Psychology Exam 4 Practice Questions

_____ therapies include behavioral techniques such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy.

Exposure

_____ therapies use a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses.

Insight

_____ consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth.

Psychotherapy

Chelsea's therapist uses active listening within an empathic environment. Her therapist is most likely using:

client-centered therapy

David Rosenhan and colleagues conducted a study examining the biasing power of diagnostic labels. They went to mental hospital admissions offices and complained of "hearing voices" saying "empty," "hollow," and "thud." This was the only complaint they reported, and they displayed no other symptoms. They were all:

diagnosed as mentally ill and the causes for their disorders were "discovered."

This subtype of schizophrenia is characterized by disorganized speech or behavior, or inappropriate emotion.

disorganized

Thirty-year-old Nellie has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. Her selective attention is deficient, she is unable to ignore irrelevant stimuli, and she often gives her undivided attention to minute stimuli such as a spotlight shining in a window. This type of attention problem contributes to:

disorganized thoughts

Juan was shopping for a new watch and the salesperson was pressuring him to spend money way above his financial limit. Juan attributed the behavior to the salesperson's pushy personality. Juan was attributing her behavior to _____ factors.

dispositional

Dr. Yen is designing an experiment on obedience to authority. She will set up a learning laboratory and have participants deliver loud blasts of sound as punishment for incorrect answers (given by a confederate of the researcher). How can Dr. Yen increase the likelihood of the participants' obedience?

She can make sure the participants know that she has a Ph.D. from a prestigious university.

Your father yells at you for being five minutes late for tee time. Rather than believe your father is a rude jerk, you decide that he may be having difficulties at his job. Therefore, you make a _____ attribution about his behavior.

Situational

_____ psychologists explore how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

Social

In an experiment where Asian-Americans clients were matched with counselors who shared their cultural values, it was noted that the Asian-American clients perceived more counselor empathy and felt a _____ alliance with the counselor.

Strong

_____ is (are) shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.

Superordinate goals

To help Adam reduce his fear of dogs, a therapist encourages him to physically relax and imagine that he is walking toward a friendly and harmless little dog. The therapist's technique best illustrates _____.

Systematic desensitization

To help Tom reduce his fear of flying, a therapist encourages him to physically relax and then simply imagine that he is taking off in an airplane. The therapist's technique best illustrates _____.

Systematic desensitization

"Popping a _____" at the first sign of tension can produce psychological dependence.

Xanax

Which of the following is an antianxiety agent?

Xanax

The three main features that humanistic therapists hope to exhibit are genuineness, _____, and empathy.

acceptance

The double-blind technique is most likely to be used in evaluating the effectiveness of:

drug therapies

A therapist who uses a variety of psychological theories and therapeutic methods is said to be using a(n) _____ approach.

eclectic

This therapy assumes that no person is an island, and that we live and grow in relation to others, especially our families.

family therapy

People with schizophrenia often have disturbed perceptions called _____, which are sensory experiences without sensory stimulation from the environment.

hallucination

A _____ is a statistical procedure for combining the results of many different research studies, as if the results had come from one huge study.

meta-analysis

Several times in the past two months, Petra has experienced a racing heart, intense fear that something horrible is about to happen, and an inability to breathe. Petra most likely is suffering from:

panic attacks

This disorder is characterized by a person experiencing sudden episodes of intense dread.

panic disorder

If you want to listen more actively in your own relationships, these three traits may help

paraphrase, invite clarification, and reflect feelings

_____ disorders are characterized by inflexible and enduring maladaptive character traits that impair social functioning.

personality

Michael is extremely fearful of germs. He sleeps in a special chamber at night, wears gloves, and will only eat food that he can unwrap. His symptoms are most characteristic of:

phobia

Walter keeps to himself at work, he is quiet, has a number of odd collections, some even call him eccentric. He has only one friend who comes over to drink with him. Walter may be considered to have _____ personality disorder.

schizoid

Ever since childhood, Jaime has been eccentric. She exhibits emotionless disengagement to such a great degree that she would likely be diagnosed with:

schizoid personality disorder

One of the hallmarks of _____ is disorganized thinking. Theorists suggest that people with such disorganized thoughts have a breakdown in selective attention.

schizophrenia

Even though he has been taking medication for his depression, Gilbert recently attempted suicide. In an effort to better address his depression, his doctor is recommending electroconvulsive therapy. Gilbert is wondering about possible side effects. His doctor should tell him that the possible side effects include _____ and memory loss.

