Psychology Exam 2 Quizzes

The amplitude of a wave is the height of a wave as measured from the highest point on the wave________ to the lowest point on the wave ________. amplitude; length length; amplitude trough; crest crest; trough

crest; trough

Which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)? snoring while asleep crying while asleep kicking and punching while asleep talking while asleep

kicking and punching while asleep

In Freud's model of dreams, the hidden meaning of a dream is called the ________ content. manifest latent ego-driven preconscious

latent

In a person whose eyes work in the usual fashion, the ________ will focus images perfectly on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the ________. cornea; iris iris; retina fovea; lens

lens; fovea

Which option is best described as a hormone that induces feelings of satiety, or fullness when eating? leptin estrogen cholecystokinin polypeptide Y

leptin

Research has found that the nucleus accumbens and the amygdala, both of which are part of the ________, are brain areas that are particularly important in sexual motivation. reward pathway hindbrain limbic system corpus callosum

limbic system

Within the visible spectrum, our experience of red is associated with ________ waves of light. shorter wavelengths lower amplitude longer wavelengths higher amplitude

longer wavelengths

According to the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion, emotions consist of two factors: ________. physiological and cognitive stimulus and appraisal time and fear physiological and arousal

physiological and cognitive

If you watch a flock of birds flying overhead, each very close to the next one, you may perceive them as all being part of the same group. If they were all spaced very much apart, however, you may see them as individual birds not flying together. This distinction takes advantage of which Gestalt principle? figure-ground closure proximity contiguity

proximity

The ________ theory asserts that each individual has an ideal body weight that is resistant to change. Yerkes-Dodson set point evolutionary limited resources

set point

Who was the first theorist to explore the idea that the way we appraise a situation would influence the type of emotion that we'd experience in response to that event? Stanley Schachter Arnold Lazarus Magda Arnold Walter Cannon

Magda Arnold

Two lines appear to be a different length, though in reality they are the same length. This is known as the ________ illusion. Meissner Ménière Müller-Lyer Merkel

Müller-Lyer

Which of the following is an example of self-efficacy? Tony knows that Yancy frequently brags about his accomplishments. Stacia thinks that Tammy underestimates her abilities. Judd does not believe that he is good at math. Naomi believes that she can successfully complete law school.

Naomi believes that she can successfully complete law school.

________ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor. Transduction; perception Perception; sensation Sensation; perception Perception; transduction

Perception; sensation

The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration. parasympathetic somatic sympathetic autonomic

sympathetic

The space between two neurons is called the ________. vesicle terminal button synapse soma

synapse

Some neurons can only generate action potentials up to a certain speed, and no faster. This fact is a limitation of the ________ theory of pitch perception. place opponent-process volley temporal

temporal

The auditory cortex, in which sound stimuli are processed for perception, is located in the ________ lobe. temporal frontal occipital parietal

temporal

The ________ of a neuron contain ________ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system. terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles axons; terminal buttons terminal buttons; transport proteins dendrites; synaptic vesicles

terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles

Which of these is not one of the structures that comprises the outer ear? the basilar membrane the auditory canal the pinna the eardrum

the basilar membrane

Individuals undergoing hypnosis ________. usually do not have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are not in control of their own behaviors can be coerced into harming themselves and others by a skilled hypnotist report no memory of the events that occurred during the period they were hypnotized usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors

usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors

Which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain? Broca's area hippocampus thalamus Wernicke's area

Broca's area

What is the primary distinction between bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder? Bulimia nervosa involves inappropriate purging behaviors while binge eating disorder does not. Those with bulimia nervosa are typically very overweight while those with binge eating disorder are typically very underweight. Binge eating disorder involves inappropriate purging behaviors while binge nervosa does not. Those with binge eating disorder are typically very overweight while those with bulimia nervosa are typically very underweight.

Bulimia nervosa involves inappropriate purging behaviors while binge eating disorder does not.

Why are olfaction and gustation called chemical senses? Neither one has sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe. Because they are unrelated to biological senses. We cannot use these senses without the presence of specific chemicals in the body. They have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe.

They have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe.

