Psychology Exam 2: Practice Test

Jessica loves to go to the park. However, after three separate incidences of violence over the course of two years in a park, she begins to fear going to parks. In this scenario, in the context of classical conditioning, Jessica's fear of parks in a(n) ___

Conditioned response

Alan always turns on the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank. After a while, he notices that the fish swim to the top to look for food as soon as he turns on the light. In this example, ___ is the conditioned stimulus.

Aquarium light

In which type of learning do organisms learn the association between two stimuli?

Classical conditioning

______ is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response

Classical conditioning

The ability to multiply two numbers together falls under ______ development

Cognitive

Mark is a very intelligent boy. He excels in math and science. However, when he is asked to think critically or explain why he came up with the solution he did, he cannot explain it. What stage of development is Mark in?

Concrete

What is the difference between semantic and episodic memory?

Semantic: General facts; similar among individuals Episodic: Personal experiences; different among individuals

According to Erikson, a toddler who learns to walk will develop a positive sense of independence. However, another child of the same age who cannot walk yet will develop

Shame

_____ refers to an individual's behavior style and characteristic way of responding.

Temperament

Johnny started smoking a cigarette each week, now he feels the need to smoke 4 packs a week to enjoy the same feeling. Johnny is experiencing:

Tolerance

Classical conditioning is used by many companies advertising new products. A car company advertises their new model of car using Morgan Freeman's voice. Eventually, you think of this car model when hearing Morgan Freeman talking. Morgan Freeman's voice is the:

Conditioned stimulus

When sitting on a park bench, Kelsey notices the colorful trees and playing children around her. She begins to read an article about the need for healthcare in underdeveloped countries. Later that week, she walks by the same park bench with colorful trees. She then begins to think of how underdeveloped countries are in need of improved healthcare. This is an example of:

Context-dependent memory

Candice is at the store and wants to buy a cake mix for her friend's birthday party. She is standing in front of 24 brand and flavors of cake mix and has estimated the probability of her friend liking a certain kind of cake. Now Candice must choose between two or more cake mixes. This behavioral process is considered:

Decision making

Recalling the names of the LA Lakers roster is an example of

Declarative memory

Kevin is studying for a vocabulary test. When he studies the word "braggart," he thinks of how his childhood friend Billy acted whenever he was given a new toy. Which of the following is the highest level of processing Kevin has engaged in while encoding this vocabulary word?

Deep

A main reason rehearsal does not work well for retaining information over the long term is that rehearsal often

Involves just mechanically repeating information, without imparting meaning to it

Classical conditioning is a ___ response while operant conditioning is a ___ response.

Involutary; voluntary

Expanding social interactions, mastering skills, sense of knowing

Industry vs Inferiority

While driving to Sioux Falls, I received a speeding ticket. Now, whenever I see a police car, I start to feel anxious/nervous. 1. Unconditioned stimulus: 2. Unconditioned response: 3. Conditioned stimulus: 4. Conditioned response

1. speeding ticket 2. negative feelings 3. police car 4. anxious/nervous feelings

Humans have a total of ___ pair of chromosomes in each cell of the body.

23

In ______ attachment, an infant respond with intense distress and rage when her mother returns to see the infant again.

Anxious

______ refers to auditory sensory memory, which is retained for up to several seconds.

Echoic memory

Tameeka is at the point in her pregnancy where the major organs and structures of her baby are developing. Which period of prenatal development is Tameeka currently experience?

Embryonic

Define semantic encoding

Encoding information by using the meaning

Knowing the capitals of all 50 states would be part of the ___ memory, more specifically the ___ memory.

Explicit; Semantic

True or False: 75% intelligence is from the culture that they are part of.

False

According to Erikson's theory of socioemotional development, preschoolers who do not develop a sense of taking responsibility

Feel guilty

Reflexes are ___ based and many ___ as babies get older.

Genetically; disappear

James was prescribed opiates to treat his severe back pain. After experiencing the "high" the medicine can cause, he began to use heroin to get a similar high. What is likely to happen with James' repeated use of heroin?

His nervous system will slow or stop producing endorphins

Sixteen-year-old Ricky is a sophomore in high school having not made the football team, he is struggling to establish his individuality as something other than an athlete. According to Erickson, Ricky most likely falls into the ________ stage of social development

Identity vs role confusion

______ is the systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.

Learning

John and Lucy were in a terrible boating accident. Just before the accident, John and Lucy were fishing. After the accident, Lucy is not able to remember the fish that she had caught while fishing. John remember the size and quantity of the fish that were caught. However, John is unable to form any new memories with Lucy for a period of time after the accident. What best describes John and Lucy's conditions?

Lucy has retrograde amnesia; John has anterograde amnesia

Alice had been experiencing difficulty concentrating, a decrease in physical activity, and had been in a euphoric state. Which type of drug has Alicen likely consumed?

Narcotics/Opiates

Our concept of "Chair" is considered:

Natural

A parent puts their child down for bed. Whenever they leave the room, the child begins to cry uncontrollably. The parent returns to the room and comforts the child, because it will make them stop crying. The next time the child cries, the parent is more likely to comfort the child immediately. This is an example of:

Negative Reinforcement

Lucy takes aspirin to get rid of a headache. What type of reinforcement is this?

Negative reinforcement

Ryan receives a scolding from his mother every time he picks his nose. Fearing retribution, Ryan hesitates to pick his nose whenever his mother is present with him. In this scenario, Ryan is demonstrating

Operant conditioning

Bridget feels like she must present herself to her classmates so that they know she is pretty. As the school year goes on, her boyfriend breaks up with her to date her best friend. She does not want to talk to anyone and begins to isolate herself from her family and friends. She feels as if no one will understand what she is going through. Bridget is caught in a _________.

Personal Fable

Spanking a child after they misbehave is an example of which type of operant conditioning?

Positive Punishment

Which operant conditioning principle is best for quickly learning a new behavior?

Positive Reinforcement

Symbolic thinking, deficits in conservation.

Preoperational Stage (2-7 years)

Being able to retrieve the name of a song with only hearing the first couple of notes can be related to:

Recall

Shizuka administered a self-developed depression scale twice on a group of patients at a hospital. At both times, she observed that different scores were yielded by the same set of patients. From this scenario, it can be concluded that Shizuka's scale lacks

Reliability

In anatomy class, Sarah is learning about the endocrine system. The unit begins by discussing the adrenal glands and thyroid. Just before the test, the lecture covers the importance of the pancreas and the pituitary gland. On the test, Sarah stumbles on a question related to the thyroid. She knows all of the questions about the pancreas and pituitary glands. This fault in her memory can be related to:

Retroactive Interference

The ______ of an emotion refers to whether it feels pleasant or unpleasant

Valence

A behavior that is reinforced on a ___ schedule is the most difficult to extinguish.

Variable Ratio

When the chromosome from a male and female sex cell unite, the result is a ____. With a total of ___ chromosomes.

Zygote; 46