seizures

Trina suffers from depression. Her physician has placed her on an antidepressant that will help to increase her _____ supplies by blocking reuptake so that her receptor sites get enough of this neurotransmitter

serotonin

Aggressive behavior in males has been linked with low levels of _____ and high levels of _____.

serotonin; testosterone

The text discusses an experiment with 500 Massachusetts boys, aged 5 to 13 years, many of whom seemed bound for delinquency. Half were randomly assigned to a 5-year treatment program. Thirty years later, when compared with the boys NOT assigned to the program, the boys who WERE assigned to the program were _____ likely to have committed new offenses

slightly more

The branch of psychology that studies how people think, feel, and behave in social situations is called:

social psychology.

Amanda blames herself for her recent job loss. Her therapist suggests that her depression results from this blaming of herself rather than the slumping economy. Her therapist's suggestion best illustrates a(n) _____ perspective.

social-negative

Neal has been diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Neal interprets negative stressful events using a pessimistic explanatory style. His explanatory style creates a hopeless depressed state, which then hampers the way Neal thinks and acts, causing more negative stressful events. Neal's depression may be caused by a(n):

vicious cycle

One of the reasons why it is difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of psychotherapies is that even when a problem still exists, clients:

will work hard to find something positive to say about the therapist

Leigh is a diligent clinician. In order to provide her clients with the best therapy she can provide she keeps up to date on the latest psychotherapy research. She also takes into consideration her patients' values, characteristics, preferences, and circumstances. Finally, she is also mindful of her own expertise. Leigh is using _____ practice in clinical decision making.

evidence-based

People trapped in a depressed mood are:

inactive and unmotivated

Ellen Hatfield and her co-workers randomly matched new University of Minnesota students for a Welcome Week dance. On the night of the blind date, the couples danced and talked for more than two hours and then took a brief intermission to rate their dates. What determined whether they liked each other?

physical attractiveness

Seven months ago, Quinn witnessed the gruesome murder of a close friend. Although many people expected him to suffer from this, he seemed to have the opposite reaction. He had a greater appreciation for life, his relationships with his family became more meaningful, and he became more involved in his faith. Quinn's response is known as post-traumatic _____.\

post-traumatic growth

Seven months ago, Quinn witnessed the gruesome murder of a close friend. Although many people expected him to suffer from this, he seemed to have the opposite reaction. He had a greater appreciation for life, his relationships with his family became more meaningful, and he became more involved in his faith. Quinn's response is known as:

post-traumatic growth

Leigh is a diligent clinician. In order to provide her clients with the best therapy she can provide, she keeps up to date on the latest psychotherapy research. She also takes into consideration her patients' values, characteristics, preferences, and circumstances. Finally, she is also mindful of her own expertise. Leigh is using what approach in clinical decision making?

evidence-based practice

_____ include behavioral techniques such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy

exposure therapies

A therapist helps Rebecca overcome her fear of water by getting her to swim in the family's backyard pool three times a day for two consecutive weeks. The therapist's approach to helping Rebecca best illustrates:

exposure therapy

Your therapy with a 16-year-old patient has been going well, but she tends to bottle her feelings when discussing her relationship with her mother. You believe that she can benefit from her family's involvement; this may promote positive communication. Today's session brings together your patient and her parents. You are engaging in _____ therapy.

family

During a therapy session, Jenny focuses on several intrusive thoughts that have been bothering her. The therapist tells Jenny to report any ideas or memories stimulated by these thoughts. Jenny's therapist is using a technique known as:

free association

Recently Tanya has been caught in heavy traffic when traveling to and from work This situation has caused her to arrive to work late and arrive home at a much later time than normal. When she comes home, she slams the front door and tends to yell more at her children and husband over things that are rather insignificant. This behavior can best be explained by the

frustration-aggression principle.

