Psychology Final Notes

After Shannon's doctor tells her that she needs to start a regular exercise program, Shannon takes a look at her schedule and decides that the best time for her to exercise is when she gets home from work, and that the best form of exercise for her is to take a brisk walk. Since Shannon has read the feature "Psych for Your Life: Turning Your Goals into Reality," she decides to form a goal intention. Which of the following is the best example of a goal intention that would help Shannon turn her intention into reality?

"I intend to walk 30 minutes a day, five days a week after work."

The image below depicts the interaction of some of the key hormones and neurotransmitters that regulate hunger, including where they are manufactured in the body, and whether they increase (+) or decrease (-) hunger. Which letter indicates the hormone ghrelin?

C also in the chapter 8

Milgram was influenced by Asch's conformity research, but he wanted to take Asch's research a step further and investigate a more important question. What was the question that Milgram wanted to study?

Could people be pressured by others into committing an immoral act or taking an action that violated their conscience, such as hurting a stranger?

Which statement best characterizes the relationship between emotions and physiological arousal?

Different physiological arousal patterns have been found for different emotions.

The box "Focus on Neuroscience: Emotions and the Brain," described a PET scan study investigating brain activation when participants recalled different kinds of emotional memories. What were the results of this study?

Each of the emotions produced a different pattern of brain activation, indicating that each emotion involved distinct neural circuits in the brain.

Genetically diverse seeds are planted in two separate pots. One pot has rich soil and one pot has poor soil. Within each pot, some of the plants are taller than others. When the average height of the plants in each pot is compared, the plants in the rich soil are, on the average, taller than the plants in the poor soil. What valid conclusion can be drawn about the difference between the seeds in the two pots?

Individual differences in height within each pot are due to environment.

Which of the following statements best characterizes the principle of natural selection?

Organisms that inherit characteristics that increase their chances of survival in their particular habitat are more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass on their characteristics to their offspring.

How does the evolutionary perspective explain the observation that many wild animals overeat when food is available?

Overeating helps build energy reserves for times when food may be scarce or unavailable.

What has the research with children shown regarding the effects of race on the susceptibility of the Müller-Lyer illusion?

The race of the children was not a factor in whether children were susceptible to the Müller-Lyer illusion.

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Today, some psychotherapists continue to practice the traditional form of psychoanalysis that lasts for years.

The term schema refers to:

an organized cluster of knowledge and information about an object, an event, a situation, or a concept.

Children with _____ parents are more likely to rebel, while children with _____ parents are more likely to lack self-control.

authoritarian; permissive

A strategy in which the likelihood of an event is estimated on the basis of how easily we can remember other instances of the event is called the:

availability heuristic.

The notion that an organism is innately predisposed to form associations between certain stimuli and responses is termed:

biological preparedness.

Kidnapped at knifepoint from her bedroom in the middle of the night, 14-year-old Elizabeth Smart was held captive for over nine months by a drifter and his female companion. When police finally found her and the details of her captivity were widely publicized, some observers publicly questioned why the girl never tried to escape or get the attention of the police. Such responses illustrate an attributional pattern called:

blaming the victim.

In relation to the question of what determines intelligence, most psychologists agree that:

both heredity and environment are important in determining intelligence level.

Research with the sea snail Aplysia has demonstrated that:

both the function and structure of neurons change in response to the formation of a new memory.

Which letter points to the brain structure that plays a key role in controlling balance, muscle tone, and coordinated movements?

c. cerebellum

In combination, the brain and spinal cord make up the:

central nervous system.

Neuroplasticity, or simply plasticity, refers to the brain's ability to:

change function and structure.

The famous Bobo doll study demonstrated that:

children are less likely to imitate the actions of someone who has been punished for his or her actions than the actions of someone who has been rewarded.

One strategy to increase the amount of information that can be held in short-term memory is to group related items together into a single unit. This strategy is called:

chunking.

In her landmark study of a three-year-old child named Peter, Mary Cover Jones demonstrated that:

classical conditioning techniques could be used to remove fears.

Katie loves strong coffee and cheerfully admits that she depends on caffeine to help her wake up every day. One morning, her husband served her two cups of decaffeinated coffee without telling her. Nevertheless, she still felt more alert after drinking the decaffeinated coffee. Katie's alertness after drinking decaffeinated coffee is a(n):

classically conditioned response to the taste and smell of coffee, and other stimuli associated with it.

In adolescence, personal identity tends to shift from the _____ self-descriptions that characterize childhood to more _____ self-descriptions.

concrete; abstract

Sleep disorders involve:

consistently occurring abnormal sleep patterns that cause subjective distress and interfere with a person's daytime functioning.

A test is considered to be reliable when it:

consistently shows similar results after repeated testing.

Research on social loafing demonstrated that European participants worked harder on a task when working alone, whereas Chinese participants worked harder on a task when they were part of a group. These results illustrate the importance of the _____ perspective in psychology.

cross-cultural

Another name for explicit memory is _____ memory.

declarative

When Don took his daughter Laura to the doctor for a tetanus shot, he instructed her to look at his face and count backward from 10 as the nurse injected the needle into her arm. Which strategy of pain control was Don using with his daughter?

distraction

When you feel cold, you engage in behavior to reduce this unpleasant feeling, such as putting on your coat. This desire to reduce internal tension is a crucial aspect of _____ theories of motivation.

drive

Reduction of internal tension would be most closely associated with which theory of motivation?

drive theories

The results of Schachter and Singer's experiment in which participants were injected with epinephrine just before spending time in either a "happy" condition or an "angry" condition support the idea that:

emotion is the result of the interaction of physiological arousal and the cognitive label we apply to explain the arousal.

We transform information into a form that can be entered and retained by the memory system. This process is known as:

encoding.

Phenotype is to genotype as:

expressed characteristics are to inherited genes.

People with _____ are constantly tense and anxious, and their anxiety is pervasive. They feel anxious about a wide range of life circumstances, sometimes with little or no apparent justification.

generalized anxiety disorder

Darlene is constantly nervous, tense, and apprehensive. She worries about her health, her job, her children, and her relatives. Her husband has tried to reassure her that everything is going well, but she can't seem to shake her pervasive anxiety. Darlene is probably experiencing:

generalized anxiety disorder.

Prolactin and oxytocin are _____ produced or released by the _____.

hormones; pituitary gland

The box "Focus on Neuroscience: Seeing Faces and Places in the Mind's Eye," reported on an fMRI study of mental imagery. From simply looking at the brain scan images, the researchers were able to determine whether the research participants were:

imagining a face or a place.

According to the gate-control theory of pain, social influences can:

increase or decrease the experience of pain.

Nobuaki is a young Japanese man living in Tokyo. Nobuaki suffers from a syndrome called taijin kyofusho. This means that Nobuaki:

is extremely anxious that he will somehow offend, insult, or embarrass other people.

According to the working memory model developed by British psychologist Alan Baddeley, the "phonological loop":

is specialized for auditory material.

The notion of structural plasticity:

is the idea that learning, active practice, or environmental stimulation can cause physical changes in the brain's structure.

According to Carl Jung, the collective unconscious:

is the part of the unconscious mind that reflects human evolutionary history and is common to all people.

Several of the people ahead of Kyle in the checkout line at the cafeteria put loose change in a charitable donation box. According to your textbook:

it is quite probable that Kyle will make a donation, too.

