Psychology Final Exam

Mary has schizophrenia and exhibits symptoms of hallucinations, delusions, lack of emotional expression, and social withdrawal. Mary exhibits:

both positive and negative symptoms

According to Freud, the__________represents biological drives and is entirely unconscious.

id

Why we go clubbing and drink alcohol can best be explained by _____.

stimulus motives

The__________is the branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active during processes that spend body energy from stored reserves.

sympathetic nervous system

Which of the following is a physical symptom of anxiety disorders?

A racing heart

__________is characterized by excessive worrying, fear of losing control, nervousness, and inability to relax.

Anxiety disorder

According to Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, which of the following is a characteristic of children in the stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt?

Children need to develop feelings of self-control over physical functions.

_____ believed that to a large extent a person is a conscious architect of his or her own personality.

Erik Erikson

According to Arnett, which of the following is most likely a part of the emerging adulthood stage?

Experiments with career possibilities

Which of the following theorists believed that personality is not something people have but rather something they create to give meaning and direction to their lives?

Humanistic theorists

Which of the following is true of the placenta?

It is connected to the mother by blood vessels in the uterine wall.

Which of the following hassles is an example of environmental hassles?

Noise

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of stages in Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development?

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

Richard has not been successful in getting a job despite several efforts. Thinking about his failure, he feels helpless, hopeless, and even feels suicidal at times. What other symptom is most likely to be associated with Richard's condition?

Parasympathetic arousal

In the context of the humanitarian reform movements during the 18th century, which of the following happened when Philippe Pinel, a physician, unchained the patients at La Salpêtrière in Paris?

Patients profited from kindness and freedom.

According to Gestalt therapy, which of the following statements is true?

People don social masks, pretending to be things that they are not.

Which of the following is a difference between traditional psychoanalysis and humanistic therapies?

Traditional psychoanalysis focuses on early childhood experiences, while humanistic therapies focus on what clients are experiencing here and now.

Sheena's brother was recently killed in a road accident. He was run over by a car driven by a drunk driver. A group of college students who belonged to an organization that protested against driving under the influence of alcohol asked her to sign a petition and donate to the cause. Sheena was glad to help them because she was still grieving her brother's death. This scenario demonstrates how the _____ of Sheena's attitude influenced her behavior.

accessibility

Albert Ellis's rational emotive behavior therapy methods are _____.

active and directive

Michael fails to present his science project on time. He informs his teacher that it was because his younger brother had destroyed it while playing. However, when his friend, James, forgets to get his project, Michael quickly assumes that James was lazy to do his project. In the context of social perception, Michael is demonstrating the__________.

actor-observer effect

Terry was molested by her male colleague a week ago. Since then, she has been overwhelmed with feelings of anxiety and helplessness. Her doctor refers to her condition as:

acute stress disorder.

According to Kohlberg, postconventional reasoning usually emerges in _____.

adolescence

Type A people:

are highly driven, competitive, impatient, hostile, and aggressive.

When a rat's ventromedial nucleus is destroyed, the rat will:

begin to eat uncontrollably.

According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, _____ means deciding to enhance and maintain the relationship.

commitment

In the context of psychosurgery, in__________, physicians beam streams of radiation deep into the skull, destroying spots of tissue believed to be overactive in severe obsessive-compulsive disorder.

gamma knife surgery

Viola has just come back from work and is experiencing hunger pangs. She quickly makes a sandwich. Eating this sandwich satisfies her hunger. The return to normal bodily function without hunger pangs is called _____.

homeostasis

Asylums were intended primarily for:

housing people with psychological disorders

According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, _____ involves closeness and caring—championing the interests of the loved one, even if it entails sacrificing one's own.

intimacy

. Ever since Michelle failed her biology test, she thinks that she will never be able to find a job when she eventually graduates. She feels that she will end up homeless. This situation best demonstrates:

irrational beliefs.

Mariana, a 14-year-old girl, is dating a 19-year-old boy. Her parents disapprove of this behavior and forbid her from meeting the boy. Marina fights with her parents because of this as she believes that she loves him. She also believes that she is unique and is destined to get married to the love of her life at an early age. This scenario best represents the concept of the _____.

personal fable

The core of generalized anxiety disorder appears to be:

pervasive worrying about numerous stressors.

Alex wants to be physically fit. As he cannot workout effectively at his home, he goes to a gym with this friends. At the gym, he works out better when his friends work out along with him. In the context of group behavior, this is the result of _____.

social facilitation

The group effect called__________is likely to lead the group to make more risky shifts in decision making.

social facilitation

Kyle is possessed by the thought that he might develop a severe disease due to the germs. He tries to put these disturbing thoughts out of his mind by washing his hands several times a day. Kyle demonstrates:

. obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Which of the following statements is true of somatoform disorders?

