enrolls in the course. Which type of conformity is this?
Informational conformity
Which of the following situations is an example of instrumental aggression?
John really wants his toy back from Evan, so he pushes him out of the way.
Which Neo-Freudian emphasized the importance of the collective unconscious?
Jung
Which example best exemplifies homophily?
Latara and Vaughn are the same race and attend the same church. They met in their psychology class, a subject they both major in. They begin to date.
During which period are sexual feelings dormant as children focus on other pursuits, such as school, friendships, hobbies, and sports?
Latency
________ broke the constraints of ________, which emphasized that learning was the direct consequence of conditioning to stimuli.
Latent learning; behaviorism
What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs?
Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
Which personality researchers would claim that personality is also formed by individual choices and not determined by biology?
Rogers and Maslow
________ is the feeling of fullness and satisfaction that typically comes after eating because of signals from the pancreas, liver, gastrointestinal tract, and brain.
Satiation
In which of the following situations is pluralistic ignorance being demonstrated?
Several people walk by a man who is lying motionless on the sidewalk but nobody helps. Some assume he is homeless and asleep. None recognize that he is in a diabetic coma.
Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?
Shaping
The first comprehensive theory of personality focused on unconscious drives and childhood experiences. It was developed by ________.
Sigmund Freud
According to the frustration aggression theory, which of the following is likely to occur when Simon gets frustrated with his toilet training?
Simon bites his mother.
________ is the view that our behavior and actions are determined by our immediate environment and surroundings.
Situationism
Martin, age 66, is an avid reader and can easily quote some of his favorite books and describe impressive details from his life. He might, however, not perform as well as his younger self on
a test of information-processing speed.
Miguel signed up for match.com because he thought it might actually be a good way to meet a nice girl who shares his interests, but he assumes his roommate only signed up because he is shallow wants to look through all the pictures and profiles. This is an example of the
actor-observer bias.
Priscilla did poorly on her test wants to go home to turn on the t.v. and relax. When she walks in, however, she finds her roommates already on the couch watching her favorite show. Priscilla thinks her roommate is lazy, and thinks her roommate should move since Priscilla obviously had a bad day. This is an example of the
actor-observer bias.
According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, when is the most efficient time for Carl to complete the easy task of mowing the lawn?
after he has received some exciting news
Billie is a(n) ________ because he believes people over age 65 should have their driver's license suspended, the elderly use up important social resources, and they occupy jobs that should belong to younger, more capable people.
ageist
In a study by Raineki, Cortés, Belnoue, and Sullivan (2012), rat pups who experienced abuse early in their lives showed structural changes in the ________, which were linked with depressive behaviors.
amygdala
There is a connection between changes in ________ with various mood and anxiety disorders
amygdala
Alysha believes that she is good at basketball because she has put forth countless hours of practice and effort. Julian Rotter would say that Alysha has ________.
an internal locus of control
According to Freud, the ________ personality is stingy and stubborn, has a compulsive need for order and neatness, and might be considered a perfectionist.
anal-retentive
Bradley is constantly checking his weight in the mirror and on the scale. He restricts his diet to a small amount of calories a day and forces himself to run at least 10 miles a day. His body weight is excessively low. He probably suffers from ________ nervosa.
anorexia
Mercy has maintained her body weight far below what is healthy through starvation and constant exercise. Mercy probably suffers from ________.
anorexia
Which of the following is the best example of central route persuasion?
anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year
If Trey has a high score in neuroticism and a low score in extroversion on the Big 5 personality test, he is likely to be
anxious and quiet.
In classical conditioning, organisms learn to
associate events that repeatedly happen together.
Which parenting style is most likely to help children develop a healthy self-concept and other positive psychological outcomes?
authoritative
Two-year old Eva doesn't want any help getting dressed in the mornings. According to Erikson's psychosocial stages, Eva is dealing with the struggle between
autonomy vs. shame/doubt.
Once Jane heard of her daughter's diagnosis, Jane began to tell the doctor, "I'll do anything if you can help my daughter get well." Where does Jane's response fit in Elizabeth Kübler-Ross's stages of grief model?
bargaining
Older adults generally perform ________ than young people on vocabulary tests and ________ on tests of working memory and information-processing speed.
better; worse
If Jan is emotionally and sexually attracted to both men and women, she is ________.
bisexual
While we are born with all of the brain cells we will ever have, there is a period of rapid neural growth, called ________, which occurs during the first few years of life, which is followed by ________ through the rest of childhood and adolescence.
blooming; pruning
Measuring a person's height and weight reveals their ________, which is in the normal range between 18-25.
body mass index
Although uncommon, a ________ personality trait is one that dominates an entire personality.
