Psychology Exam 3
In Asch's line study, ______________ of public participants yielded to the majority _____________ out of 12 trials
-76% -at least once
postconventional morality
-Affirms people's agreed-upon rights or follows personally perceived ethical principles. -more abstract views Ex. "I should steal the drug so I can save my husband's life and the right to life is very important."
What were the results of Milgram's Obedience Study
-All participants in original study continued to at least the 300 volt shock level -The majority of subjects (65%) continued to obey to the end -no personality differences between those who obeyed and those who stopped -The situation therefore can have a huge influence on whether someone obeys an authority, even for harmful actions
conventional morality
-By early adolescence, social rules and laws are upheld for their own sake. -anything against the law is wrong basically Ex. "if you drive too fast, you will break the law"
What are the following stages of the sexual response cycle?
-Excitement -Plateau -Resolution
T/F: Distracting people increases ability to monitor consumption, reduces eating
-F -distracting people DECREASES ability to monitor consumption, INCREASES eating
T/F: Larger packages/portions cause us to eat less
-F -larger packages/portions cause us to eat MORE
Dutton and Aron (1974)
-Male subjects approached by an attractive female experimenter on a high suspension bridge -men who were approached on the bridge, had more romantic content in their stories -after the experiment, men were less likely to call if they didn't have the bodily arousal on the bridge
Emotions come about through:
-Physiological arousal -Expressive behaviors -Consciously experienced thoughts and feelings
Subjective well-being
-Self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life -Used along with measures of objective well-being to evaluate people's quality of life.
Spillover effect
-Spillover arousal from one event to the next -influencing a response -Ex. After saving people on a bus two people kiss each other because their heart rate is up
Where is emotion processed directly?
-The amygdala (fear and anger) -The cortex (prefrontal and norep and seratonin)
A ten year old is in which stage? A child in this stage in this stage would understand that liquid poured from a tall glass into a short wide glass still stays the same amount. What is this concept called?
-The concrete operational stage -conservation
Maslow
-Viewed human motives as pyramid -At the base are basic physiological needs; at the peak are the highest human needs.
Word, Zanna, & Cooper (1979)
-White and Black interviewee -how interviewer treated interviewee -when white interviewers interviewed white people, they leaned in, had long conversations, good eye contact, few speech errors -this was the opposite when interviewing black people -interviewees become more confident when their interviewer treats them well (eye contact, few speech errors)
Situational influences on eating
-ability to monitor food intake -norms
Taste preferences are _________
-adaptive Ex. in hotter climates, spicier foods are preferred Ex. many women who are pregnant experience nausea and don't find food palatable
Happiness seems not much related to other factors, such as
-age -gender -physical attractiveness
Schacter and Singer Two-Factor Theory
-arousal(pounding heart) + label("I'm afraid") = emotion -emotions have two ingredients: physical arousal and cognitive appraisal -arousal fuels emotions; cognition channels it -emotional experience requires a conscious interpretation of arousal
Emotional components
-bodily arousal: heart rate, pupils, breathing -expressive behaviors: facial expressions, behaviors -conscious experiences: subjective experience of the emotion
How can we reduce prejudice?
-contact hypothesis -contact must be informal -existing norms need to favor group equality -people must view each other as typical of their respective groups and/or interact with multiple group members
___________ influences taste preferences in platability
-culture -Ex. Bedouins eat camel eye
adaptation-level phenomenon
-describes tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience -prior experience effects current experience -partly influences feelings of satisfaction and dissatisfaction, success and failure
Theories of emotion generally address two major questions
-does physiological arousal come before or after emotional feelings? -how do feeling and cognition interact?
Festinger, Schacter, & Black (1950)
-experiment on housing units and friendships -where students lived in the complex -participants listed their 3 closest friends in the entire housing project -close friends lived closer
People from different cultures can recognize which facial expression(s)?
-fear -anger -disgust
Bahns, Crandall, Gillath, and Preacher (2017)
-field base studies collected data on over 1500 pairs of individuals -couples tended to be similar on 86% of variables measured (personality traits, general political attitudes, social attitudes, activity preferences)
Instinct theory
-fixed, unlearned pattern throughout species -imprinting in birds, salmon returning to birthplace, human infant rooting reflex -genes predispose some species-typical behavior
Mattes (1990)
-food diaries showed no correlation between levels of hunger and eating -most people eat even when they are not hungry -they continue eating even when eating is no longer pleasurable
________ meanings vary among cultures, but _________ expressions of emotion are generally the same
-gesture -facial
Researchers have found that happy people tend to
-have high self esteem -be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable -close friendships -work and leisure that engage skills -have an active religious faith -sleep well and exercise
What is social psychology?