ECT is primarily used as a treatment for:

major depressive disorder.

Compared with young rats that have been raised in an "impoverished" environment, young rats that have been raised in an "enriched" environment have:

more dendritic branches and more synaptic connections in the cerebral cortex.

According to Alfred Adler, feelings of inferiority:

motivate people to compensate for real or imagined weaknesses.

A sleep disorder characterized by overwhelming bouts of excessive daytime sleepiness and brief uncontrollable episodes of sleep is called:

narcolepsy.

Tim suffers from overwhelming bouts of excessive daytime sleepiness and brief uncontrollable episodes of sleep, called "microsleeps" or "sleep attacks." Tim has:

narcolepsy.

According to DSM-5, a small percentage of people with bipolar disorder experience:

only manic episodes

While meditating, Stewart tries to achieve a quiet awareness of the "here and now" without any distracting thoughts. Stewart is using a(n) _____ meditation technique.

open monitoring

An organism enhances its odds of survival by being responsive to the consequences of its actions, as in:

operant conditioning

Ryan was disappointed when he was rejected in his first attempt to get admitted to a very prestigious engineering program. Despite this setback, he told his friends that he thought he would have a better chance next time, especially if he took some additional qualifying courses and raised his GPA. Martin Seligman would say that Ryan has a(n):

optimistic explanatory style.

During lunch a group of computer science majors were discussing their choice of field. One student admitted that he had once considered becoming an accountant but decided against it because "accountants are all boring number crunchers without an ounce of creativity." This statement best reflects the:

out-group homogeneity effect.

Separating the middle ear from the inner ear is a structure called the:

oval window.

A gymnast knows where his arms and legs are as he does his tumbling routine because information from his muscles and joints is relayed to his:

parietal lobe.

Behavior that is conditioned with _____ reinforcement is _____ resistant to extinction.

partial; more

The ethical requirement of informed consent means that:

participants must be completely informed about the purpose and conditions of the research, and must be free to withdraw from the research at any time.

Since moving to the United States, Ernesto has established a very successful consulting business that advises U.S. corporations that plan to market their products in Central and South America. Ernesto appears to excel in what Robert Sternberg would call "_____ intelligence."

practical

The _____ is involved in encoding and storing memory for a sequence of events.

prefrontal cortex

In many ways, creativity depends on:

problem finding.

When the football coach told the players that they had better start working harder during practice or they would be dropped from the team, he appeared to be using a(n) _____ coping strategy called "_____."

problem-focused; confrontive coping

Prolonged use of cocaine can:

produce a range of psychological disorders and heart disease.

Based on studies with rats, it is clear that the exposure to environmental enrichment:

produces significant brain changes regardless of the age of the rats.

When Hillary was asked what comes to mind in response to the word "animal," she immediately said "horse." For Hillary, "horse" is a(n) _____ of the category "animal."

prototype

Your therapist is very interested in your dreams, blocked memories, and slips of the tongue. On which approach to psychology is your therapist probably basing his psychotherapy?

psychoanalysis

Free association, dream interpretation, and transference are to _____ as unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathic understanding are to _____.

psychoanalysis; client-centered therapy

The emphasis on unconscious mental processes is to the _____ as the emphasis on learning and conscious cognitive processes is to the _____.

psychoanalytic perspective; social cognitive perspective

The idea of repression is a cornerstone of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud's famous theory of personality and psychotherapy. According to Freud, what gets repressed?

psychologically threatening feelings, emotions, and memories, especially those from early childhood

Kyle is determined to do well on his final exams, and decides to apply what he has learned about elaborative rehearsal to his own studying strategies. Which of the following suggestions is an effective way to engage in elaborative rehearsal?

relate the information to material that he already knows, including examples from his own life try to create vivid visual images of terms and concepts explain the material in his own words to a friend

The presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron are separated by a tiny, fluid-filled space called the:

synaptic gap.

In contrast to Valium, Librium, and other benzodiazepines, the antianxiety medication with the trade name of Buspar:

takes two to three weeks to produce its antianxiety effects.

In a series of variations of his obedience experiments, Milgram found that the subjects were LEAST likely to deliver high levels of shock when:

teachers were free to choose the level of shock.

The auditory nerve transmits neural signals to the:

thalamus.

In studies investigating the physiological components of emotion, researchers have found:

that anger produces a marked increase in skin temperature, whereas fear produces a decrease in skin temperature.

In a study investigating the earliest memories of European American and Chinese and Taiwanese college students, psychologist Qi Wang found:

that the earliest memories of the European American college students tended to be more self-focused and more elaborate than those of the Chinese and Taiwanese college students.

Dr. Kildare gave his patient a lengthy test that involved more than 500 questions. The patient was instructed to respond to each statement with either "True," "False," or "Cannot say." Dr. Kildare told his patient that the test would be scored by computer, but that he would analyze the results and discuss them with her. Most likely, Dr. Kildare's patient has taken which personality test?

the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, or MMPI

A worldwide survey of intelligence test scores showed that there were significant gains in average IQ scores in 14 nations in just one generation. These results provide support for environmental influences on IQ scores because:

the amount of time involved is far too short for genetically influenced changes to have occurred.

Which of the following represents the top level in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

the need for self-actualization

Nate wonders how his friend Jim can wake up at 5:00 every morning to swim laps before school. When he asks about it, Jim replies that he simply wants to realize his highest personal potential in swimming. According to Maslow's theory of motivation, Jim is satisfying:

the need for self-actualization.

Which of the following is one of the three levels of awareness in Freud's theory?

the preconscious the conscious the unconscious

Chemical signals have been shown to affect human hormones and behavior in which of the following phenomena?

the regulation of the female menstrual cycle

There are four hollow cavities in the brain, called "_____," which are filled with cerebrospinal fluid and whose surfaces are lined with _____, specialized cells that produce neurons in the developing brain.

ventricles; neural stem cells

Most of the Army Reserve soldiers who were convicted of mistreating prisoners at Abu Ghraib:

were led to believe it was their duty to mistreat prisoners in order to extract useful information.

In regard to temperament, about _____ of babies cannot be categorized as either easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up, because they do not fit neatly into any of these categories.

1/3

About 1 in ____ people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are savants.

10

Research shows that less than _____ percent of those who experience major disasters—such as floods, earthquakes, and hurricanes—develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

10

Personality disorders are evident in approximately _____ of the general population.

10%

It is estimated that approximately _____ million Americans are thought to have serious alcohol problems.

16

The first edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual was published in:

1952

Approximately _____ of your body's energy is used for continuous bodily functions that are essential to life, such as breathing, heartbeat, and the production of body heat.

2/3s

Mia almost had a car accident. The experience caused her to have a fight-or-flight reaction. Now that the threat has been removed, how long will it take her high level of bodily arousal to subside?

20 to 60 minutes

According to the information discussed in the box "In Focus: What You Really Want to Know About Sleep," which of the following statements is TRUE?

A naturally occurring compound called "adenosine" seems to be involved in producing sleepiness.

A series of MRI scans of Alzheimer's patients over a period of two years showed that the disease first attacks the:

A series of MRI scans of Alzheimer's patients over a period of two years showed that the disease first attacks the:

Albert Bandura's classic Bobo Doll experiments demonstrated which of the following ideas?

Aggression is at least partly a learned phenomenon.