Stage 1 sleep is characterized by a predominance of ________ wave activity in the brain. delta beta kappa alpha

alpha

Which is the main type of chemical messengers secreted by the male gonads? endorphins estrogens dopamine androgens

androgens

________ is a neurotransmitter with roles in pleasure and pain modulation. GABA beta-endorphin norepinephrine acetylcholine

beta-endorphin

Regular feelings of hunger are an example of a(n) ________ rhythm. suprachiasmatic lucid biological heterostatic

biological

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________. parasympathetic; sympathetic nervous systems autonomic; somatic nervous systems autonomic; sympathetic nervous systems central; peripheral nervous systems

central; peripheral nervous systems

Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of ________. chromosomes; DNA DNA; genes chromosomes; genes genes; DNA

chromosomes; DNA

Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ cycles are aligned with the outside world. diurnal circadian melatonin external

circadian

Which one of the following processes does not occur to excess neurotransmitters in the synapse? collection by scavenger vesicles left over from the neurotransmitter release reuptake break down into inactive fragments drifting away from the synapse

collection by scavenger vesicles left over from the neurotransmitter release

Light waves are first transmitted through the ________ at the front of the eye and enter an opening called the ________ before shining onto the retina. sclera; lens pupil; cornea cornea; pupil lens; sclera

cornea; pupil

Melatonin release from the pineal gland is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by ________. twilight; gloom pulsing light; steady light light; darkness darkness; light

darkness; light

The effects of neurotransmitters tend to be ________, whereas the effects of hormones tend to be ________. faster; shorter duration slower; a shorter duration faster; a shorter duration slower; longer lasting

faster; shorter duration

Mescaline is considered a(n) ________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences. depressant hallucinogenic stimulant opioid

hallucinogenic

________ amplitudes are associated with ________ sounds. higher; quieter lower; louder higher; louder higher; weaker

higher; louder

A state of ________, as shown by EEG recordings of new practitioners, is not an altered state of consciousness; however, patterns of brain waves exhibited by expert practitioners may represent a unique state of consciousness. cognizance narcolepsy meditation insomnia

meditation

The ________ is the difference in charge between the intracellular and extracellular space of a neuron. membrane potential resting potential intracellular fluid extracellular fluid

membrane potential

Hyperpolarization means that the ________. membrane potential becomes more positive than the resting potential potassium gates open membrane potential becomes more negative than the resting potential sodium gates open

membrane potential becomes more negative than the resting potential

Cataplexy is a symptom associated with ________. narcolepsy insomnia restless leg syndrome night terrors

narcolepsy

Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain? optic gustatory acoustic corneal

optic

Sleepwalking, night terrors, and restless leg syndrome are all examples of________. protoconsciousness somnambulism parasomnias lucid dreaming

parasomnias

The ________ nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to contract. somatic parasympathetic autonomic sympathetic

parasympathetic

Food, water, shelter, and warmth represent ________ needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs. acceptance physiological esteem security

physiological

________ asserts that our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with our genes to determine where within those boundaries we will fall. behavioral genetics environmental psychology evolutionary psychology range of reaction

range of reaction

Which choice would you not expect to occur during the excitement phase of the sexual response cycle? lubrication of the vagina expansion of the vaginal canal erection of a penis reduction in pulse and blood pressure

reduction in pulse and blood pressure

Which of the following is the time immediately following an orgasm during which an individual is incapable of experiencing another orgasm? refractory period plateau stage priapism stage plateau stage

refractory period

Sensory and motor neurons of the ________ nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary. somatic parasympathetic autonomic sympathetic

somatic

Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity. depressant hallucinogen stimulant antipsychotic

stimulant

Self-worth, accomplishment, and confidence represent the ________ level of needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs. physiological security self-actualization esteem

esteem

Which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness? Freudian evolutionary cognitive behavioral dependent

evolutionary

Changes in behavior and cognitive processes over time are studied by ________. evolutionary psychologists behavioral geneticists behavioral psychologists historical psychologists

evolutionary psychologists

Which psychodynamic theorist proposed the idea of a collective unconscious that is shared by all members of the human species? John Hobson Sigmund Freud Carl Jung Rosalind Cartwright

Carl Jung

How does a cochlear implant enable the deaf to hear? It receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain. It receives incoming sound information and indirectly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain. It receives incoming sound information and bypasses the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain through the optic nerve. It receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the basilar membrane to transmit information to the brain.

It receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain.

Which theory of dreams suggested that they do not, in fact, have any meaning at all but rather are simply the brain's attempt to make sense of random neural firing that occurs while we sleep? The activation-synthesis model The wish fulfillment approach The activation-information-mode model The neo-dissociationist view

The activation-synthesis model

What does set point theory suggest about the probable results of bariatric surgery? It will result in successful weight loss for men but not for women because men have a lower set point. It has guaranteed that recipients will eventually reach their ideal weight. It will not result in long term weight loss because the body will resist change and seek its initial set point. It is impossible to use set point theory to predict anything about the results of bariatric surgery.