-how we think in relation to other people -how other people influence not only our thinking but our actions -how we treat each other, relate to each other
arousal theory
-humans are motivated to engage in behaviors that either increase or decrease arousal levels -high arousal levels motivate engagement in behaviors that will lower these levels -low arousal levels motivate activities that can increase arousal-often through curiosity
Consumption increases independent of satiety with:
-increased visibility of food -increased proximity of food
Four perspectives for understanding motivated behaviors
-instinct theory -drive-reduction theory -arousal theory -Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Hunger and sexual motivation are alike in that both are influenced by
-internal physiological factors -external stimuli -cultural expectations
Asch's line study
-participants and a group of 7 others participate in an experiment about visual judgment -judge a series of lines, call out answers one by one -other participants (accomplices of the experimenter) start calling out what are clearly the wrong answers on 12/18 trials
Social Inequalities
-people with more resources want to keep things the way they are -blaming the victim -belief in a just world (good things happen to good people, bad things happen to bad people) -leads to self-fulfilling prophecies (if you come into a situation with a certain expectation, this causes you to act a certain way and this will cause people to respond to you and fulfill your original expectation.)
positive psychology
-positive well-being: What makes for a good life? -positive character: how do we develop traits that point people beyond themselves? -positive groups, communities, cultures: How do we make people's environment more positive and conductive to a good life?
A three year old is in which stage? Provide one example of how a child in this stage might show egocentrism.
-preoperational stage -Ex. A child talking on the phone and thinks the other person can see what they are wearing
In Asch's line study,
-real participant assigned to be a teacher, confederate was learner -teacher instructed to shock the learner for each incorrect answer -how far would participants go up on the shock machine before they disobeyed the experimenter?
An infant is in which stage in Piaget's theory? What major concept do children in this stage learn?
-sensorimotor -object permanence
Which represents the correct order of Piaget's stages of intellectual development?
-sensorimotor -preoperational -concrete operational -formal operational
Women
-tend to read emotional cues more easily and to be more empathetic -express more emotion with their faces
According to Maslow's theory
-the most basic motives are based on physiological needs. -needs are satisfied in a specified order. -the highest motives relate to self-transcendence.
scapegoat theory
-theory that prejudice provides an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame -blaming others also increases self-esteem -we end to scapegoat groups that are disliked, visible, and relatively powerless
Sherif (1936)
-used autokinetic effect -pointed a light on the wall and asked how far the light was moving -peoples answers changed over time according to what the group said
drive-reduce theory assumptions
-we have physiological needs -unmet needs create a drive -that drive pushes one to reduce the need
In Asch's line study, those writing down answers in private made errors less than ______ of the time
1%
What are the types of Insecure attachment
1) avoidant (can't rely on their caregiver or anyone else) 2) anxious, ambivalent (caregiver shows inconsistent response, thus the child is reluctant to explore the environment/ try new things)
What are the types of attachment
1) secure 2) Insecure
two-factor theory of emotion
1. Physical arousal plus cognitive appraisal 2. Arousal from any source can enhance one emotion depending upon what we interpret or label the arousal
In contact hypothesis, contact needs to be under these specific circumstances:
1. groups must be roughly equal in social or task-related status 2. contact must involve cooperation and interdependence, so groups work towards common goals
In Asch's line study, those who had to state answers in public stated a wrong answer __________ of the time (they conformed to the other participants)
36.8%
Companionate love
A deep, affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined Ex. from being in a relationship/friendship for several years
Stereotype
A generalized belief about a group, applied to every member of a group
Homeostasis
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry
After Nadia learned that penguins can't fly, she had to modify her existing concept of birds. This best illustrates the process of:
Accommodation (changing the schema to fit new info)
After losing his house to a fire, Danny thought he would be miserable for the rest of his life. After a few months, he began to adjust to his lesser lifestyle. This is an example of the:
Adaption-level phenomenon
conformity
Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.
Which of these things does not typically bring happiness
Age
People's styles of romantic love in adulthood are most likely to reflect their childhood:
Attachment experiences(secure/insecure etc.)