The textbook provides several practical suggestions to defend against being manipulated by various persuasion techniques. Which of the following is NOT one of the practical suggestions you can use in making important decisions?

Always go with your first impulse and don't look back.

Elizabeth grew up in a home in which both of her biological parents were present. At school, Elizabeth's best friend is Alyssa. Alyssa's biological parents divorced shortly after Alyssa was born. Because her father lives overseas, she has only seen her father once. Consequently, Alyssa has grown up in a home where her biological father is absent. According to the information discussed in your text, which of the following scenarios is MOST likely to occur?

Alyssa is likely to experience puberty at an earlier age than Elizabeth.

Researchers Michael Morris and Kaiping Peng compared Chinese and American newspaper reports of two different mass murders. Morris and Peng found that:

American reporters were more likely to use personal, internal attribution to explain the behavior of the murderers, whereas Chinese reporters were more likely to emphasize situational, external attributes.

Which important contribution to the study of motivation was made by Abraham Maslow?

Because of Maslow's influence, greater attention was paid to psychological needs and the motivation and development of people who were psychologically healthy.

In comparing the earliest memories of European American college students and Chinese and Taiwanese college students, psychologist Qi Wang found that the earliest memories of which of the following tended to focus on general, routine activities involving family or community members, such as playing in the park or eating with family members?

Both the Chinese and Taiwanese college students had such memories.

According to the Focus on Neuroscience "Imaging the Brain," which of the following statements is a potential limitation of brain imaging?

Brain-imaging studies usually involve a small number of participants and tend to focus on simple aspects of behavior.

Which of the following statements about Mary Whiton Calkins is FALSE?

Calkins was the first woman president of the American Psychological Association. Calkins conducted research on dreams, memory, and personality. Calkins established a psychology laboratory at Wellesley College.

_____ is the behavioral and cognitive responses used to deal with stressors, including our efforts to change circumstances, or our interpretation of circumstances, to make them more favorable and less threatening.

Coping

Who formulated the "law of effect"?

Edward L. Thorndike

_____ is to structuralism as _____ is to functionalism.

Edward Titchener; William James

Identify the researcher who proposed that dying people go through five distinct stages.

Elisabeth Kübler-Ross

Experiments can provide important information, but they also have limitations. Which of the following is one of the limitations discussed in the textbook?

Experiments are often conducted in highly controlled laboratory environments and thus may have little to do with actual behavior.

Which of the following people is MOST likely to develop coronary problems?

Fifty-year-old Bob, who is both Type A and hostile

Which of the following is true regarding language?

For most words, the connection between the symbol and the meaning is completely arbitrary. The meaning of language symbols is shared by others who use the same language symbols. Language is a highly structured system that follows specific rules.

Which of the following statements about glial cells is FALSE?

Glial cells are abundant in the human brain. Glial cells provide structural support for neurons throughout the nervous system. There are several different kinds of glial cells, each with its own specialized function.

The general adaptation syndrome, a three-stage progression of physical changes that occur in response to intense and prolonged stress, was described by:

Hans Selye.

The table pictured here provides a list of eight abilities that all reflect intelligence. Which of the following theorists is most likely to endorse this view of multiple intelligences? **high key focus on mutliple intelligences

Howard Gardner

The drawing depicts Sigmund Freud's famous iceberg analogy for the structure of personality. Which letter labels the personality structure that doesn't develop until about age five or six, and represents a person's conscience? (page 409)

Id

The _____ is a computer-based test that measures the degree to which you associate particular groups of people with specific characteristics or attributes and is based on the assumption that people can sort images and words more easily when concepts seem to "match" or go together.

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

The most widely used test to measure implicit attitudes and preferences is the _____, developed by psychologist Anthony Greenwald and his colleagues.

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

_____ are evaluations that are automatic, unintentional, difficult to control, and are sometimes, but not always, unconscious.

Implicit attitudes

Psychologists can use deception techniques as part of a study only when certain conditions have been met. Which statement is one of these conditions?

It is not feasible to use alternatives that do not involve deception.

The neuroscientists who proposed the activation-synthesis model of dreaming are:

J. Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley.

Lysergic acid diethylamide is more commonly known as:

LSD

Elected president of the American Psychological Association in 1996, _____ launched a new movement called "positive psychology," which would emphasize research on human strengths, rather than on human problems.

Martin Seligman

Of the theories of motivation that are discussed in your textbook, Deci and Ryan's self-determination theory which focuses on innate and universal psychological needs has the MOST in common with:

Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

The Chapter 3 prologue story was about a man named Mike May, who recovered partial vision in one eye after being completely blind for over 40 years. After regaining partial vision, how did Mike respond to the images shown below? table picture

Mike thought the two tabletops were of identical size and shape.

Your textbook discusses a number of problems associated with stereotyped thinking. Which of the following is one of those problems?

Once formed, stereotypes are very hard to change.

Research has investigated whether people with mental disorders are significantly more violent and dangerous than other groups of people. What was the basic finding of that research?

People who have a severe mental disorder in which they are delusional or hallucinating have a slightly higher level of violent behavior than people who do not have a mental disorder.

In the box "In Focus: Does a High IQ Score Predict Success in Life?," based on the research of Lewis Terman and Melita Oden, what was the general conclusion with regard to the genius-level children who grew up to be genius-level adults?

Personality factors, such as motivation, emotional maturity, willingness to work hard, and commitment to goals, as well as intelligence, seem to play a significant role in life success.

Which statement best characterizes the evolutionary perspective of psychology?

Psychological processes are influenced by natural selection.

Which of the following statements about ego defense mechanisms is FALSE?

Psychologically healthy people often use ego defense mechanisms to temporarily deal with stressful events. According to Freud, using ego defense mechanisms requires psychological energy. Ego defense mechanisms can be a way of psychologically buying time while seeking a realistic solution to a problem.

In which stage are hypnagogic hallucinations most likely to occur?

REM sleep

Adolescent relationships are characterized by which of the following?

Relationships with peers increase in importance, but relationships with parents remain important.

Which of the following people believed that dreams are the "disguised fulfillment of repressed wishes" and provide "the royal road to a knowledge of the unconscious mind"?

Sigmund Freud, author of The Interpretation of Dreams

Which of the following psychoanalytic ideas has been supported by empirical research?

Some people are better than others at controlling their impulses and directing their energies toward socially acceptable ends. Much of mental life is unconscious. Early childhood experiences are important to adult relationships and personality development.

Which of the following statements about long-term memory is FALSE?

The amount of information that can be held in long-term memory is limitless. One category of long-term memory is semantic memory. Information stored in long-term memory can potentially last a lifetime.

Which of the following best describes the basic idea of set-point theory?

The body is naturally "set" to maintain a particular weight by increasing or decreasing feelings of hunger and basal metabolic rate.

According to the box "Focus on Neuroscience: The Addicted Brain: Diminishing Rewards," what is the biological basis for drug tolerance?

The brain's dopamine system adapts to the high levels of dopamine produced by use of the addictive drug.

What general conclusions can be drawn about the nature of learning?

The capacity to learn is essential to the survival of all humans and nonhuman animals.

Regarding the difference between normal and abnormal behavior, which of the following statements is TRUE?

The difference between normal and abnormal is often a matter of degree.

