Psychology Final Exam

By late adulthood (age 75) we have lost ___________ percentage of our taste buds.

65

To maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule.

CS + UCS; continuous

Which of the following is a good example of a flashback?

Eugene was in a motorcycle accident. When he hears a sudden loud noise he relives the accident and feels as if it is happening all over again.

Psychopathology is the study of physical illness only, including their symptoms, etiology (i.e., their causes), and treatment.

False

The traits openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism are key components of the ________.

Five Factor Model

Which of the following statements is true about obsessive-compulsive disorder?

It involves intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and repetitive behaviors.

Which of the following is an example of retrograde amnesia?

Jane Doe emerges from a coma with no idea who she is, and she is unable to provide any details about herself, where she came from, or what happened to her.

Which of the following is a good example of anterograde amnesia?

John Doe is in a car accident. Every day he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories.

Which of the following is an example of a variable ratio reinforcement schedule?

Joyce playing scratch-off lottery tickets

Who proposed the locus of control concept?

Julian Rotter

What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs?

Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Max's behavior and self-presentation is relaxed and informal with his friends. When he goes on a job interview he projects professionalism and formality with his attire and language. What would Carl Jung suggest about Max?

Max adopted a professional persona for his job interview.

Carl Jung's view of extroverted and introverted types serves as a basis of the ________.

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Two lines appear to be a different length, though in reality they are the same length. This is known as the ________ illusion.

Müller-Lyer

What is the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality?

Personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism.

The ________ Inkblot Test employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards that are presented to a client by a psychologist in an effort to reveal the person's unconscious desires, fears, and struggles.

Rorschach

Who developed the first comprehensive theory of personality?

Sigmund Freud

What is the advantage of applying learning approaches to the study of personality?

They can be scientifically tested.

What has research by Goolkasian & Woodbury (2010) demonstrated about pattern perception?

Those who are given verbal priming produce a biased interpretation of complex ambiguous figures.

A psychological disorder is a condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

True

Sensation occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors—the eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin.

True

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) includes many categories of disorders (e.g., anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, anddissociative disorders). Each disorder is described in detail, including an overview of the disorder (diagnostic features), specific symptoms required for diagnosis (diagnostic criteria), prevalence information (what percent of the population is thought to be afflicted with the disorder), and risk factorsassociated with the disorder.

True

Pan finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until he hears the alphabet song. Then he can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding.

acoustic

Kieran is attempting to condition a parrot to greet him when he enters the room. He repeatedly pairs his entry to the room with a treat for the parrot. Kieran can say that ________ has occurred as soon as the parrot greets him in response to his entry.

acquisition

What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus?

afterimage

From an early age, Kwaku got into trouble constantly. He continually violates the rights of others and he often lies, fights, and has problems with the law. Generally, he is impulsive and fails to think ahead. He is frequently deceitful and manipulative in order to get the things he wants, and he never regrets his misdeeds or considers the feelings of those he has harmed. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Kwaku's personality?

antisocial personality disorder

Egon can't pay attention in class. He is easily distracted, won't sit still, and displays poor impulse control. The school counselor suggested that his parents take him to a doctor to have him assessed for ________.

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Encoding information occurs through ________.

automatic processing and effortful processing

Nicole is socially inhibited and oversensitive to negative evaluation. She was thinking about a career in nursing, but she changed her mind because she believes the doctors would criticize her and patients would reject her. She has never been on a date because she feels socially inept and unappealing; she avoids meeting new people because anything less than immediate, unconditional acceptance causes her anxiety. Just yesterday she was invited to go on a kayak trip, but she didn't go because she was worried she would embarrass herself. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Nicole's personality?

avoidant personality disorder

Which of the following is a common characteristic of all dissociative disorders?

becoming split off, or dissociated, from one's core sense of self

Piper is diagnosed with agoraphobia because she experiences intense fear and anxiety of ________.

being outside the home alone

Cognitive processes refer to all characteristics previously learned: ________.

beliefs and expectations

Inattentional ________ refers to the failure to notice something that is completely visible due to a lack of attention.

blindness

Phyllis cannot be alone. Her moods and behaviors are unstable, as are her relationships with other people. She often displays inappropriate and intense anger. Recently, Phyllis wrote a suicide note and offered to show it to her husband. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for her personality?

borderline personality disorder

The belief that you ________ is an example of a delusion.

can perform miracles

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Acrophobia is characterized by intense fear, anxiety, and avoidance of situations in which it might be difficult to escape or receive help if one experiences symptoms of a panic attack."

change the word "acrophobia" to the word "agoraphobia"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "A person diagnosed with a specific anxiety experiences excessive, distressing, and persistent fear about a particular object or situation."

change the word "anxiety" to the word "phobia"

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________.