Deficient social interaction and an impaired understanding of others' states of mind is most characteristic of:
Autism
_______________, subtle, and institutional prejudice against ethnic and other minorities still occurs even when people state that they have no prejudice in principle (but may have unconscious prejudice reactions)
Automatic
preconventional morality
Before age 9, children show morality to avoid punishment or gain reward. Ex. "I don't care if it is the law it's not right and it's not fair!"
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which order of needs must be satisfied first (base > top):
Belongingness and love > Esteem > Self-actualization
A person's _______________ performance is realized when their physiological arousal rates are _________________.
Best; moderate (yerkes dodson)
Sexual motivation can originate from:
Both internal and external stimuli
Darwin
Classification of many behaviors as instincts; named but did not explain behaviors
A psychologist studies the memory capacity of young children from the ages of 3 to 5. The psychologist could more specifically be called a ________________________________.
Cognitive Psychologist
Concern for the law best reflects which stage of morality?
Conventional
Which of the following words best relates to "mob mentality"
Deindividuation(anonymity)
Antonio's car stalls in the middle of a railroad crossing just as a train is rapidly approaching. His emotional arousal is likely to be accompanied by:
Dilation of his pupils
A thirsty organism desperately searches for water. Once water is found, the organism satisfies its thirst. This scenario as a whole best illustrates:
Drive-reduction theory
A child talking to his mother on the phone tells her to look at his new hat. Even though the mother cannot possibly see her son's hat, because the son can see it, he thinks she can too. This is an example of __________.
Egocentrism
Canon-Bard Theory of Emotion
Emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger: -physiological responses -subjective experience of emotion Human body responses run parallel to the cognitive responses rather than causing them
Which of the following most accurately describes emotional arousal?
Emotions prepare the body to interact with its surroundings.
Sara, an experienced member of her high school swimming team, has just recently joined her high school debate team and has had little practice. A high level of physiological arousal during team competition is likely to: (yerkes dodson)
Enhance her swimming performance and disrupt her debate performance
Give a little, take a little best describes
Equity
In female animals, ________________ is responsible for higher levels of sexual reciprocity.
Estrogens
The idea that the communication through universal facial expression promoted the survival of our ancestors is a(n):
Evolutionary perspective
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
Experience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli Ex. seeing an oncoming car head straight towards you, heart begins to pound, fear *Specific pattern of bodily arousal for each of the emotions
T/F: size of plate, package does not suggest what is appropriate for us to eat
F
T/F: Bad moods from small stressful events nearly go away after a week for most
F -go away after a DAY for most
T/F: In the Bahns, Crandall, Gillath, and Preacher study, the similarities were related to relationship closeness, relationship length, or discussion of the attitude
F -the similarities were not related to relationship closeness etc.
T/F: We underestimate the duration of unhappiness
F -we OVERESTIMATE
T/F: Wealth does not correlate with well-being
F Wealth does correlate with well-being in some ways
If people wrinkle their noses in disgust when presented with a strange-looking food, they are likely to experience an increasingly intense emotional aversion to the food. This best illustrates the:
Facial feedback effect
The amygdala is responsible for the emotions of:
Fear and anger
Johnny just got an A on his psychology exam. He feels so happy about his grade; he goes and buys lunch for his friend, Annie. This is an example of the:
Feel-good, do-good phenomenon
Bart complied with his friends' request to join them in smashing decorative pumpkins early one Halloween evening. Later that night he was surprised by his own failure to resist their pressures to throw eggs at passing police cars. Bart's experience best illustrates the:
Foot-in-the-door phenomenon
Which of the following is not a universally expressed emotion?
Greed
Because the Nazis had strong political views, their political meetings were very passionate and fortified their own beliefs. This is an example of:
Group polarization
Which of the following is most likely to promote groupthink?
Group polarization is evident.
Lucille has been sticking to a strict diet but can't seem to lose weight. What is the most likely explanation for her difficulty?
Her pre-diet weight was near her body's set point.
Those who value love report ___________ levels of satisfaction with their lives, while those who value money report ______________ levels of satisfaction with their lives.