It will not result in long term weight loss because the body will resist change and seek its initial set point.

Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge and expectancies? top-down bottom-up outside-in inside-out

top-down

Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________. transduction top-down processing a just noticeable difference subliminal perception

transduction

________ disparity refers to the slightly different view of the world that each eye receives, and is a distance cue that allows us to perceive the depth of a given visual stimulus. Binocular Opponent Trichromatic monocular

Binocular

According to the ________ theory of emotions, one's physiological arousal precedes the cognitive experience of a feeling. Schachter and Singer Cognitive mediational Cannon-Bard James-Lange

James-Lange

Which individual produced volumes that discussed sexual behavior among Americans in a way that had never before been made public, research that was not happily received by all who read it? Masters Rockefeller Kinsey Johnson

Kinsey

What is Prader-Willi syndrome? an emotional dysregulation disorder that causes people to have the wrong emotion to a precipitating stimulus a genetic disorder that results in persistent feelings of intense hunger and reduced rates of metabolism a condition that involves an absence of interest in sexual fantasy or behaviors. an eating disorder characterized by an individual maintaining body weight that is well below average through starvation and/or excessive exercise

a genetic disorder that results in persistent feelings of intense hunger and reduced rates of metabolism

A(n) ________ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the neuron's cell body down the axon to the axon terminals. hyperpolarization depolarization action potential threshold of excitation

action potential

What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus? afterimage preimage monocular image binocular image

afterimage

Which of the following exemplifies extrinsically motivated behavior? dating an abusive partner because you believe you don't deserve good treatment mowing your elderly neighbor's lawn for free because he can't do it himself babysitting your younger brother in order to receive an hourly fee jerking your hand back from a hot burner

babysitting your younger brother in order to receive an hourly fee

The hierarchy of needs is the spectrum of needs ranging from basic ________ needs to ________ needs and finally striving for self-actualization. aesthetic; esteem esteem; aesthetic biological; social social; biological

biological; social

What does the place theory of pitch perception suggest? Different portions of the ear are sensitive to sounds of different decibels. Receptors on different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies. Receptors on different sections of the malleus, incus, and stapes are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies. Different amplitudes of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different waves.

Receptors on different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies.

Which researcher believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer? Carl Jung Rosalind Cartwright Sigmund Freud John Hobson

Rosalind Cartwright

Which of the following describes the Yerkes-Dodson law? Simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high, yet complex tasks are performed best when arousal levels are low. Deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs that result in psychological drive states that direct behavior to meet the need and ultimately bring the system back to homeostasis. Humans experience a spectrum of needs ranging from basic biological needs to social needs to self-actualization. An individual's belief in his own capabilities or capacities to complete a task influences his ability to complete the task.

Simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high, yet complex tasks are performed best when arousal levels are low.

Why can amphetamines be used to treat ADHD in children? They decrease neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control. They decrease neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with hyperactivity. They increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with emotions. They increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control.

They increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control.

Which of the following is something an advocate for arousal theory might observe? When we are bored we look for excitement; when we are overexcited we wish for more peace. When we are sleepy we should sleep; when we are hungry we should eat. We become accustomed to excitement and learn to enjoy it. We become accustomed to boredom and learn to enjoy it.

When we are bored we look for excitement; when we are overexcited we wish for more peace.

Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity. stimulant antipsychotic depressant hallucinogen

depressant

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for ________. schizophrenia Parkinson's disease depression obsessive-compulsive disorder

depression

What is the main idea of drive theory? failure to achieve homeostasis results in poor cognition and deficits in memory and learning achieving homeostasis requires increasing the metabolic rate deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs that then push us to behave deviations from commonly accepted drives result in an inability to satisfy physiological needs

deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs that then push us to behave

________theory suggests that when people are hypnotized they have voluntarily divided their conscious: one half aware of reality and the other half tuned in to the hypnotist. dissociative social-cognitive cognitive behavioral Jungian

dissociative

Which two neurotransmitters have roles in appetite suppression? serotonin; GABA dopamine; norepinephrine dopamine; acetylcholine serotonin; glutamate

dopamine; norepinephrine

Which term describes the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system? melatonin rhythm insomnia homeostasis

homeostasis

________ is a state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels. resting potential homeostasis synergy reuptake

homeostasis

Participants were instructed to focus on either white or black objects, disregarding the other color. When a red cross passed across the screen, about one third of the subjects did not notice it. This research protocol demonstrates which concept? top-down processing bottom-up processing sensory adaptation inattentional blindness

inattentional blindness