Your textbook described a classic experiment by Robert Rescorla that involved two groups of rats. One group of rats heard a tone just before each of 20 shocks. The second group of rats experienced the same 20 tone-shock pairings, but also experienced an additional 20 shocks that were not paired with a tone. How did the two groups differ?

The rats in the first group displayed a much stronger conditioned fear response to the tone than did the rats in the second group.

The textbook provides guidelines to help you understand the special nature of the therapy relationship and develop realistic expectations about the process of psychotherapy. Which of the following is one of those guidelines?

Therapy is a collaborative effort; if you are going to benefit from psychotherapy, you must actively participate in the therapeutic process. Don't expect change to happen overnight; as a general rule, most people make significant progress in a few months of weekly therapy sessions. Don't expect your therapist to make decisions for you; your therapist won't make decisions for you, but he or she will help you explore your feelings about important decisions.

Regarding the relationship between aggressive behavior and the viewing of pornography, which of the following statements is TRUE?

There is a strong correlation between aggression toward women and the viewing of aggressive pornography.

What do the famous writers Mark Twain, Ernest Hemingway, and Sylvia Plath have in common?

They all suffered from severe bouts of depression.

At which university was the very first psychology research laboratory established?

University of Leipzig

According to Bandura's model of observational learning, which of the following characteristics of television depictions of violent behavior makes the violent behavior more likely to be imitated?

Violent behavior is performed by the hero or another attractive, high-status individual.

The zone of proximal development is an important element in:

Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development.

According to _____, whether we can detect a change in the strength of a stimulus depends on the intensity of the original stimulus.

Weber's law

When people experience an unpleasant state of psychological tension resulting from two inconsistent thoughts or perceptions, they are said to be experiencing:

When people experience an unpleasant state of psychological tension resulting from two inconsistent thoughts or perceptions, they are said to be experiencing:

It was the famous American psychologist named _____ who described consciousness as being like a river or a stream.

William James

Which of the following people played a key role in establishing psychology as a scientific discipline in the United States?

William James

According to the Critical Thinking box, "'His' and 'Her' Brains?," which of the following is TRUE?

Women and men differ in the concentration of neural connections within or between the two hemispheres.

The action potential is best defined as:

a brief electrical impulse that transmits information along the axon of a neuron.

The misinformation effect refers to:

a phenomenon in which existing memories are distorted by exposing people to misleading information.

The term cognitive revolution refers to:

a renewed emphasis on the study of mental processes, which represented a break from traditional behaviorism.

Bob and Connie have raised three children. The youngest has just graduated from college and is about to leave home to take a job in another city. Over the next few years, Bob and Connie can expect to experience:

a steady increase in marital satisfaction.

An operant could be defined as:

a voluntary action.

Dr. Martinez is studying the effects of diet on mental alertness. Each morning for two weeks, participants in Dr. Martinez's study eat a breakfast that is either high in carbohydrates or high in protein. Dr. Martinez then measures the participants' abilities to solve geometry problems. What is the dependent variable in this study?

ability to solve geometry problems

Statistically, women are _____ to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder.

about twice as likely as men

Sheldon's score on the WAIS was 160. Sheldon's score is in the:

above-average range of scores.

Conformity is defined as:

adjusting your opinions, judgments, or behavior so that they match the opinions, judgments, or behavior of other people or the norms of a social group or situation.

Hindsight bias is the tendency:

after an event has occurred, to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome.

In 2011, psychologist Daryl Bem tested precognition in a series of nine experiments. In one experiment, research participants remembered words better when the words were rehearsed:

after the memory test.

The attempt to use hypnosis to recall or reexperience an earlier developmental period is called:

age regression.

Which of the following has been linked to shorter telomeres?

age-related diseases mortality aging

Brain imaging studies of the Big Five personality traits have found that _____ is associated with greater volume in the fusiform gyrus, an area of the cortex specialized for perceiving faces.

agreeableness

When Jamie got to the parking lot, he was distressed to find that his new car had been badly damaged by a hit-and-run driver. At this point, Jamie is probably in the _____ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

alarm

Which of the following brain structures is involved in both approach and avoidance behavior?

amygdala

The brains of people with Alzheimer's disease develop:

an abundance of beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles.

Ever since her mother died about a month ago, Kerri has felt despondent and sad. Although outwardly Kerri behaves normally, privately she still feels very sad about her loss and finds it very difficult to continue her daily routine. Kerri's behavior following the death of her mother is:

an indication of major depressive disorder.

According to psychologist Martin Seligman, people who have _____ use external, unstable, and specific explanations for negative events.

an optimistic explanatory style

Shia has an extreme fear of crowded spaces. According to research presented in the box "Focus on Neuroscience: Positive and Negative Reinforcement in the Brain," Shia's fear and anxiety may reflect:

an overactive response of the avoidance network.

Drugs that diminish psychotic symptoms are called:

antipsychotic medications or neuroleptic medications.

The vast majority of studies on media violence and aggressive behavior:

are correlational.

People who rank high on the need for varied, complex, and unique sensory experiences:

are referred to as sensation seekers.

Unlike the sensory receptor cells for hearing and vision, olfactory neurons:

are replaced every 30 to 60 days.

"Oh, man, that was awesome! Let's do it again!" Marcela said as she climbed out of the front roller coaster seat. Which category of motivational theories would best explain Marcela's behavior?

arousal theories

Classical conditioning involves _____ while operant conditioning involves _____.

associating two stimuli; associating a response and a consequence

The term used by psychologists to describe and measure the emotional bond between an infant and his or her caregiver is:

attachment

Personality theories:

attempt to explain how and why people are similar and different.

According to Bandura, what four cognitive processes are necessary for imitation of behavior that has only been observed?

attention, memory, ability to perform the behavior, motivation

According to Freud, the sexual urges of children during the latency stage of psychosexual development:

become repressed, and the child prefers to play with same-sex friends.

After losing his job in a corporate merger, Dean developed an intense fear of crowds and crowded places. His psychologist is using systematic desensitization to help Dterm-201ean overcome the fear. During the actual process of systematic desensitization, Dean:

becomes deeply relaxed, then imagines one of the scenes in his anxiety hierarchy.

In September, Bryant started classes at State University. In December, he took a month-long vacation, during which he went back to his hometown to celebrate Christmas with his family. Based on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale shown in Table 13.1, which of the following answers shows how Sandy's readjustments would rank (from largest to smallest) in terms of life event units?

beginning school, vacation, Christmas

Sigmund Freud:

believed that experiences in early childhood were critical in the formation of adult personality.

Which medications used to go by the name tranquilizers because they calm jittery feelings, relax the muscles, and promote sleep?

benzodiazepines

Research suggests that bilingual individuals are:

better able to control attention and inhibit distracting information.

An agonist is a drug or other chemical that:

binds to a receptor site and triggers a response in the cell.

Dr. McNair has been studying the effects of different levels of estrogen hormones on mating behaviors in male and female hamsters. Dr. McNair is most likely a _____ psychologist.

biological

When the stressor is severe and chronic and really needs immediate attention, escape-avoidance behaviors:

can be counterproductive.

Explicit memory:

can be defined as "memory with awareness."

Based on a review of decades of research, the American Psychological Association and other public health organizations stated that viewing media violence:

can contribute to an increase in aggressive attitudes, values, and behaviors.

Minor everyday stressors such as taking an exam:

can temporarily alter immune system functioning.