Years after he barely survived an attack that killed his wife and two children, Mr. Puskari suffers recurring flashbacks and frequent nightmares of the event. They render him incapable of holding a steady job. Mr. Puskari is most clearly showing signs of:

post-traumatic stress disorder

Bonnie has just finished a two-year master program and now is in postgraduate supervision that is preparing her to offer psychotherapy to people with everyday personal and family problems. Bonnie is mostly likely preparing to be a _____.

psychiatric social worker

If a patient suffers uncontrollable seizures, physicians can destroy specific nerve clusters that cause or transmit the convulsions. This best illustrates a procedure known as:

psychosurgery

Critics of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) claim that this is the least useful therapeutic component of the treatment.

rapidly moving one's eyes

The tendency for extremely unusual events or emotions to fall back (i.e., return) toward their average is known as:

regression toward the mean

Your good friend has been dealing with severe anxiety for the last few months. However, she is reluctant to see a therapist because she is hoping that her anxious feelings will eventually go away. In order to convince her that seeing a therapist would be beneficial, you can tell her that those undergoing therapy are more likely to improve more quickly, and with less risk of _____.

relapse

This is the term for the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma.

resilience

When a patient in psychoanalysis blocks anxiety-laden material from their consciousness they are experiencing:

resistance

One cluster of personality disorders expresses eccentric behavior and includes _____. People with this personality disorder display an emotionless disengagement.

schizoid personality disorder

Marilyn is an architect who is looking for a job. She has worked on a wide range of projects and has several recommendations, and is able to land interviews fairly easily. However, she usually stresses about how much better the other candidates might be. During interviews, she does poorly. To counter this, Marilyn's therapist had her read her own recommendations to herself right before her next interview. The result was improved confidence and a second interview. The therapist's approach best illustrates:

stress inoculation training

In one study, participants who worked alongside someone who rubbed his face or shook his foot were observed to produce the same behaviors. This mimicry illustrates the _____ effect.

tendency for people to exert less effort when working in groups than when working alone.

According to contemporary newspaper accounts, although neighbors heard Kitty Genovese screaming for help as she was being murdered, they failed to call the police in time to save her. This best illustrates:

the bystander effect

While walking 30 yards from the ocean shoreline, Mr. Hughes heard a swimmer cry for help. However, he continued walking because he thought that one of the many swimmers in the vicinity would provide help if it was needed. His reaction best illustrates:

the bystander effect.

We feel happier in the presence of happy people than in the presence of depressed people. This is known as:

the chameleon effect.

While eating at the university café, you see a waiter's serving tray tilt and the food and beverages spill all over four people. "What a careless, clumsy idiot," you mumble to yourself as you resume eating. You have just committed an attributional bias called:

the fundamental attribution error.

You stop for a cup of coffee and the waitress yells at you when you sit at a table that has not been cleared. You are convinced that she should find another line of work--one in which her angry personality traits will not interfere with her job. However, you disregard the possibility that the restaurant is short of help that day. You have just fallen prey to:

the fundamental attribution error.

Repeated exposure to novel stimuli causes people to have more positive feelings for them. This is known as:

the mere exposure effect.

Depression is:

the most common reason people seek mental health services

The American Psychological Association (APA) suggests that which of the following is a signal that a person should consider seeking help from a professional?

A person should consider therapy if he/she experiences any of these trouble signals.

About one half of all children whose lack of conscience seems to be apparent before age 15, as she or he begins to lie, steal, and fight, become _____ adults.

Antisocial

Kyle is extremely manipulative. He can look anyone in the eye and lie convincingly. His deceit often endangers the safety and well-being of those around him, but he is indifferent to their suffering as a result of his actions. His behavior best illustrates _____ personality disorder.\

Antisocial

_____ disorder is characterized by symptoms of unexplained and continually tense and uneasy feelings

Generalized Anxiety

Tracy is a manager for a large corporation and has been placed in charge of an important project. She now has to report to someone who she does not like, and is responsible for a staff that has a history of underperforming. On top of this, she is getting married in the next six months. She and her fiancé are fighting all the time and she has become irritable at work. Instead of talking about childhood memories, as well as Tracy's relationship with her mother, Tracy's new therapist decides to focus exclusively on the relationship she has with her boyfriend, as well as her coworkers. Tracy therapist is using _____ therapy.

Interpersona

By age 50, this anxiety disorder becomes rare.

generalized anxiety disorder

Lenore is continually tense and plagued by muscle tension, sleeplessness, and an inability to concentrate. Lenore most likely suffers from a(n):

generalized anxiety disorder

Sharon was admitted to the hospital with severe depression. She nearly killed herself by slitting her wrists. The only reason she survived is because her husband came home from work early. One type of treatment that might bring her out of depression quickly and potentially save her life is _____ therapy.

ECT

During a therapy session, Jenny focuses on several intrusive thoughts that have been bothering her. The therapist tells Jenny to report any ideas or memories stimulated by these thoughts. Jenny's therapist is using a technique known as _____.