chunking

The ________ refers to the common psychological tendencies that have been passed down from one generation to the next.

collective unconscious

Identify the obsession in the following sentence. "Keisha is overly concerned about germs, so she spends hours wiping the surfaces of her home and washing her hands."

concern over germs

A psychological disorder is a ________.

condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

Jerry allows others to take over and run his life. He is submissive and clings to those around him. He cannot make decisions without advice and reassurance from others, probably because he lacks self-confidence. He finds it impossible to do things on his own, and he feels uncomfortable and helpless when he is alone. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Jerry's personality?

dependent personality disorder

Which of the following experiments involves the use of social learning theory?

determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting

Exhibiting a personality that ________ is a common characteristic of all personality disorders.

differs markedly from the expectations of one's culture

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

emotion can be a conditioned response

Cole spends a few weeks being treated for major depressive disorder. He eventually stops exhibiting symptoms, but a few months later they reoccur. Once again the symptoms dissipate, but a few months later they reoccur. Cole's major depressive disorder is ________?

episodic

Which of the following is a common characteristic of all anxiety disorders?

excessive, persistent fear and anxiety

Which of the following factors does not strongly predict the development of posttraumatic stress disorder?

experiencing trauma in isolation

I am trying to learn the names of all 50 states. While I am actively remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ________.

explicit memory

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective test ________.

in which people are presented with ambiguous images

What concept is illustrated by the following study? Participants were instructed to focus on either white or black objects, disregarding the other color. When a red cross passed across the screen, about one third of the subjects did not notice it.

inattentional blindness

Which term describes the perception of the body's movement through space?

kinesthesia

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning?

knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student

What is semantic memory?

knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

In a normal-sighted individual, the ________ will focus images perfectly on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the ________.

lens; fovea

In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and ________ memory.

long-term

Janice is in the middle of a distinct period of an abnormally and persistently elevated mood. In the last week she has cleaned her house from top to bottom (breaking windows and dishes in the process), bought a new car that she can't afford, and dug up most of her yard in case she might want a garden next year. Janice is experiencing ________.

mania

Which of the following is a way police have changed their interrogation techniques to lower the risk of false memory syndrome? Police have ________.

modified the way witnesses are questioned

Bipolar Disorder and Depression would be classified as ___________ disorders.

mood

In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

negative reinforcement

Felicia smacks her thumb with a hammer while building a doghouse. The sense of ________ provides her brain with information about the pain she feels.

nociception

People with ________ disorders experience thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts.

obsessive-compulsive

Jeff is an unforgiving perfectionist who would rather deliver work a week late than turn in a project with even minor mistakes. In fact, he spends so much time working that he never has time for anything else. Jeff is known to be rigid, inflexible, and stubborn, and he never compromises. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Jeff's personality?

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

If Laura has bipolar disorder, then she ________.

often experiences mood states that vacillate between depression and mania

Which brain region is believed to play a critical role in OCD?

orbitofrontal cortex

Identify the compulsion in the following example. Demarco can't stop thinking about his book collection, which includes hundreds of first editions. He wants it to be in a particular order. He spends hours every day organizing his books alphabetically by author, then by color, then by size.

organizing the books

Self-efficacy is ________.

our level of confidence in our own abilities

________ delusions involve the (false) belief that other people or agencies are plotting to harm the person.

paranoid

In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed.

partial

________ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.

perception; sensation

David, a war veteran, has had nightmares, flashbacks, and anxiety attacks for the past three years. He is most likely suffering from:

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Cordelia, an active duty marine, served in Afghanistan. While she was on patrol with her friend, an IED went off, killing her friend and injuring her. In the two months since her friend died, Cordelia has been jumpy, irritable, avoids talking about her friend, and once every few days experiences a flashback to the explosion. Cordelia is experiencing a ________ disorder.

posttraumatic stress

Dr. Grimes conducts a ________ by requesting that his patient respond to ambiguous stimuli, thus revealing hidden feelings, impulses, and desires.

projective test

Schizophrenia is considered a ________ disorder.

psychotic

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer.

recognition

A person who is suffering from disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, and hallucinations, and who is unable to distinguish between fantasy and reality, is likely suffering from ________________.

schizophrenia

Veena's thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors are impaired to the point where she is unable to function normally in life. She experiences significant difficulties in many day-to-day activities, such as holding a job, paying bills, grooming, maintaining personal hygiene, and sustaining relationships. Which of the following disorders is Veena living with?

schizophrenia

Which psychological disorder is characterized by major disturbances in thought, perception, and behavior?

schizophrenia

Alexis experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder, but only during midwinter. What kind of depression does Alexis have?

seasonal pattern

The concept of ________ suggests that people choose to move to places that are compatible with their personalities and needs.

selective migration

According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is ________.

self-actualization

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?

sensory

What is vertigo?

spinning sensation

________ involves thoughts of death by suicide, thinking about or planning suicide, or making a suicide attempt.

suicidal ideation

Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?

taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m.