Higher; lower(chapter 11 money doesn't make you happy as long as you meet needs)
A negative feedback loop best describes a(n): (telling you what's already happened and preventing further of that action)
Homeostasis
Display rules
Individualistic cultures: American's are more emotionally expressive Collectivist cultures: Japanese more likely to hide their expressions in the presence of others
Kelly, a Republican, and Carlos, a Democrat, both believe that members of their own political party are more fair-minded and trustworthy than members of other parties. Their beliefs best illustrate:
Ingroup bias
Marissa resents the burden and constraints of caring for her infant daughter and frequently ignores her cries for attention. As a consequence, her daughter is most likely to display signs of:
Insecure Attachment
Ariana believes that yelling at her husband serves to calm her angry feelings toward him. Her belief is most clearly inconsistent with the:
James-Lange theory
Which theory of emotion implies that every emotion is associated with a unique physiological reaction?
James-Lange theory
Evidence that emotion precedes physiological arousal would be most inconsistent with the _______. Evidence that emotion precedes mentally labeling our physiological arousal would be most inconsistent with the ________.
James-Lange theory; two-factor theory
Which of the following psychologists is famous for his studies in cognitive psychology?
Jean Piaget
Although the leaders of two enemy nations admit to a buildup of their own military forces, each sees the other country's actions as unreasonable and motivated by evil intentions. This situation best illustrates:
Mirror-image perceptions
Increased prejudice toward all _________________ and Arabs after 9/11 has still not subsided much
Muslims
Which of the following is a difference between a drive and a need?
Needs are physiological states; drives are psychological states.
A person that feels the need to belong to a social group with the desire to fit in is responding to:
Normative social influence(following norms)
Which of the following is not necessarily a reason that obese people have trouble losing weight?
Obese people tend to lack willpower.
Americans are more likely than Japanese to:
Openly display their feelings by their facial expressions
Which of the following is not raised as a criticism of the James-Lange theory of emotion?
People with spinal cord injuries at the neck typically experience less emotion.
While women tend to be better at _________________________, men typically excel in ______________________________.
Perceiving emotions; mathematical problem solving (women are more empathetic)
Jared thinks he should obey his teachers only if they are carefully watching him. Kohlberg would suggest that Jared demonstrates a(n) ________ morality.
Preconventional(do it so you don't get in trouble)
Which of the following is indicative of a sexual disorder?
Premature ejaculation
Someone that lives near the elevator of an apartment complex is most likely to have more friends than someone that lives at the end of the hall. This illustrates the impact of:
Proximity
_____________ works because of familiarity: frequency of actual contact
Proximity effect
When Amy compared her Honda to Ashley's Lamborghini, she immediately felt like she wasn't as accomplished. This is an example of:
Relative deprivation
Which of the following statements concerning homosexuality is true?
Research indicates that sexual orientation may be at least partly physiological
While positive moods tend to ____________, negative moods tend to _______________.
Rise; stay constant(moods are different from emotions) (moods come internally mostly)
John has come to the conclusion that all animals that are fuzzy and bark are dogs. This is an example of a ___________________________.
Schema
Female breasts are to ________ as male testes are to ________.
Secondary sex characteristics; primary sex characteristics
Although 3-year-old Adam happily explores the attractive toys located in the dentist's waiting room, he periodically returns to his mother's side for brief moments. Adam most clearly displays signs of:
Secure attachment
Our __________________ is said to be a gauge of how socially accepted we feel.
Self-esteem
Women have been found to score lower on math tests when they are tested alongside men. This best illustrates the impact of:
Self-fulfilling prophecy
During Piaget's sensorimotor stage, children acquire a:
Sense of Object Permanence
Two closed, pyramid-shaped beakers containing clearly identical amounts of a liquid are suddenly judged by a child to hold different amounts after one of the beakers is inverted. The child apparently lacks a:
Sense of object permanence(sensorimotoR) b. Concept of conservation(concrete)
When surrounded by a group of observers, Tiger Woods golfs much better than if he were by himself. This illustrates the impact of:
Social facilitation
Causes of prejudice
Social learning: -observational learning (a little girl noticing "all nurses" are women and all doctors are men) -operant learning (reinforcements increase behavior. "I'll punish you if you play with that African American kid.") -classical conditioning (A mother's negative reaction causes a negative reaction from her child.)