An irrefutable or nonfalsifiable claim:

cannot be disproved or tested in any meaningful way.

Erv and Fern continue to care for older relatives and for their young grandchildren even though they are both older adults. This example suggests that:

caregiving responsibilities can persist throughout the lifespan

Social context and relationships are an especially important part of private emotional experience in:

collectivistic countries like Japan.

Persistence is a characteristic of motivation that is demonstrated by the:

continued efforts or determination to achieve a particular goal, often in the face of obstacles.

Research has shown that depressive and bipolar disorders occur more frequently among _____ than among the general population.

creative writers and artists

Juanita participated in a psychology research project that involved solving a number of arithmetic problems. During the experiment, she was informed that her solutions were incorrect. After the experiment was completed, a research assistant explained the purpose of the experiment. He told Juanita that she had actually answered all items correctly, and then explained why the experiment required that she be told that her answers were wrong. This stage of the research represents:

debriefing

The primary goal of naturalistic observation is to:

detect natural behavior patterns.

According to the "Psych for Your Life" feature in Chapter 2, living in an enriched environment has been shown to:

enhance neurogenesis, increasing the number and survival rate of new neurons.

Random assignment refers to a procedure that:

ensures that all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to any of the experimental conditions or groups.

Brain imaging studies of the Big Five personality traits have found that _____ is associated with larger brain tissue volume in the medial orbitofrontal cortex, a brain region that is associated with sensitivity to rewarding stimuli.

extraversion

According to research presented in the box "Focus on Neuroscience: The Dreaming Brain," REM sleep involves decreased activity in the:

frontal lobes.

Which school of psychology would agree that "psychology should stress the study of how behavior and mental processes allow people and animals to adapt to their environments"?

functionalism

Increased brain activity of neuropeptide Y leads to weight _____, and decreased brain activity of the hormone leptin leads to weight _____.

gain; gain

Axons from the _____ are bundled together to form the _____.

ganglion cells; optic nerve

Psychologists who support the diagnostic criteria of dissociative identity disorder argue that the sharp increase in reported cases in recent decades is probably due to:

greater clinical awareness of the disorder and of its symptoms and increased screening for dissociative symptoms.

A representative sample is a:

group of participants that closely parallels the larger group to be studied on all relevant characteristics, such as age, sex, and race.

Research has shown that women who were exposed to the flu virus during the first trimester of pregnancy:

had a sevenfold increased risk of bearing a child who later developed schizophrenia.

Which of the following helps to counteract deindividuation?

heightening self-awareness

Which of the following is a correlate of social isolation?

higher death rates poorer physical health decreased cognitive functioning

People who score high on neuroticism show _____ brain activation in response to negative images than people who score low on neuroticism.

higher levels of

Wilhelm Wundt outlined the connections between physiology and psychology in:

his famous textbook titled Principles of Physiological Psychology, published in 1874.

Which of the following four steps are used when determining the validity of a scientific claim?

identify the claim, evaluate the evidence, consider alternative explanations, consider the source of the research or claim

According to Erikson's theory, the psychosocial conflict that needs to be resolved during adolescence is:

identity versus role confusion.

Where is the pineal gland located?

in the brain

Cross-cultural researchers have found that different cultures classify emotions:

in very similar ways.

The social group to which a person belongs is called the "_____," and the social group to which a person does not belong is called the "_____."

in-group; out-group

By definition, stimuli that are perceived subliminally are:

inaccessible to conscious awareness.

On the first day of school, teenaged Cindy wasn't sure what attire was expected. Ultimately, she decided to wear a pair of jeans; however, when she got to school, she saw that all the other girls were wearing skirts. So, when Cindy went home for lunch, she changed into a skirt before returning to school. Cindy's behavior best illustrates the importance of:

informational social influence.

People are most creative when influenced by:

intrinsic motivation.

For her anatomy and physiology class, Chelsea has to learn a list of the 12 cranial nerves in correct order. Spending extra time rehearsing the _____ would help her counteract the serial position effect.

items in the middle of the list

In the year during which a dramatic series that promoted literacy among adults was broadcast on television in Mexico, enrollment in literacy instruction groups:

jumped from 90,000 to more than 800,000 people.

Which of the following characteristics is considered attractive in cultures across the world?

large eyes a wide smile full lips

When most people look at this image, they see the illusion of a solid white triangle. Which Gestalt principles are illustrated by this visual illusion?

laws of closure and good continuation

Athletes who believe they have no control over factors that lead to poor performance are less likely to believe they can succeed in the future and are less likely to persist in the face of failure. This illustrates the phenomenon of:

learned helplessness.

In the slow pain pathway, signals travel to the hypothalamus and thalamus, then to the:

limbic system structures.

At any given moment, we are faced with more information than we can effectively process. This suggests that attention is:

limited in capacity.

Bipolar disorder, which is also often referred to as "manic depression," is most commonly treated with a medication called:

lithium

Collectivistic cultures differ from individualistic cultures in that:

members of collectivistic cultures are more likely to attribute causes of another person's behavior to external, situational factors rather than to internal, personal factors.

For some women, _____ involves hot flashes, disturbances in sex drive and sleep, and emotional instability.

menopause

Cognitive psychology focuses on the study of:

mental processes, including reasoning and thinking, problem solving, memory, perception, mental imagery, and language.

The stimulus threshold of the neuron refers to the:

minimum level of stimulation required to activate a particular neuron.

Theory is to _____ as hypothesis is to _____.

model; prediction

Genetic susceptibility to obesity is likely due to:

multiple genes.

Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells form the _____, which is a fatty covering that is wrapped around the axons of some neurons.

myelin sheath

White matter is to gray matter as _____ is(are) to _____.

myelinated axons; cell bodies and glial cells

Pain begins when an intense stimulus activates sensory fibers called "_____" in the skin, muscles, or internal organs.

nociceptors

According to the Critical Thinking box "Abuse at Abu Ghraib," the Stanford Prison Experiment demonstrated that _____ is more likely in confusing or ambiguous situations.

normative social influence

Research on the relationship between daily hassles and psychological distress and physical symptoms has shown that the:

number of daily hassles people experience is a better predictor of psychological distress and physical illness than the number of major life events experienced.

Macaque monkeys are capable of learning a cognitive rule for ordering lists of photographs simply from watching another macaque successfully complete the task. This is an example of:

observational learning.

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is therapy used to treat:

obstructive sleep apnea.

According to the activity theory of aging:

older adults will achieve the highest level of life satisfaction if they maintain their previous level of activity.

Axons from the olfactory nerve project directly to the:

olfactory cortex.

Janice forgot to pack a pillow for her camping trip, but used her down-filled jacket as a substitute pillow. This is an example of:

overcoming functional fixedness.

Parenting styles can be described in terms of two dimensions:

parental control and parental responsiveness.

Studies suggest that even in high-stress occupations or demanding work environments, burnout can be prevented. Which of the following option is LEAST likely to reduce the amount of burnout in a workplace?

passively accepting sedentary work assignments

Jon's son Matthew is 15 years old. Jon is worried because Matthew seems increasingly dependent on the opinions of his friends, and Jon is afraid that Matthew's peers will be a bad influence on him. According to psychological research:

peer relationships tend to reinforce the traits and goals that parents fostered during childhood.