Free association

Diane is concerned about things at work even when she is at home. She is constantly worried about her home life even when she is at work. Diane has a free-floating anxiety that leaves her tense and irritable, impairs her concentration, and results in many sleepless nights. Diane suffers from a(n):

generalized anxiety order

Gena believes that people with psychological disorders are suffering from diseases that have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and sometimes even cured. Gena believes in the _____ model of psychological disorders

Medical

Of the following individuals, who is most likely to benefit from use of lithium?

Miranda, who experiences periods of extreme sadness, followed by episodes of optimistic overexcitement

The three main features that humanistic therapists hope to exhibit are:

genuineness, acceptance, and empathy

Regarding the treatment of schizophrenia, therapeutic drugs that block dopamine receptors are most likely to reduce

hallucinations

You are watching golf and see Tiger Woods scowl after a missed putt. You would be making the fundamental attribution error if you assumed that:

he has an angry and volatile personality.

One cluster of personality disorders exhibits dramatic or impulsive behaviors. For example, someone with _____ displays shallow, attention-getting emotions and goes to great lengths to gain praise.

histrionic personality disorder

An integrated understanding of psychological disorders in terms of stressful memories, evolutionary processes, and gender roles is most clearly provided by:

a biopsychosocial approach

An overabundance of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine is most likely to be associated with:

a manic episode

In _____, a person exhibits persistently harmful thoughts, feelings, and actions.

a psychological disorder

Susan has been diagnosed with panic disorder and refuses to leave her home without her husband. She fears any situation in which she cannot escape or find help when a panic attack would strike. Susan suffers from panic disorder as well as:

agoraphobia

In humans, vulnerability to anxiety disorder rises when an afflicted relative is:

an identical twin

Continued significant dieting after weight loss of more than 15 percent of normal body weight is common in individuals with:

anorexia nervosa

This therapy is empirically supported for treating compulsions

behavioral conditioning

Boris is a prolific painter. However, he is also prone to periods of hopelessness and depression, which are followed by periods of mania. It is very likely that Boris is suffering from a(n):

bipolar disorder

When making a decision on which therapy to use, the American Psychological Association (APA) advocate that clinicians consider patient's unique situation, the best available research, and _____ expertise.

clinical

Before Rhonda left for college, she told her friend Michelle that she thought sororities were filled with snobs and that she would never consider joining one. However, during Rhonda's first week on campus, she was approached by a sorority member who invited her to a social function and encouraged her to pledge. After Rhonda attended the party, she told Michelle, "Sororities do a lot of good things for the community. They're really service organizations." Rhonda's change in attitude to match her behavior reflects:

cognitive dissonance.

Aaron Beck's therapy teaches people new and more adaptive ways of thinking and acting. It is based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions, and is called:

cognitive therapy.

This therapy presumes the basis for psychological disorders is the result of self-harmful thoughts and behaviors.

cognitive-behavioral

Humanistic therapists focus on _____ thoughts.

conscious

Psychotherapy is _____ when compared with the costs of medical care for psychologically-related complaints

cost-effective

This is a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors.

counterconditioning

For patients whose depression has resisted drugs, as well as ECT, neuroscientist Helen Mayberg has developed a new treatment known as:

deep-brain stimulation.

Frieda is typically very shy. However, while watching a rock concert with a huge crowd, she lost her inhibitions and behaved in a sexually provocative way. Frieda's unusual behavior is best understood in terms of:

deindividuation

On Halloween, a group of normally law-abiding teenagers wearing masks and costumes committed acts of vandalism. This atypical behavior is probably caused by:

deindividuation

Which of the following concepts refers to the loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension? It occurs in group situations that foster responsiveness to group norms.

deindividuation

Mr. James incorrectly believes that people are constantly laughing at him and that FBI agents are trying to steal his savings. Mr. James is suffering from:

delusions

Regarding the treatment of schizophrenia, _____-blocking drugs have little effect on persistent negative symptoms such as toneless voices or expressionless faces.

dopamine

Margaret gave birth to a premature baby boy. It was a difficult birth with obstetrical complications. In addition, she has always had very little money and, for 20 years, has cared for the boy at a level below the poverty line. Thus, Margaret's son has experienced BOTH biological and social risk factors. Results from a Danish study would predict that the boy has _____ of committing a crime, as compared to those with only biological risk factors or social risk factors.

double the risk

Cognitive therapists are most likely to:

emphasize the importance of clients' personal interpretations of life events

Given a nonjudgmental, grace-filled environment that provides _____, people may accept their worst traits and feel valued and whole.