When put in a group, the students became lazier about the project because they believed the others would take care of the work. This illustrates the impact of:
Social loafing
Kohlberg
Sought to describe the development of moral reasoning by posing moral dilemmas to children and adolescents, such as "Should a person steal medicine to save a loved one's life?" He found stages of moral development
The hostilities between two racial subgroups of a riverfront community were dramatically reduced when the threat of their river flooding its banks required that they work together to save their town. This best illustrates the impact of:
Superordinate goals(work together)
T/F: Categorizing people by stereotypes saves us time and mental energy
T
T/F: Economic growth in affluent countries provides no apparent morale or social well-being boost
T
T/F: Emotional ups and downs tend to balance out; moods typically rebound
T
T/F: Even significant good events, such as sudden wealth, seldom increase happiness for long. (Ex. winning the lottery)
T
T/F: Having resources to meet basic needs and maintain some control over life does buy happiness
T
T/F: Hunger has a number of different physiological components, but is also hugely affected by psychological variables
T
T/F: In Milgram's Study, most people predicted that in such a situation the participants would stop administering shocks when the "learner" expressed pain
T
T/F: Infant attachment is related to caregiver responsiveness
T
T/F: Nonthreatening cues more easily detected than deceiving expressions
T
T/F: People can often detect nonverbal cues and threats, and signs of status
T
T/F: People experiencing large stressors will adapt, get close to normal levels of happiness after a few years
T
T/F: People initially choose friends who are similar to them rather than influencing them to become similar over time
T
T/F: We eat more when eating with others
T
T/F: We eat more when others around us eat more, less when they eat less (social matching)
T
T/F: We tend to eat when "it's time to eat" even when we aren't necessarily hungry
T
T/F: We will eat more of a food that we categorize as healthy
T
T/F: if facial expressions are manipulated like furrowing brows people feel sad while looking at sad pictures
T
T/F: portion size effects occur even with food that doesn't taste good and that has high calories
T
The implication that your heart begins pounding as you experience fear is supported by the:
The Cannon-Bard theory
Which theory of emotion holds the view that bodily changes PRECEDE emotion and that we experience an emotion AFTER our body reacts?
The James-Lange theory
Which theory suggests that you would not experience intense anger unless you were first aware of your racing heart or other symptoms of physiological awareness?
The James-Lange theory (physiological then emotion)
Juliet feels terrible about eating a Baconator from McDonald's after giving a speech against child obesity. In order relieve her inconsistency she decides that eating unhealthy every so often isn't really all that bad for you. Juliet's behavior most aligns with:
The cognitive dissonance theory
When visiting the Bergin-Belsen concentration camp shortly after World War II, one German civilian was said to have remarked, "What terrible criminals these prisoners must have been to receive such treatment." This reaction is best explained in terms of:
The just-world phenomenon
During an election, people are mostly likely to vote for a candidate when they recognize the name, even if they don't know anything about the candidates. This is an example of:
The mere exposure effect
To Hannah, who is from Vietnamese decent, most Hispanics look very much alike. This best illustrates:
The other-race effect
If the parasympathetic nervous system (rest and digest) is activated, then:
The pupils contract
Julius get angry because his favorite team just lost the game. He goes out of the restaurant and immediately picks a fight with another man because he did not say, "excuse me." This is known as:
The spill over effect (already feeling physiological so it causes it to spillover)
A child's realization that others may have beliefs which the child knows to be false best illustrates the development of:
Theory of mind
A thirsty organism desperately searches for water. Once water is found, the organism satisfies its thirst. What is the drive of the organism?
Thirst (feeling of need)
Positive well-being: What makes us happy?
Time -Day of the week: looking at Facebook, more happy words used on Friday and Saturday -over time, our emotional ups and downs balance out
When Mr. Morgan misinterpreted his harmless symptoms of autonomic nervous system arousal as indicative of an impending heart attack, he suffered an unusually intense level of fear. His emotional suffering is best understood in terms of the:
Two-factor theory
Who suggested that we can stimulate the subjective experience of cheerfulness simply by acting as if we were already cheerful?
William James
The ___________ describes the relationship between arousal level, task difficulty, and efficiency of performance.
Yerkes-Dodson Law
If your body is dehydrated, but you are not thirsty, we would say that you have
a need but not a drive.
Motivation
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
___________ to food effect consumption
access
After Nadia learned that penguins cannot fly, she had to modify her existing concept of birds. This best illustrates the process of:
accommodation
Tend and befriend refers to
an alternative to the fight-or-flight response that may be more common in women.
passionate love
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
attachment
an emotional connection to someone else
Students at State University are convinced that their school is better than any other; this most directly illustrates
an ingroup bias.
Prejudice
an unjustified (usually negative) attitude toward a group (and its members)
Palatability
anticipated enjoyment of taste/smell
Monkeys with unresponsive artificial mothers showed __________________ attachment
anxious insecure attachment
Insecure avoidant infants who are left by their mothers in an unfamiliar setting often will...
be indifferent toward their mothers on their return.