The role of heredity and genetics in obesity is demonstrated by the fact that:

people with a family history of obesity are two to three times more likely to become obese than people who do not have a family history of obesity.

The two main divisions of the nervous system are the _____ and the _____.

peripheral nervous system; central nervous system

According to psychologist Martin Seligman, people who have a(n) _____ explanatory style use internal, stable, and global explanations for negative events.

pessimistic

Dr. Telford's research is concerned with how genes influence an individual's response to drugs. He works in a new field of study called:

pharmacogenetics.

Skinner strongly believed that psychology should restrict itself to the study of:

phenomena that could be objectively measured and verified.

Carson is divorced, lives alone, has very few friends, and outside of work he rarely interacts with other people. According to psychological research on social isolation, Carson's lack of social relationships is correlated with:

poor health and higher death rates.

The use of psychological techniques to treat psychological problems is to _____ as the use of medical techniques to treat psychological problems is to _____.

psychotherapy; biomedical therapy

In Piaget's theory, when a child demonstrates conservation, he or she:

recognizes that two equal quantities remain equal, even if the appearance of one is changed, as long as nothing is added or subtracted.

According to the opponent-process theory of color vision, the types of color receptors are:

red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white.

Long-term potentiation:

refers to the functional and structural changes in neurons that increase the strength of the synaptic connections involved in a particular memory.

"My first memory? I can remember when I was almost three years old and going to my mom's hospital room just after my little brother was born. My aunt handed me my little brother all wrapped in a blanket and I remember just looking at him for the longest time and thinking how he was so little." According to the research discussed in the "Culture and Human Behavior" box, memories like this one that focus on a specific event and the person's feelings about the event were most likely to be:

reported by European American college students.

According to Freud, _____ memories remain unconscious yet are still capable of influencing behavior and personality.

repressed

Which of the following is a definition of experimental research?

research method used to determine a cause-and-effect relationship between changes in one variable and the effect that is produced on another variable

The visual sensory receptor cells that transform light energy into a neural signal are the:

rods and cones in the retina.

According to Freud, the basic goals of the id are to:

seek pleasure and immediate satisfaction of instinctual urges and drives, especially sexual ones.

Although Nancy has studied for an hour each day all semester, she is sure that she will fail her final exam in Dr. Lane's chemistry class. Nancy is showing a low level of:

self-efficacy.

The three basic types of neurons are:

sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons.

Rods and cones are the:

sensory receptor cells for vision, found in the retina.

Tara is giving Patrick directions to her house so he can come to the party being held there tonight. Patrick's ability to recall the directions in the proper order is an example of:

serial recall.

When questioned, advocates of pseudoscientific claims do not provide supporting scientific evidence but instead challenge you to disprove their claims. This strategy or ploy is called:

shifting the burden of proof.

The _____ model is a decision-making strategy that simplifies the choice among many alternatives, and although useful for minor decisions, can increase the riskiness of complex decisions.

single-feature

Someday, Susan would like to participate in a marathon. However, although she has been an avid long-distance runner for many years, Susan has always been reluctant to sign up for a full marathon, because she is usually about 10 pounds overweight. While watching a recent marathon in her city, Susan noticed that a significant number of the participants were also somewhat overweight. Despite their extra pounds, these runners completed the marathon and did so in a respectable amount of time. After seeing this, Susan has decided to go ahead and begin training for her own marathon. This scenario provides an example of:

social modeling.

The "rules," or expectations, for appropriate behavior in a particular social situation are called

social norms.

Many years after H.M.'s surgery, he surprised his doctors by demonstrating that he had acquired:

some new semantic knowledge.

Lazaro goes to bed at 10 P.M. and quickly falls asleep. He sleeps soundly until 6 A.M. the next morning. During the first four hours of sleep, Lazaro will most likely experience:

stage 3 NREM sleep.

As you are being monitored by sleep researchers, almost all of your brain activity comprises delta brain waves. This is a clear sign that you are in:

stage 3 NREM.

When reminded of the stereotype of the "elderly as forgetful," older adults scored lower on a memory test than a matched group not given that reminder. This example illustrates which of the following?

stereotype threat

When you watch a movie, it appears as if the images on the screen are moving smoothly. In fact, the movie is produced by a series of still photographs that are projected on the screen. You perceive the images as moving smoothly rather than as a jerky series of images because of:

stroboscopic motion.

Psychologist George Sperling:

studied the characteristics of visual sensory memory.

Epigenetics refers to the:

study of the mechanisms that control gene expression and its effect on behavior and health.

The heightened physical arousal that characterizes the fight-or-flight response involves the _____ branch of the nervous system.

sympathetic

Communication between two neurons occurs at the:

synapse

The physical arousal that accompanies the fight-or-flight response involves the activation of which of the following endocrine glands?

the adrenal gland

Which brain structure is activated first when people view threatening or fearful faces?

the amygdala

People who are depressed usually do not accept the possibility that good things can happen to them or that they have control over good things happening to them. When good things do happen to depressed people, they dismiss, discount, or ignore them. This is an example of:

the belief-bias effect.

We have a blind spot in our field of vision, but we ordinarily don't notice it. What "fills in" the missing visual information?

the brain

While studying in the crowded library, Arlene hears a crashing noise and then someone moaning. The commotion appeared to come from behind closed doors marked "Staff Only." Nobody near Arlene seems concerned, so Arlene goes back to her studying. This example best illustrates:

the bystander effect.

The flavor of a food is due to:

the combination of aroma, taste, texture, and temperature.

Multiple sclerosis is a disease that involves:

the degeneration of the myelin sheath, which slows or interrupts the transmission of neural messages

Which of the following events do most historians consider to mark the formal beginning of psychology as a scientific discipline?

the establishment of the first psychology research laboratory by Wilhelm Wundt in 1879

Many people were convinced that Ethan had psychic abilities after he identified the park where the body of a missing person was eventually found. However, they failed to take into account the hundreds of times he made predictions that were false. This example illustrates:

the fallacy of positive instances.

Because of the famous case of the patient known for years as H.M., it is known that _____ plays a critical role in _____.

the hippocampus; encoding new memories for events and information

Which model or theory describes the way that information is organized in long-term memory?

the semantic network model

The neodissociation theory of hypnosis suggests that the hypnotized person experiences:

the splitting of consciousness into two or more simultaneous streams of mental activity.

Recent evidence suggests that _____ is more than just a sensory relay station and plays a key role in regulating levels of awareness.

the thalamus

According to the text, which body areas are the LEAST sensitive to pain?

the tip of your nose, soles of your feet, and balls of your thumbs

According to Table 11.5, Robert McCrae and Paul Costa, Jr. are the key theorists associated with which major personality perspective?

the trait perspective

David and Alice plan to vacation in Florida. They figure out the total cost of the trip and then decide how much they will have to put aside each week in order to be able to pay for their holiday. David and Alice are using:

the working backward heuristic.

PET scans of former methamphetamine users showed that even after months of abstinence:

they had an abnormally low number of dopamine receptors.

The main strength of projective tests is that:

they provide qualitative information about an individual that can be helpful in psychotherapy.

The chapter (2) described a research study involving participants who learned how to juggle. What was the purpose of the study?

to determine whether learning a new skill caused structural changes in the brain

When a person needs a gradual increase in the amount of a psychoactive drug to produce the desired effect, _____ has occurred.

tolerance

The triangle depicts Maslow's famous hierarchy of needs. Identify the letter that corresponds to self-actualization in Maslow's motivational hierarchy.

top point of the triangle

Carma is 60 years old. Compared to when she was a child, Carma's:

total sleep time is less.