In Carl Jung's view, the task of integrating unconscious archetypal aspects of the self is part of ________ in the second half of life.

the self-realization process

Due to his sense of ________, Abraham knows he is cold when he is outside during a blizzard, and he knows he is hot after he comes inside and eats soup by the fire.

thermoception

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________.

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts?

top-down

In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus).

unconditioned response

Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device?

using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

Which process involves observing a model being punished and then becoming less likely to imitate the model's behavior?

vicarious punishment

Due to Dominique' s obsessive-compulsive disorder, she may ________.

wash her hands every 10 minutes throughout the day.

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior

The ________ is composed of a series of true and false questions in order to establish an individual's clinical profile.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Apollonia was diagnosed with major depressive disorder five years ago. She knows her mother took medicine to combat depression and she worries her daughter will experience depression too. Why?

Mood disorders have been shown to have a strong genetic and biological basis.

Which statement summarizes the main idea of reciprocal determinism?

Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other.

Which of the following exemplifies a symptom of histrionic personality disorder?

Phoebe feels uncomfortable when she is not the center of attention, and she has alienated friends by demanding excessive amounts of their attention.

Which of the following exemplifies a symptom of paranoid personality disorder?

Rafe is extremely suspicious of the people around him and mistrusts them for no identifiable reason.

Why do strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weak emotional experiences form weak memories?

Strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory.

What is the main idea of the Stroop effect?

The brain's reaction time slows when it must deal with conflicting information.

An irrational, persistent fear is called ______________

a phobia

Sound waves transmitted to Kyla's auditory nerve create ________. Kyla's reinterpretation of the sound waves as the school bell is ________.

a sensation; perception

A panic disorder is a type of ________disorder characterized by panic attacks, along with at least one month of worry about panic attacks or self-defeating behavior related to the attacks.

anxiety

________ disorders are characterized by excessive, persistent fear and apprehension and by related disturbances in behavior.

anxiety

In Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory, behavior refers to ________.

anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded

Dr. Griffiths diagnosed Manuel with major depressive disorder because he ________.

appears tearful to others and spends weeks at a time feeling sad, empty, and hopeless

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.

associational

Research indicates that babies are first able to use their sense of taste ________ birth.

before birth

Mae notices that her daughter, Natalie, is extremely preoccupied with the freckles on her nose. Mae can barely see the freckles, but Natalie spends hours in front of the mirror and recently declared that her nose is deformed and she is ugly. She spent her entire weekend applying products to eliminate the freckles, and she recently announced her plans to save money for plastic surgery. Mae believes her daughter may have a ________ disorder.

body dysmorphic

Ronaldo was born without the ability to experience pain, though he can perceive temperature differences and changes in pressure. What is his condition called?

congenital analgesia

________ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar.

congruence

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.

construction; reconstruction

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

continuous

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement.

continuous

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall?

explicit memories

A(an) ________ locus of control is the belief that our outcomes are outside of our control; an ________ locus of control is the belief that we control our own outcomes.

external; internal

Hans and Sybil Eysenck viewed people as having two specific personality dimensions: ________.

extroversion/introversion; neuroticism/stability

Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed interval

As we age we begin to lose the ability to hear ____________ sounds.

high pitched

Which sound is an infant most likely to hear?

high-pitched, conversational volume

In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus.

higher order

What is described by the concept of perception?

how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced

When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory.

implicit

What is episodic memory?

information about events we have personally experienced

Which of the following defines antisocial personality disorder?

lack of regard for others' rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds

Nathan has an overinflated and unjustified sense of self-importance. He is preoccupied with fantasies of success and believes that he is entitled to special treatment from others. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Nathan's personality?

narcissistic personality disorder

Carl Jung referred to the ________ as the mask we adopt.

persona

Kerri experiences excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about heights. Kerri suffers from a(n) ________.

phobia

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?

punishment

Kenethia enjoys knitting. When she begins college, she has less time for knitting and finally stops altogether. After graduation, she wants to knit again, so she practices with her needles until she is good at it again. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system.

relearning

What do obsessive-compulsive disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, and hoarding disorder have in common?

repetitive thoughts and urges, as well as an uncontrollable need to engage in repetitive behavior and mental acts

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________.

retrieval

Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ________ amnesia.

retrograde

When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information.

retrograde; anterograde

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?

rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________.

stimulus generalization

Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ________: the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories.

suggestibility

Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________.

transduction

What is procedural memory?

type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

In addition to sweet, salty, sour, and bitter, what other taste groupings do we possess?

umami and fat content

Color vision may also decline with age due to ____________ of lens of the eye.

yellowing

Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory.

your first day of school