One problem with the idea of motivation as drive reduction is that
because some motivated behaviors do not seem to be based on physiological needs, they cannot be explained in terms of drive reduction.
insecure attachment (anxious style)
clinging to mother, less likely to explore environment, and may get loudly upset with mother's departure and remain upset when she returns
Piaget is mainly known for studying
cognitive development.
In Piaget's theory, conservation is to egocentrism as the __________ stage is to the __________ stage.
concrete operational; preoperational
normative social influence
conformity resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
informational social influence
conformity resulting from accepting others' views about reality
Harlow's finding that baby monkeys prefer a terrycloth surrogate mother to a wire mother demonstrates the importance of
contact comfort.
Stanley Milgram
designed a study that investigates the effects of authority on obedience
We tend to perceive the members of an ingroup as __________ and the members of an outgroup as __________.
different from each other; similar to each other
Jane is four years old. While she is on the phone with her grandmother, Jane tells her, "Grandma, see the new hat I'm wearing," without realizing that her grandmother cannot see her hat over the phone. In this example, Jane is exhibiting:
egocentrism
To help him deal with a stressful schedule of classes, work, and studying, Randy turns to a regular program of exercise and relaxation training. Randy's strategy is an example of
emotion-focused coping.
______________ are adaptive responses that support survival
emotions
Children in New York, Nigeria, and New Zealand smile when they are happy and frown when they are sad. This suggests that
facial expressions of emotion are universal and biologically determined.
Research on nonverbal communication has revealed that
facial expressions tend to be the same the world over, while gestures vary from culture to culture
The mere exposure effect demonstrates that
familiarity breeds fondness.
Prejudice is linked to _________: Prejudice seems absent in people with inactive fear responses in the amygdala
fear
Relative deprivation
feeling deprived compared to others
Westerners Examples of nonverbal cues:
firm handshake: outgoing, expressive personality gaze: intimacy averted glance: submission stare: dominance
According to Piaget, the ability to think logically about abstract propositions is indicative of the stage of
formal operations.
Experiments show support for scapegoat theory: prejudice increases during temporary ______________ (and decreases when experiencing loving support)
frustration
Attitudes about ____________ have not come as far as attitudes about interracial marriage
gay marriage
What is a factor that researchers have found to not correlate with happiness?
gender
proximity
geographic nearness is a powerful predictor of friendship. Repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases their attraction. (mere exposure effect)
The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion states that
he conscious experience of an emotion occurs at the same time as the body's physical reaction.
In a 1998 movie, a young girl finds that a flock of geese follows her wherever she goes because she was the first "object" they saw after they were born. This is an example of
imprinting.
According to Erikson, the identity crisis is experienced when?
in adolescence
contact hypothesis
increased contact between members of different social groups will reduce prejudice between them
Maria recently heard a speech calling for a ban on aerosol sprays that endanger the earth's ozone layer. Maria's subsequent decision to stop using aerosol sprays is an example of
informational social influence.
Part of our natural drive to belong to a group leads to _______________ (favoring one's own group), misjudging other groups, and quickly categorizing strangers: "with me or against me."
ingroup bias
The other 30% show __________________. These children cling to their mothers or caregivers and are less likely to explore the environment.
insecure attachment
You leave your child with a babysitter. When you return, your child ignores you. Your child's behavior indicates a(n) __________ attachment.
insecure-avoidant
Few human behaviors are rigidly patterned enough to qualify as
instincts.
Incentive
involves a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior Ex. the smell of freshly baked cookies, causes a drive to want to eat those cookies
The belief that those who suffer deserve their fate is expressed in the
just-world phenomenon.
Increasing wealth matters __________ once basic needs are met
less
Summarizing his presentation on the origins of homosexuality, Dennis explains that the fraternal birth-order effect refers to the fact that
men who have older brothers are somewhat more likely to be gay than those without.
Compared to the children with authoritarian parents, the children of authoritative parents are:
more likely to develop a sense of self-esteem and more likely to demonstrate social competence.
secure attachment
most children (60 percent) feel distress when mother leaves, and seek contact with her when she returns
why do people conform?
normative social influence
Subject's in Asch's line-judgment experiment conformed to the group standard when their judgments were observed by others but not when they were made in private. This tendency to conform in public demonstrates
normative social influence.