. Tendencies toward perfectionism and rumination, which are found among many people with somatoform disorders, are thought to be at least partly heritable.

Jessie and her mother argue about Jessie's choice of friends and dates. Her mother thinks Jessie is stubborn and resistant. Jessie thinks her mother is bossy and controlling. The assumptions are examples of__________.

dispositional attributions

Harry is least interested in music. He tells his friends that playing a musical instrument is a waste of time. However, on several occasions, Harry's friends have noticed that he plays the guitar like a professional. When his friends question him on such occasions, Harry replies, "I am Joe and playing the guitar is my passion." In this scenario, Harry exhibits:

dissociative identity disorder

Carole is a healthy teenager. She is able to resist illness despite being severely stressed at times. She believes that change is normal and can face adverse situations well. Psychologists would say that Carole:

is psychologically hardy.

According to Piaget, the sensorimotor stage of child development is dominated by:

learning to coordinate perception of the self and of the environment with motor activity.

The immune system is able to eradicate foreign substances like pathogens because of the functioning of white blood cells called__________.

leukocytes

Mark and Tracy are close friends from second grade. They share their feelings with each other, but they lack passion or commitment. According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, Mark and Tracy's love is a form of _____.

liking

In addition to his normal duties, a professor actively participates in the extra-curricular activities of the college where he teaches. According to Suzanne Kobasa, which of the following characteristics of psychological hardiness does the professor exhibit?

Commitment

Jessie, who suffers from episodes of depression, shares her personal experiences with a few people with similar problems. They meet every week under the supervision of a therapist to discuss their problems. In which of the following therapies is Jessie most likely participating?

Group therapy

Which of the following is true of cancer?

People whose immune system is damaged may be more likely to develop cancer.

__________is best described as a problem affecting female athletes that involves low availability of energy and loss of bone density.

The female athlete triad

According to Melissa Hines and her colleagues (2015), which of the following is true of human female embryos and fetuses who have been exposed prenatally to higher-than-typical concentrations of male sex hormones?

They are more likely to demonstrate possible changes in gender identity.

According to Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, toddlers through about the age of three are said to be in the stage of:

autonomy versus shame and doubt.

Schizophrenia is characterized by:

disturbances in thought and language, perception and attention, motor activity, and mood.

The__________is the final stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

formal operational stage

According to Piaget, children in the formal operational stage of cognitive development:

have the ability to hypothesize

Firdous always complains of a tickling sensation in her palms. She has visited several physicians who have assured her that she is physically healthy. Despite the repeated reassurances, she runs from doctor to doctor, seeking the one who will find the cause of the sensation. In this scenario, Firdous is exhibiting:

illness anxiety disorder.

According to Freud,__________is an anal-retentive trait

perfectionism

According to Freud, the ego is guided by the _____.

reality principle

Behavior-therapy methods for reducing fears include _____.

virtual therapy

According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, identify a true statement about passion.

It involves fascination for the loved one, sexual craving, and the desire for exclusiveness.

Which of the following is true of estrogen production in females?

It stimulates the growth of tissue in the hips.

Which of the following is true of the attraction-similarity hypothesis?

It theorizes that reciprocity is a powerful determinant of attraction.

In the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome, the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system may predominate. As a result,__________.

many aspects of sympathetic activity are reversed

In the context of psychological problems arising from roadblocks placed in the path of self-actualization, if, when we are young, other people approve of us only when we are doing what they want us to do, we _____.

may learn to disown the parts of ourselves to which they object

In the__________, each of several alternative courses of action has pluses and minuses.

multiple approach-avoidance conflict

Dissociative identity disorder was formerly termed__________.

multiple personality disorder

Freud believed that the Electra complex develops in the__________of psychosexual development.

phallic stage

Disaster victims may experience debilitating anxiety reactions months and years after the actual disaster. These patients are diagnosed with:

posttraumatic stress disorder.

Kim and her family were involved in a road accident. Kim was the only survivor. Her son and husband were declared spot dead. When Kim returned home, she started having dreams about people dying in tragic accidents. These nightmares left Kim with a rapid heart rate and feelings of anxiety and helplessness. Kim is most likely suffering from:

posttraumatic stress disorder.

Many health problems are affected by__________such as attitudes, emotions, and behavior.

psychological factors

Nadine works for an accounting firm. She makes enough money for herself and has bought a house with a top-notch security system. In the context of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Nadine has fulfilled her _____ needs.

safety

In the context of prenatal development, the fetal stage lasts from:

the beginning of the third month of pregnancy until birth

Who among the following exhibits a characteristic of psychological hardiness?