Four-year-old Brooke throws a tantrum when her parents want to leave the playground and go home. Instead of punishing her, Brooke's parents patiently and lovingly try to teach Brooke a more acceptable way of coping with disappointment and frustration. Using Carl Rogers's terminology, Brooke is experiencing a high degree of _____ from her parents.

unconditional positive regard

Chronic, throbbing, and long-lasting pain is transmitted by:

unmyelinated fibers.

How can you increase the length of time that you can hold information in your short-term memory?

use maintenance rehearsal by repeating the information

Which of the following is NOT a suggestion for enhancing creativity?

use the additive model

The occipital lobe is to _____ as the temporal lobe is to _____.

vision; audition

Perceiving a picture activates areas of the _____, just as perceiving a sound activates areas of the _____.

visual cortex; auditory cortex

Which of the following terms would Skinner most likely reject?

voluntary

In a series of experiments, Stanley Milgram systematically varied the conditions of his obedience study. Under which of the following conditions were subjects LEAST likely to continue administering shocks to the full 450-volt level?

when the teacher observed two other teachers who refused to continue with the experiment

Dr. Kiecolt-Glaser is a health psychologist studying whether stress impairs the body's ability to heal. In the highly stressful week before final exams, dental students are given an oral punch biopsy—a small sample of gum tissue is removed. The number of days for the oral wound to completely heal is recorded. The same dental students receive a second oral punch biopsy during summer vacation. Once again, the number of days until the oral wound completely healed was recorded. What is the independent variable in this study?

whether the oral wound was created during a high stress or low stress period

If your hammer, anvil, and stirrup become brittle or damaged:

you may develop conduction deafness.

The average age for the earliest autobiographical memories reported by European American college students tended to be _____, compared to those reported by Chinese and Taiwanese college students.

younger

Fred's dog was classically conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell. Fred then repeatedly paired the bell with another stimulus, a whistle. Now whenever he blows the whistle, his dog salivates, even though the whistle has never been paired with food. This example illustrates:

higher order conditioning (second-order conditioning).

The tendency to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome of an event after it has occurred is to _____ as the tendency to blame an innocent victim of misfortune for having somehow caused the problem is to _____.

hindsight bias; blaming the victim

Spencer has always considered himself to be an honest person. So when he walked into the empty classroom and found a wallet that contained a hundred dollars in cash, he took it to the campus security office. According to Carl Rogers's theory of personality, Spencer's behavior when he found the wallet was motivated by:

his desire to act in a way that was consistent with his evolving self-concept.

The three basic properties of color are:

hue, saturation, and brightness.

Some researchers refer to human pheromones as:

human chemosignals.

Carter believes that people are basically good and that each person will naturally strive to fulfill his or her unique potential. Carter's beliefs reflect the _____ perspective of personality.

humanistic

Nelson feels that he has all the material possessions he needs in life and is now determined to devote all his energy to creative self-expression through music. Nelson's motivation is best accounted for by:

humanistic theories.

As James watched Haley wave the 4th of July sparkler back and forth, he noticed that the sparkler seemed to produce a trailing afterimage that faded within a split second. Which type of sensory memory can account for the quickly fading afterimage of the sparkler?

iconic memory

The drawing depicts Sigmund Freud's famous iceberg analogy for the structure of personality. Which letter labels the personality dimension that Freud called the id? (page 409)

id was c for the answer

A number of factors increase the probability that a behavior will be imitated. Which of the following is NOT one of the factors?

if the people to be imitated are indifferent or uncaring and seldom get rewarded

Jenny and Suzy were in charge of the departmental holiday party. Attendance was greater than anticipated, and as a consequence, the refreshment table emptied more quickly than expected. "This is a disaster!" said Suzy. "I think God is punishing us," said Jenny. Jenny's response is best described as:

negative religious coping.

A type of therapy that has been found to be effective in resolving psychological problems within Native American communities and that involves others members of the tribe or community is called "_____ therapy."

network

Vision is to _____ as audition is to _____.

retina; cochlea

_____ involves recovering stored information so that we are consciously aware of it.

retrieval

In order to answer this test item, you must read the words on this page. Detecting the black marks on the page relies on the process of _____, and the ability to interpret these black lines and curves as letters and words involves the process of _____.

sensation; perception

In the front of your geography classroom is a large globe of the world. No matter what angle you view the globe, you still perceive it as a round globe. This is an example of:

shape constancy.

Martina is an animal trainer at Sea World. To teach a new dolphin to jump through a hoop high above the water, Martina first reinforces the dolphin for approaching the hoop while it is under the water. Then she reinforces the dolphin for swimming through the hoop under water. Gradually raising the hoop, Martina progressively reinforces each small step toward the goal behavior. Martina is using the process of _____ to train the dolphin.

shaping

Whenever Rachel is faced with choosing from a wide range of brand-name products, she always buys the cheapest brand. Rachel is using the _____ model of decision making.

single-feature

A parasomnia called "_____" involves sharply increased physiological arousal, restlessness, sweating, a racing heart, and intense fear accompanied by a panic-stricken scream or cry for help with no recollection of the episode in the morning.

sleep terrors

Which of the following sleep disorders is a parasomnia?

sleepwalking

Which of the following internal changes reliably predicts eating behavior? About 30 minutes before eating, there is a:

slight decrease in blood levels of glucose.

Christina believes that learning experiences play a critical role in the development of personality, especially in the development of a person's goals and beliefs about one's abilities. Christina's beliefs reflect the _____ perspective of personality.

social cognitive

The _____ perspective on personality emphasizes conscious thought processes, self-regulation, and the importance of situational influences.

social cognitive

Randy is a gifted student. Though he could just as easily perform his experiments alone, Randy prefers to complete his chemistry projects with a lab partner. Randy feels more motivated and actually works harder when he is contributing to a collaborative effort. Randy's behavior is an example of:

social loafing.

An action potential occurs when:

sodium ions enter the axon's interior, causing a brief positive electrical impulse.

Cross-cultural research has found that members of stigmatized groups in many different societies tend to score _____ on intelligence tests than members of dominant social groups, even if the stigmatized group members are of the same race as the dominant group.

10 to 15 points lower

DSM-5 is a book that describes more than _____ specific psychological disorders.

260

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is typically diagnosed between ages ___ and ____.

2; 4

The early childhood stage includes children who are between ____ and _____ years of age.

2; 6

While auditory sensory memory can last for about _____, visual sensory memory lasts for about _____.

3 to 4 seconds; half a second

Alice and Jane are identical twins. Alice has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. According to twin studies, Jane has roughly a _____ percent risk of developing schizophrenia at some point in her life.

50

Approximately what percentage of people will have IQ scores between 85 and 115?

68

Approximately what percentage of people will have IQ scores between 70 and 130?

95

Ravi was upset after reading an article about children forced to work as prostitutes. Ravi told his friends about the problem, pointing out that a well-established, underground industry exists to supply children to brothels. Ravi argued that the suppliers were methodically preying on desperately poor families, deliberately capitalizing on their difficulties. Ravi felt that the suppliers justified their actions by convincing themselves that the children at least had a chance at a good life this way. Ravi's views are most in line with those of:

Albert Bandura.