In preconventional morality, the person
obeys to avoid punishment or to gain concrete rewards
Four month old Grant plays by lying on the floor and sticking baby toys in his mouth. However, when one of his toys rolls under the couch and out of sight, he continues playing as if the toy never existed. In this example, Grant is exhibiting a lack of
object permanence
feel-good, do-good phenomenon
people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood Ex. vending machine example
Schachter's and Singer's two-factor theory emphasizes that emotion involves both
physical arousal and a cognitive label.
The ______________ effect does not show up with young children (before age 3-5) because they have not yet learned the norm to "clean their plate"
portion size
Lamont believes that choosing to violate government laws is morally justifiable if it is done to protect the lives of innocent people. Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates __________________ morality
postconventional
To which of Kohlberg's levels would moral reasoning based on the existence of fundamental human rights pertain?
postconventional morality
Stereotyping people with bad traits can lead to ______________
prejudice
Jane is four years old. While she is on the phone with her grandmother, Jane tells her, "Grandma, see the new hat I'm wearing," without realizing that her grandmother cannot see her hat over the phone. In this example, Jane is most likely in which of Piaget's stages?
preoperational
You offer to trade your nickel for a dime held by a child. The child accepts the trade because the nickel is "bigger." The child is in the _________________ stage
preoperational (no conservation)
Instinct theory and drive-reduction theory both emphasize _____________ factors in motivation.
psychological biological
temperament
refers to a person's characteristic style and intensity of emotional reactivity
Testing Effect
retrieval of information from memory produces better retention than studying the same information for an equivalent amount of time -helps with long-term memory
Norms
rules about behavior
Which of the following would most likely be subject to social facilitation?
running quickly around a track
Mary Ainsworth believed that sensitive, responsive, calm parenting is correlated with the ____________ attachment style
secure
Training in sensitive responding for parents of temperamentally-difficult children led to doubled rates of ________________ attachment
secure
When her mother leaves, Linda cries. When her mother returns, Linda crawls into her lap. According to Mary Ainsworth, Linda has a(n) ____________ attachment.
secure
Although 3-year-old Marcos happily explores the attractive toys located in the dentist's waiting room, he periodically returns to his mother's side for brief moments. Marcos most clearly displays signs of
secure attachment
Placed in a strange situation 60% of children express ___________________, they explore their environment happily in the presence of their mothers. When their mother leaves, they show distress.
secure attachment
When her mother leaves, Linda cries. When her mother returns, Linda crawls into her lap. According to Mary Ainsworth, Linda has a(n) __________ attachment.
securely attached
insecure attachment (avoidant style)
seeming indifferent to mother's departure and return
Four month old Grant plays by lying on the floor and sticking baby toys in his mouth. However, when one of his toys rolls under the couch and out of sight, he continues playing as if the toy never existed. In this example, Grant is most likely in which of Piaget's stages?
sensorimotor
Which of the following most clearly demonstrates the existence of emotional attachment?
separation anxiety
________________ influences all facets of life
state of happiness
Alexis believes that all male athletes are self-centered and sexist. Her beliefs are an example of
stereotypes.
The degree and style of parent-child attachment has been tested by Mary Ainsworth in the "_______________" test.
strange situations
drive-reduction theory
suggests physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need Ex. The need for nutrition causes hunger, so in response we eat
Which theory claims that emotions are organized in the brain and that emotional feelings and bodily expressions occur simultaneously?
the Cannon-Bard theory
Stranger anxiety develops soon after
the concept of object permanence
Egocentrism
the inability to see the world through another person's point of view
Most people prefer mirror-image photographs of their faces. This is best explained by
the mere exposure effect.
mere exposure effect
the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
When male students in an experiment were told that a woman to whom they would be speaking had been instructed to act in a friendly or unfriendly way, most of them subsequently attributed her behavior to
the situation
Chandler and Monica are on a blind date. Which of the following will probably be most influential in determining whether they like each other?
their physical attractiveness
Based on findings from Milgram's obedience studies, participants would be less likely to follow the experimenter's orders when
they see another person disobey instructions.
Schachter's Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
to experience emotion one must: -be physically aroused -cognitively label the arousal
Discrimination
unjustified behavior selectively applied to members of a group
object permanence
when a baby is able to remember an object exists even if their not sensing that object
obedience
when people comply to social pressures
______________ are still judged and treated unfairly
women
Can a "regular" person be made to act like a "beautiful" one through the self-fulfilling prophecy?
yes