Roanne, who sees change as an opportunity to grow

Which of the following statements best describes psychodynamic therapies?

Psychodynamic therapies, based on the thinking of Sigmund Freud, assume that psychological problems reflect early childhood experiences and internal conflicts.

Which of the following is true of psychological needs?

Psychological needs differ markedly from one person to another

__________are beliefs that we can accomplish certain things.

Self-efficacy expectations

_________is a subfield of social psychology that studies the ways in which we form and modify impressions of others.

Social perception

__________are excessive, irrational fears of specific objects or situations, such as spiders, snakes, or heights.

Specific phobias

__________is a process in psychological testing that checks per the scores, validity, and reliability of a test with people of various ages and from various groups.

Standardization

In the context of stress, which of the following is true of predictability and control?

The illusion of being in control allows people to feel that they are not at the mercy of the fates.

In the context of the drive-reduction theory, which of the following is true of acquired drives?

They are developed through experience.

In the context of aggression, which of the following is a perspective of social-cognitive theorists?

They believe that consciousness and choice play key roles in aggressive behavior among humans.

Which of the following did Karen Horney's views emphasize?

Unconscious sexual impulses are less important than social relationships.

__________are parents who generally leave their children to themselves.

Uninvolved parents

Kevin is in the exhaustion stage of Selye's general adaptation syndrome. Which of the following is most likely to occur?

His heart and respiration rates slow down and his muscles become fatigued.

In the context of evidence-based practices, which of the following treatments would be most effective in treating depression, developmental disabilities, and bed-wetting?

b. Behavior therapy

Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development states that:

human development involves the transfer of libidinal energy from one erogenous zone to another.

Ophelia is 51 years old. She has begun to experience hot flashes and finds it difficult to sleep at night. More often than not, she finds herself feeling pessimistic and unmotivated. She also has a certain amount of anxiety. Ophelia is most likely experiencing the _____ of middle adulthood.

climacteric phase

In an experiment, Jay and Alissa are injected with the same concentration of a harmless drug. The purpose of the drug is to create arousal in the subjects who are injected. After a while, the arousal manifests as anger in Jay and as happiness in Alissa. Jay felt angry that he was injected with an unknown substance but Alissa was happy to be a part of the experiment. These experimental findings can be explained by the _____.

cognitive-appraisal theory

We are generally more likely to appreciate what we must work to obtain. The _____ theory best explains this behavior.

cognitive-dissonance

People with higher levels of self-efficacy are more likely to:

control their alcohol intake.

Delmar believes that he has been sent to earth to save mankind. He believes that women are evil and that any male who speaks to a female is doomed to be a slave. He often tells people of his grand plan to save males from the influence of females. Nothing one says or does can convince him that his ideas are absurd. Delmar's behavior best exemplifies _____.

delusions

Cognitive therapy is:

likely to focus on changing the beliefs and attitudes that create and compound people's problems.

_________is a type of somatic symptom disorder that was earlier called hypochondria

Illness anxiety disorder

Which of the following is true of the social cognitive theory?

It pays less attention to genetic variation in explaining individual differences in behavior.

In the context of the general adaptation syndrome, which of the following is true of the fight-or-flight reaction?

It stems from a period in human prehistory when many stressors were life threatening.

In the context of specific phobias,__________is the fear of tight or enclosed places.

claustrophobia

According to Durlez and Stangor & Crandall,__________is a source of prejudice.

social conflict

In the context of Freud's theory of psychosexual development, a strong need for order is a(n) _____.

. anal-retentive trait

People describe Sarah as peculiar. She mixes up random words from different languages and strings them together in rambling sentences. She plays out her fantasy of living in a world made of cotton candy all day. However, she does not suffer from hallucinations or delusions. Sarah is displaying symptoms of _____.

schizotypal personality disorder

In behavioral terms, which of the following is true of prejudice?

Prejudice is connected with avoidance, aggression, and discrimination.

On a(n)__________level, prejudice is linked to expectations that members of the target group will behave poorly, say, in the workplace, or engage in criminal behavior or terrorism.

cognitive

Sarah can recite her speech for her speech contest perfectly when she is alone. However, when she is in front of the jury she often loses her "train of thought" because of her concern that they are assessing her performance. In this case,Sarah's performance is influenced by _____.

evaluation apprehension

When Catherine was seated in a crowded bus, one of the passengers inadvertently stepped on her toe. Immediately, Catherine assumed that the passenger has no respect for others. In the context of social perception, Catherine is:

making a dispositional attribution.