unconditional positive regard

This is a caring, accepting, and nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed to be conducive to developing self-awareness and self-acceptance.

unconditional positive regard

____ therapy is effective for coping with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Cognitive

Although she is underweight, Lindsey is extremely afraid of becoming obese. She often checks her body in the mirror for any signs of fat and refuses to eat most foods because she insists they are fatty or high in calories. Lindsey most clearly demonstrates symptoms of:

anorexia nervosa

In a personality disorder, low levels of anxiety are most characteristic of:

antisocial personality disorder

These disorders share the common problem of emotion regulation.

anxiety and mood disorders

Brian often interrupts his teacher while she is speaking and frequently forgets to complete his homework assignments. He also has difficulty taking turns in playground games with classmates. Brian most clearly exhibits symptoms of:

attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

To help Monica overcome her nearly irresistible craving for chocolate, a therapist provides her with a supply of chocolate candies that contain solidified droplets of a harmless but very bitter-tasting substance. This approach to treatment best illustrates:

aversive conditioning

As a parent, you are skeptical of treatments that sound too good to be true. When you arrive at the psychologist's office, you ask about what is the empirically-supported treatment for bed-wetting because your 6-year-old son has been having difficulties. You learn that _____ is the empirically supported treatment.

behavior conditioning

Your therapist believes in using only empirically-supported therapies for treating your depression. She will probably use:

cognitive therapy

John Darley and Bibb Latané simulated a physical emergency in their laboratory. University students participated in a discussion over an intercom. Each student was in a separate cubicle, and only the person whose microphone was switched on could be heard. One of the students was an accomplice of the experimenters. When his turn came, he made sounds as though he were having an epileptic seizure and called for help. Those subjects who believed only they could hear the victim were:

more likely to help.

Victor's mother is frustrated because she cannot get Victor involved in any activities. Most days he sits in a chair with no expression on his face. This type of absence of appropriate behavior is known as:

negative symptoms

According to the text, one research team has identified _____ genes that appear to be associated with typical anxiety disorder symptoms.

17

Shawn has a fraternal twin who was recently diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Research suggests that the chances are about _____ that Shawn will also suffer from bipolar disorder at some point in his life.

2 in 10

Billy has an identical twin who was recently diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Research suggests that the chances are about _____ that Billy will also suffer from bipolar disorder at some point in his life.

7 in 10

While Justin's therapist listens to what he has to say without judgment, she also seeks understanding by paraphrasing as well as asking for clarification and then reflecting Justin's feelings. Justin's therapist is using a therapeutic technique known as _____.

Active listening

For the last three months, Selma has been seeing her therapist weekly. She may be feeling much better because:

All of these things are often true of effective therapy

_____ is the process of prescribing medication or procedures that act directly on the person's physiology

Biomedical therapy

_____ is characterized by moods that alternate between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the euphoric, hyperactive state of mania

Bipolar disorder

In an attempt to lose some of the weight gained by binge eating, Claire uses laxatives and exercises until she is exhausted. Claire most clearly demonstrates symptoms of _____ nervosa.

Bulimia

The _____ and _____ are two major systems used to classify psychological disorders.

DSM-IV-TR; ICD-11

Angel has been arrested for grand theft auto. He claims that it wasn't him and that he knows nothing about the crime as his alter ego must have done it. The court-appointed psychiatrist knows immediately that Angel does not suffer from _____ disorder as the host is never co-conscious with the alter egos.

Dissociative identity

_____ overactivity may underlie schizophrenic patients' overreactions to irrelevant external and internal stimuli

Dopamine

Patients receive a general anesthetic and muscle relaxant prior to:

ECT

Stefan recently suffered a traumatic experience and is now seeing a therapist on a regular basis. His therapist waves her finger in front of Stefan's eyes while he imagines the traumatic scene. This type of therapy is known as _____.

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)

According to one study, beneficial therapies share much in common, including _____ for demoralized people, a new perspective, and an empathetic, trusting, and caring relationship.

Hope

Mr. Hoffman has always been cautious with his money. But, over the past two weeks, he has developed grandiose plans to bet his entire savings on a single horse race. With unrestrained exuberance he has also been giving everybody he sees unsolicited advice on how to make millions in the stock market. Mr. Hoffman's behavior is most indicative of:

Mr. Hoffman has always been cautious with his money. But, over the past two weeks, he has developed grandiose plans to bet his entire savings on a single horse race. With unrestrained exuberance he has also been giving everybody he sees unsolicited advice on how to make millions in the stock market. Mr. Hoffman's behavior is most indicative of:

_____ is the therapeutic technique developed by _____. The goal of this type of therapy is to help patients gain insight into repressed impulses and conflicts.

