Psychology exam

Operant Conditioning occurs when an organism associates:

A behavior and its consequences

Classical Conditioning occurs when an organism associates:

A neutral stimulus with another that naturally produce a behavior

Thorndike's law of effect states that:

A reinforced behavior is more likely to recur and a punished behavior is less likely to occur

Behaviorism's view of learning is that:

Behaviors or learning should be directly observable, without any reference to mental processes

Connor eats some old yogurt and subsequently gets sick. From that point forward, just thinking about yogurt makes him feel sick. This is an example of

Classical conditioning

How does operant conditioning differ from classical conditioning?

Classical conditioning is when we like two or more stimuli and operant conditioning is when we link a response and a consequence.

Three basic forms of learning are:

Cognitive learning, operant,classical

In Pavlov's Experiments, the tone started as a neutral stimulus and then became a(n):

Conditioned stimulis

Students that competed in a timed scavenger hunt with the goal of remembering all of the locations from memory a week later without any monetary reward were able to later recall the locations from the scavenger hunt as well as students who received monetary rewards for completing the scavenger hunt and remembering the locations. The students that learned without reinforcement demonstrated:

Latent learning

Nick works at a haunted house. Every time he scares someone, he earns $5, so he scares as much as possible. This is an example of:

Positive reinfocer

How do positive and negative reinforcement differ, and what are the basic types of reinforcers?

Positive reinforcement is when you are adding a positive stimulus following the behavior and negative reinforcement is when you take away an aversive or negative stimulus in order to increase the likelihood of a behavior recurring. The basic types are primary and conditioned.

How does punishment differ from negative reinforcement, and how does punishment affect behavior?

Punishment is meant to decrease the likelihood of a behavior recurring. Negative reinforcement is ment to increase the likelihood of a behavior recurring by taking away aversive stimuli. Punishment suppressed behavior, it is not forgotten.

When you engage your cognitive processes to envision a lay out of the school in your mind, you have developed a:

cognitive map

Dogs that have been taught to salivate to a bell but not a horn are showing:

discrimination

A restaurant is running a special deal. After you buy four meals at full price, you will get a free appetizer. This is an example of a _____________schedule of reinforcement.

fixed ratio

If a child is classically conditioned to fear a black rat and then later shows fear in response to black cats, black rabbits, and black furry hats; the child is displaying:

generalization

13. Taste Aversion research has shown that some animals develop aversions to certain tastes but not sights or sounds. This supports Darwin's theory that

natural selection aids in a species survival

Your dog is barking so loudly that it's making your ears ring. You clap your hands, the dog stops barking, your ears stop ringing, and you think to yourself, "I'll have to do that when he barks again." The end of the barking was for you a:

negative reinforcer

An NBA player starts wearing tennis shoes instead of basketball shoes. After making the change, he is the league's leading 3 point scorer after a month of games. As a result, High School basketball players begin doing the same thing weeks later. This form of learning is:

observational learning

A medieval proverb notes that "a burnt child dreads the fire." In operant conditioning, the burning would be an example of a:

punisher

One way to change behavior is to reward natural behaviors in small steps, as the organisms get closer and closer to the desired behavior. This describes the process of:

shaping