Psychology Final Exam

If we do NOT concentrate on the information in short-term memory, it will be lost after approximately:

30 seconds

According to the American Psychiatric Association, approximately _____% of individuals will develop generalized anxiety disorder during their lifetimes.

6

Scientists who study the effects of media violence on aggressive behavior have concluded that:

exposure to media violence increases the likelihood of violent behavior both immediately and over the long run.

During the _____ stage of prenatal development (the final stage starting about two months after conception), the body structures and organs complete their growth.

fetal

According to Vygotsky, how do children learn?

from social interactions

Trevor did not think to use the plastic bag he was carrying as a raincoat when he was caught in a downpour, BEST illustrating:

functional fixedness.

A _____ is the basic unit of genetic instruction.

gene

Dr. Green is a mental health professional with a medical degree, and she can prescribe biomedical treatments for her patients. Based on this description, it is MOST likely that Dr. Green is a:

psychiatrist.

According to Erikson, each stage of development involves a major _____ issue that, if positively resolved, increases _____ development.

psychosocial; social-personality

A(n) _____ increases the probability that a behavior will occur again; a(n) _____ decreases the probability that a behavior will occur again.

reinforcer; punisher

In both negative reinforcement and negative punishment, the word negative refers to:

removal of a stimulus.

In the strange situation, Claudia responds by crying when her mother leaves and then responding joyfully when she returns. It is likely that Claudia has a(n) _____ attachment to her mother.

secure

According to Bandura, _____ plays a major role in determining our behavior.

self-efficacy

Maslow's hierarchy of needs suggests that people are unlikely to be motivated to obtain _____ if they are deprived of _____.

self-esteem; love and safety

Bandura suggested that personality is a product of a person's _____, the set of cognitive processes by which a person observes, evaluates, and regulates behavior.

self-system

When behavioral psychologists reinforce successive approximations to the desired response, they are using the process of:

shaping

Brain scans of some people with schizophrenia show:

shrunken cerebral tissue.

Like Adler, Horney emphasized the importance of _____ in the development of personality; but unlike Adler, Horney also emphasized the importance of _____ as a source of personality problems.

social experiences; insecurity

As George leaves the house for his first job interview, his mother says, "Put your best foot forward!" This comment suggests she is aware that _____ may influence whether or not George is offered a job.

the primacy effect

How will a securely attached child behave during Ainsworth's strange situation?

The infant shows distress upon the mother's departure and is enthusiastic when she returns.

Long-term memory is best when a person's mood state is the same at encoding and retrieval, an effect known as:

mood-dependent memory.

Compared with authoritarian parents, authoritative parents are _____ likely to consider the children's point of view and communicate _____ with their children.

more; well

To reduce alcohol's negative effects on the developing fetus, pregnant women are advised to consume:

no alcohol at all during pregnancy

In Bandura's work, reinforcement of the adult models impacted:

only the child's displaying of a behavior.

In Maslow's theory, what needs must be satisfied prior to self-actualization?

physiological, safety, belonging, and esteem

To get her mother's attention, 6-year-old Aom starts acting like a baby. Whenever she does so, her mother responds angrily, saying, "Stop that! Act your age." However, a little while later, Aom repeats her babyish behavior. In this example, her mother's response serves as:

positive reinforcement

According to Freud, the _____ mind contains information that you have stored in memory and are not currently aware of but can access.

preconscious

We experience _____ when prior learning disrupts the retrieval of new information.

proactive interference

Informational social influence would be MOST likely to produce conformity for which individual(s)?

Ben, an inexperienced pilot who is being advised by air traffic controllers to not land his airplane because of bad weather

_____ is a neurotransmitter involved in arousal and mood states, thought processes, and physical movement.

Dopamine

Normative social influence would be MOST likely to produce conformity for which individual?

Emily, who wants to be invited to join a prestigious country club and is deciding the attire that is most appropriate for an upcoming formal dinner

Which is an example of a teratogen?

German measles

_____ are chemical messengers produced by the endocrine glands and transmitted _____.

Hormones; in the bloodstream

For a behavior or pattern of thinking to be indicative of a mental disorder, which characteristics must be included?

It is atypical, maladaptive, irrational, and disturbing to self or others.

According to the film, "Pushing The Limits," what is our first line of defense when we are attacked?

Sensations

Which statement about factors that can affect prenatal development is FALSE?

The age of the mother is not related to health risks to the fetus.

Nida is scared of dying from a shark attack because she just read an article about someone who died this way. She believes that it is more common to die from a shark attack than from other health problems. In reality, diabetes is more likely to cause death. _____ explains her error in judgment.

The availability heuristic

"Conditions of worth" is the answer to which question?

What are behaviors for which others will give us positive regard?