cardinal
Using cold, hard facts to sell a computer is an example of the ________ to persuasion.
central route
Diego teaches third grade and has heard that one of his students, Farrah, is coming to his class next year. She's supposedly a big troublemaker who likes to talk back to teachers, so Diego is not surprised when she talks back to him on the second day of school. He didn't recognize that she had been obedient and respectful o the first day, however. This experience is an example of ________.
confirmation bias
According to Carl Rogers, we find ________ when our thoughts about our real self and ideal self are very similar.
congruence
When a person makes a moral decision based on wanting to make sure that the decision is acceptable in the community, the person's moral reasoning is at the ________ level.
conventional
An older person's "wisdom" can be described by the term ________ intelligence.
crystallized
As Gary gets older, his ________ intelligence increases, while his ________ intelligence decrease
crystallized; fluid
The ________ approach seeks to test Western ideas about personality in other cultures to determine whether they can be generalized and if they have cultural validity.
cultural-comparative
What are cultural display rules?
culturally specific standards that govern the types and frequencies of displays of emotions that are acceptable
According to Freud, a person may wish to reduce anxiety and protect the ego by utilizing
defense mechanisms.
When Jack heard others talking about terrorists attacking New York City, his first reaction was, "No way, that can't be happening." Where does Jack's response fit in Elizabeth Kübler-Ross's stages of grief model?
denial
Which of the following experiments involves the use of social learning theory?
determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting
What is the primary psychosocial milestone of childhood?
developing a positive sense of self
3-year-old Lacy always gets her favorite juice in her Scooby-Doo cup, so she drinks readily. But now the Scooby-Doo cup is in the dishwasher, so mom puts her juice in the Dora the Explorer cup that is identical to the Scooby-Doo cup except for the decorations. Lacy refuses to drink because she ________.
discriminates between the Scooby-Doo cup and the Dora the Explorer cup
Kids of abusive parents often display ________ attachment, and may run away from their parents in the Strange Situation experiment.
disorganized
Blaming the poor for their poverty is a ________ explanation, and ignores other factors like high unemployment or family situations.
dispositional
Social psychologists are more likely to examine how immediate environment and surroundings determine behavior. This is called ________; whereas personality psychologists are likely to promote the idea that internal factors determine behavior. This is called ________.
dispositionism; situationalism
According to Maslow, which needs should be met just before self-actualization can be achieved?
esteem
Which of the following is an example of a reflex?
ewborn baby knowing how to nurse
Which type of motivation arises from external factors or rewards?
extrinsic
If Jolene drinks alcohol while pregnant, particularly during the sensitive period of prenatal development, then it is possible that her baby will be born with facial deformities or other delays characteristic of
fetal alcohol syndrome.
Laqaulla is only 4, but she already paints beautiful pieces of art and has excellent penmanship. She has excellent ________.
fine motor skills
Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
fixed interval
Kristi entered seventh grade with the mentality that she is not good at math, and never will be. She preferred simple problems and was discouraged when she got problems wrong. Kristi has a ________.
fixed mindset
Redonda watches as an experimenter puts two identical balls of clay in front of her. She confirms that they look exactly the same. Then the experimenter squashes one of the balls so it is flat as a pancake. Now it is obvious to Redonda that the squashed clay has more clay in it because it covers so much more of the table. Redonda's understanding is an example of ________.
lack of conservation
Learning that does not reveal itself until it is needed is called
latent learning
Acquiring knowledge and skills through experience is called ________.
learning
The satiety hormone is called ________.
leptin
In Hamlin, Mahanjan, Liberman, and Wynn's study on infant behavior, they discovered that infants who share a food preference with a puppet will
like it when good things happen to that puppet.
Which is the best definition of personality?
long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways
Aisha has a physical therapy session after work and dreads going because of the pain involved. Her friend told her about a study done by Sarah Master at UCLA that may help with the pain. Her friend says that is she wants to have the best chance of reducing her pain levels during the session, she should
look at a picture of her boyfriend during the procedure.
Jamela has a localized surgery approaching, and her friend tells her about some research conducted by Sarah Master and her colleagues that may help reduce her pain levels during the procedure. Her friend recommends that for the most helpful, pain-reducing effect, Jamela should
look at a picture of her boyfriend during the procedure.
Renee Baillargeon's study with infants and their awareness of objects disproved Piaget's previously held belief that babies could not understand objects until they gained more experience. In her study, Baillargeon found that infants ________ at the impossible situation of a truck rolling through a box, which demonstrated an awareness of the properties of objects.
looked longer
Renee Baillargeon's study with infants and their awareness of objects disproved Piaget's previously held belief that babies could not understand objects until they gained more experience. In her study, Baillargeon found that infants ________ at the impossible situation of a truck rolling through a box, which demonstrated an awareness of the properties of objects. Responses
looked longer
Research conducted by Jarred Younger and colleagues at Stanford found that
looking at images of a romantic partner or holding hands with a romantic partner was helpful in reducing pain.