Psychoanalysis; Sigmund Freud

When a patient in psychoanalysis blocks anxiety-laden material from their consciousness, he or she is experiencing _____.

Resistance

_____ indicates that, although we often cannot directly control all of our feelings, we can influence our feelings by changing our behavior.

The attitudes-follow-behavior principle

A patient recently admitted to the hospital is complaining of auditory hallucinations. She might be treated with:

Thorazine

In an eating disorders clinic, the patients receive merits for good eating behaviors such as finishing their meal, not exercising after their meal, and for appropriate behaviors on the unit. This best illustrates an application of the _____ economy.

Token

Raquel was initially excited to make the cheerleading squad. However, her parents noticed that she stopping eating dinner with them, wanted to help make most meals, and had a list of good and bad foods. She began portioning the amount of food she ate and weighing food. Most concerning was the significant weight drop from a healthy 115 pounds to 90 pounds. This case demonstrates symptoms of:

anorexia nervosa

These drugs work by depressing central nervous system activity.

antianxiety drugs

These drugs work by increasing the availability of norepinephrine or serotonin, neurotransmitters that evaluate arousal and mood.

antidepressant drugs

These drugs are used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder

antipsychotic drugs

Reinforcing desired behaviors, and withholding reinforcement for undesired behaviors, is known as:

behavior modification

Marcie was invited to a black-tie dinner at the Ritz-Carlton. She has never been served a 10-course meal before so she is unfamiliar with the social etiquette regarding silverware selection. Because Marcie is in a foreign environment, she gets through the night by watching others who appear to know what they are doing. For each course, she follows their selection of silverware. Marcie is displaying:

informational social influence.

Classical psychoanalysts are especially interested in:

interpreting the meaning of clients' resistance to therapeutic procedures.

Elsa is a 50-year-old teacher who is openly gay. According to the American Psychiatric Association (APA), Elsa's homosexuality:

is NOT classified as an illness

Interpersonal psychotherapy is a variation on psychodynamic therapy. It is different because

its goal is symptom relief in the here and now, and it focuses primarily on current relationships.

The social-cognitive perspective has linked the experience of depression with:

learned helplessness

For the past four weeks, Odessa has been feeling lethargic and worthless. Her friends are worried because she no longer shows interest in her normal social activities. It is very likely that Odessa is suffering from:

major depressive disorder

The CEO of a large corporation is considering the benefits her firm will offer employees. If she offers employees effective treatment for psychological problems, chances are good that:

medical costs will be reduced.

Elaine feels that her life is empty. She has lost interest in career and hobbies, and she wonders if she would be better off dead. She is most likely suffering from a(n):

mood disorder

In one study on social loafing, blindfolded students were asked to pull on a rope as hard as they could. The students pulled hardest when they thought:

no one else was pulling with them.

In this therapy, the therapist listens, without judging or interpreting, and seeks to refrain from directing the client toward certain insights

nondirective

In making wedding preparations, Jason conforms to the expectations of his future bride's family in order to win their favor. His behavior illustrates the importance of:

normative social influence.

Without success, Maxine spends hours each day trying to suppress the intrusive worry that she may have forgotten to lock her house when she left for work. Her experience is most symptomatic of a(n):

obsessive-compulsive disorder

In a residential treatment facility for troubled youth, adolescent children receive large colored buttons when they hang up their clothes, make their beds, and come to meals on time. The children return the buttons to staff members to receive bedtime snacks or watch television. This best illustrates an application of:

operant conditioning

Those perceived as different or apart from one's ingroup are referred to as:

outgroup

Thirty-five-year-old Lucy needs to have her blood drawn. She is so distraught by this that she must mentally prepare herself for it as well as take a short-acting sedative. Lucy seems to be suffering from a:

phobia

This disorder is characterized by a person having an irrational fear of a specific object or situation

phobias

When a patient in psychoanalysis begins to have feelings toward their therapist such as love or hatred, and those feelings are linked to other relationships they have had or have, they are experiencing:

transference

After three sessions of ECT each week for _____, 80 percent or more people suffering from severe depression improve markedly.

two to four weeks