Which factor would NOT be expected to have a teratogenic effect?

a 24-year-old mother

A neurotransmitter is:

a naturally occurring chemical in our nervous system that specializes in transmitting information.

Classical conditioning refers to learning:

a new response to a previously neutral stimulus.

The availability heuristic is:

a rule of thumb that the more easily we remember an event, the more probable it is.

In Milgram's obedience experiments, which environment lessened the tendency of "teachers" to do as the experimenter ordered, compared to the baseline condition?

a rundown office building

The neurotransmitter implicated in the memory losses associated with Alzheimer's disease is:

acetylcholine.

After failing a difficult math exam, a student thought, "Next time I will study harder." This student has:

an internal locus of control.

According to Thorndike's law of effect:

any behavior that results in negative consequences is likely to not be repeated.

Nathan's parents expect him to follow their rules and not ask questions about why a rule is necessary. Their parenting style is BEST described as:

authoritarian.

Which parenting style is MOST positively related to academic success, happiness, independence, and self-confidence?

authoritative

Which risk factor is NOT known to be associated with prematurity?

blindness and deafness

Twin studies have shown evidence that intelligence is affected by:

both genetics and environment.

The MOST important factor in determining the attachment relationship is:

caregiver sensitivity.

Following a night of drinking, Stephen is unsteady and cannot walk in a straight line. These uncoordinated movements are likely due to the effect of alcohol on the:

cerebellum.

According to Carl Rogers, _____ may deter _____.

conditions of worth; self-actualization

The tendency to seek evidence that supports our hypotheses is known as the:

confirmation bias.

A person who acts a certain way to gain the approval of those around him or her is in Kohlberg's _____ level of morality.

conventional

Erikson's theory is similar to Vygotsky's because both considered the impact of _____ on development; however, Erikson placed a greater emphasis on _____ development than did Vygotsky.

culture and society; social and personality

Functional fixedness occurs during the _____ stage of problem solving.

definition

Pavlov accidentally discovered classical conditioning while studying:

digestive processes in dogs.

In Kohlberg's dilemma about Heinz stealing a drug, someone who indicated that it was OK for Heinz to steal the drug because it was his duty to protect his wife's life, given his marriage vows, would be classified as:

displaying conventional morality

Pleasurable mood effects of addictive drugs are associated with the release of:

dopamine

According to the film, "Pushing The Limits," the brain can release __________ to smother synapses to kill pain.

endorphins

The neurotransmitter(s) involved in pain relief is/are:

endorphins.

If a professor is testing your recall ability, she is MOST likely to use _____ exams.

essay

Researchers use _____ techniques to determine cause-effect relationships and _____ techniques to predict events.

experimental; correlational

Experimental study is to _____ as correlational study is to _____.

explain; predict

Secure attachments have been linked to:

higher levels of cognitive functioning.

More recent research that followed Bandura's Bobo doll studies has suggested that children:

imitate aggression in nonlaboratory settings and after long delays.

When children in Bandura's Bobo doll experiment were asked to imitate the behavior of an adult they observed, they:

imitated the behavior, regardless of whether the adult had been reinforced or punished.

Operant conditioning is typically MOST effective when the consequences are:

immediate

The primacy and recency effects in free recall demonstrate that we have the GREATEST difficulty recalling the words _____ of a list.

in the middle

Deindividuation can be thought of as combining the _____ arousal in social facilitation with the _____ sense of responsibility in social loafing.

increased; diminished

According to Adler, people with unloving parents may develop a(n):

inferiority complex.

Jim Jones moved his followers from San Francisco to Guyana, an uncertain environment where they weren't sure how to act. This move contributed most to which type of influence on their behavior?

informational social influence

According to Ainsworth, a child who shows little distress when the mother leaves in the strange situation procedure and neglects her when she returns has developed a(n) _____ attachment.

insecure-avoidant

Our sensory memory registers allow us to:

integrate two sequentially presented stimuli into a meaningful pattern through the temporal integration procedure.

According to the final stage of Erikson's psychosocial theory, a fear of death is most closely associated with lacking a sense of:

integrity

Fetal alcohol syndrome contributes to which teratogenic effects?

intellectual disabilities

Liz died from a drug overdose that impaired her ability to breathe. It is likely that the drug suppressed the functioning of the:

medulla

George's pupils are dilated and his heart rate is speeding up. The part of the nervous system responsible for these changes is the _____ nervous system.

sympathetic

The gambler's fallacy is:

the belief that a chance event that has not occurred for a while is more likely to occur.

In Solomon Asch's line-length study:

the majority of the responses given were independent (correct) responses, rather than conforming (incorrect) responses.

Adopted children would be expected to have test scores LEAST similar to their adoptive parents in:

young adulthood.