Dan avoids applying to college because he doubts he can succeed. He is working a retail job, but he tends to focus on the things he does wrong. In fact, he has almost no confidence in his abilities, and when he experiences a setback at work he is ready to quit. Albert Bandura would say Dan has ________.
low self-efficacy
Psychologist Carol Gilligan criticized Kohlberg's theory of moral development in that ________.
men tend to make moral decisions based on individual rights and justice, whereas women tend to make moral decisions based on caring for and helping others
Those who argue that biology and genetics have the strongest influence on development emphasize ________.
nature
Doing something and then being influenced by what happens as a consequence of the thing you did is the basic idea behind ________.
operant conditioning
Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this?
operant conditioning
If Regina has a high score in extroversion and a low score in conscientiousness on the Big 5 personality test, she is likely to be
outgoing and disorganized.
Companionate love consists of intimacy and commitment, but may be lacking in ________.
passion
The masks that people wear in different situations are known as
personas.
During the late 18th century, ________ became a popular practice for interpreting personality traits and intelligence. It consisted of measuring and analyzing bumps and ridges on the brain.
phrenology
If Rose from the film Titanic weighs her options and decides that the benefit of following her heart to be with Jack outweighs the fact that he has no money (as Cal did), she is acting in accordance with the
social exchange theory.
Janica recently started hanging around two different guys: Michael and Devarius. She likes them both a lot and can't decide who she would rather date. She makes a list of pros and cons and attempts to decide which relationship would provide the most benefits. Her reasoning is in accordance with the
social exchange theory.
Norman Triplett conducted what is widely regarded as social psychology's first experiment. He found that children tended to perform a relatively easy task better while in the presence of another child doing the same task. This finding set the stage for research on ________.
social facilitation
Evan was annoyed because Erika tagged him in a picture he found embarrassing. He untagged himself so that others wouldn't see, but Erika tagged him again. Erika broke one of the ________ of Facebook.
social norms
The behaviors by the prison guards in the Stanford prison experiment coincided with expected ________; the guards gave orders and expected the prisoners to follow them.
social roles
A newborn baby knows how to nurse from her mother because of the ________.
sucking reflex
Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a(n) ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill.
taste aversion
Sierra and her family are on vacation at the beach. They eat lasagna for dinner and then head out to the waves. Sierra tries boogie boarding and ends up swallowing a mouthful of salt water, which makes her sick to her stomach. The next time someone offers her lasagna, the thought of it makes Sierra feel sick. This is an example of a/an ________.
taste aversion
Which of the following is an example of the self-fulfilling prophecy?
telling someone with dyslexia she cannot learn to read, leading her to become illiterate even though she could learn to read with a bit of extra effort
Joe Banks is running for mayor. First, he has a team walk through neighborhoods to handout buttons and small fliers. A week later, another team goes by to ask if people would be willing to put small signs in their yards. Two weeks after that, he goes through the neighborhood to ask for help on voting day. He is using methods of ________.
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon
Which of the following is an example of a reflex: an unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment?
the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light
Jay heard that Ellen has a great sense of humor. Upon meeting her for the first time, Jay encourages Ellen to share jokes she has heard and to tell him about comedy films she has seen. Although Ellen does not see herself as especially funny, she obliges Jay, and he concludes that what he had heard about Ellen is true. Which of the following phenomenon is most closely reflected in exchange between Jay and Ellen?
the self-fulfilling prophecy
Janeka does poorly on her psychology final, so she picks on her mother's ability to cook. A frustration aggression theorist might explain this by focusing on ________.
the way Janeka's frustration with her exam led her to be aggressive toward her mother
Alexis, age 4, is shown a matchbox filled with buttons. Alexis's friend, Kinesha, joins the room, and Alexis smiles because she knows that Kinesha will be surprised to discover the buttons inside the matchbox instead of matches. Alexis's understanding of Kinesha's perspective demonstrates
theory of mind.
Hamlin, Mahanjan, Liberman, and Wynn found that if a young child has a preference for green beans and is shown a puppet that dislikes green beans, then
they will like it if another puppet treats that green-bean-hating puppet poorly.
Hamlin, Mahanjan, Liberman, and Wynn found that if a young child has a preference for green beans and is shown a puppet that also likes green beans, then
they will like it when good things happen to that puppet.
According to the law of effect, behaviors that are followed by consequences that are satisfying to the organism are more likely
to be repeated.