_____ emphasized the interaction among behavior, conscious cognitive processes, and social experiences in his personality theory, called "_____."

Albert Bandura; social cognitive theory

Some native peoples of South America use the drug curare to poison the tips of their hunting arrows. When an animal is struck by the arrow, it goes limp and quickly suffocates. Why?

Acetylcholine receptor sites are blocked.

According to the box "Focus on Neuroscience: Boosting the Aging Brain," aerobic exercise had which of the following effects on the hippocampus in older adults?

Aerobic exercise resulted in a 2 percent increase in hippocampal volume over a one-year period.

Which of the following psychologists has conducted extensive research on observational learning?

Albert Bandura

As part of your psychology course, you need to pair off with another student and conduct a simple research study. Your assignment is to monitor the other student's blood levels of the hormone ghrelin. Your partner is of normal weight and eats at normal times. Throughout the day, you take blood samples every 30 minutes. As compared with the blood sample you took at 10 A.M., the blood sample you took at noon just before your partner ate lunch contained ____ blood level of ghrelin.

a much higher

Trial and error is defined as:

a problem-solving strategy that involves attempting different solutions and eliminating those that do not work.

Which of the following statements best explains why consciousness has been viewed as a "stream" or "river"?

Even though the contents of consciousness are constantly changing, we subjectively experience consciousness as being continuous and unbroken.

The term Freudian slip refers to:

an unintentional mistake, accident, or misstatement that Freud interpreted as revealing unconscious wishes or motives

Psychologists use statistics to:

analyze the data collected and determine whether the results support the hypothesis.

Because it is an opioid _____, naloxone prevents or reverses the effects of opioid drugs and can be used to treat an overdose of heroin or similar drugs.

antagonist

Symptoms of pervasive hopelessness, dejection, guilt, suicidal thoughts, and disruptions in sleep, energy, appetite, and sexual desire are treated with a class of psychoactive medications called:

antidepressants

In terms of lifetime prevalence, _____ of Americans will be affected by the symptoms of major depressive disorder at some point in their life.

approximately 15 percent

Which of the following best defines a neurotransmitter?

a chemical messenger that crosses the synaptic gap between neurons

Billy Ray is a middle-aged man from a working class community in the south central United States. If someone insults Billy Ray while he's playing softball with friends, he feels obligated (as a man) to physically attack the person who insulted him. This is an example of the influence of _____ on violent behavior.

a culture of honor

According to research described in the box "Focus on Neuroscience: Emotions and the Brain," sadness, happiness, anger, and fear each produce:

a distinct pattern of brain activation and deactivation.

What is a lucid dream?

a dream in which you become aware that you are dreaming while you are still asleep

An unfolding sequence of perceptions, thoughts, and emotions during sleep (usually REM), that is experienced as a series of real-life events is a description of:

a dream.

Although Baby Emma was only a few hours old, she would turn her head to continue gazing at which type of moving stimulus?

a human face

Dr. Pulaski decided to replicate Solomon Asch's classic experiment of conformity to group pressure. If his results are consistent with those of the original research, he is likely to find that:

approximately three-quarters (76 percent) of the subjects will conform to the group's judgment on at least one critical trial.

A friend tells you that putting a small cardboard pyramid under your bed as you sleep at night will enhance your "psychic energy" and give you "inner peace." Pseudoscientific claims like this:

are irrefutable or nonfalsifiable because they use vague terms like psychic energy and inner peace and cannot be disproved or tested in any meaningful way.

Compared to physically inactive people, physically fit people:

are less physiologically reactive to stressors and produce lower levels of stress hormones.

The act of creativity is typically:

associated with solving some problem.

Modern research on advertising and marketing techniques has shown that:

attitudes toward a product or a particular brand can be influenced by the use of classical conditioning techniques in advertising campaigns.

Jack's daughter Molly wants to go to a school play on a week night, promising that she will make sure that she finishes her homework in study hall at school. Jack says, "Absolutely not. The rule is no social events on school nights, no matter what." Jack is demonstrating which parenting style?

authoritarian

Parents who are demanding but unresponsive to their children's needs are called "_____," while parents who are demanding yet responsive to their children's needs are called "_____."

authoritarian; authoritative

The application of learning principles to help people develop more effective or adaptive behaviors is called:

behavior modification.

The smallest possible difference between two stimuli that can be detected is called the:

difference threshold, or just noticeable difference.

A middle-aged woman is sitting on a bench in a busy shopping mall, holding her head in her hands, visibly upset and crying. Nobody stops to see if she needs assistance. Based on what you read in the text, the most likely explanation for why nobody helps in this situation is:

diffusion of responsibility.

The brain-scanning technique _____ allows neuroscientists to produce three-dimensional images of the neural pathways that connect one part of the brain to another.

diffusion spectrum imaging

Compared to Chinese and Taiwanese college students, earliest autobiographical memories for European American students tended to concern _____ events.

discrete

There is a cognitive basis to prejudice and often an emotional component as well. When prejudice is displayed behaviorally, it is called:

discrimination.

Claire stopped taking her medication a few weeks ago and has recently begun to experience some very odd symptoms. If someone asks her a question, her response makes no sense, as her sentences seem to just be strings of loosely connected ideas. She cannot concentrate on anything, and her thinking seems completely illogical and disorganized. She veers from one unrelated topic or activity to another for no apparent reason. Taken together, Claire's schizophrenic symptoms are called:

disorganized thinking.

Jared regularly takes a pain reliever for his back pain. After a few weeks, he notices that he needs to increase the amount of pain-relieving drug that he takes each day in order to achieve the same level of pain relief. The phenomenon that Jared is experiencing is called:

drug tolerance.

Which of the following statements about the effects of positive emotion on health is FALSE? People with more positive emotions tend to:

eat healthier foods. exercise more regularly. have larger social networks.

From another room, Jenny called out to Leonard to ask where he had put the car keys. At first, Leonard thought he hadn't heard what Jenny had asked, but a few seconds later, the question registered in his mind and he answered, "On the coffee table." Which type of sensory memory can explain this phenomenon?

echoic memory

Most therapists today identify their approach or orientation as:

eclectic

At day care, three-year-old Sara has learned that she has to wait her turn to ride on the tricycle rather than push another child off the tricycle. Using Freud's terminology, Sara's ability to postpone gratification in a socially acceptable way is a reflection of her:

ego

As a child, Dan loved to prance around the neighborhood wearing silly outfits. As he got older, he realized that he couldn't continue that kind of behavior unless he found some way for it to be viewed as more socially acceptable. Upon realizing this, Dan decides to pursue a career as a circus clown. According to Freud, Dan's _____, which operates on the _____ principle, is responsible for finding a reasonable and acceptable outlet for his desire to run around wearing silly outfits.

ego; reality

X-rays, radio waves, microwaves, and ultraviolet waves are all forms of _____ that differ in terms of their _____.

electromagnetic energy; wavelength

According to Jeffrey Arnett, the period from the late teens until the mid- to late 20s is a distinct stage of the lifespan called:

emerging adulthood.

Biological factors interact with _____ to contribute to brain development.

environmental influences

Brandon vividly remembers when he had to go to the emergency department for stitches on his left thigh. This is an example of which type of long-term memory?

episodic memory

In the indirect fear pathway described by LeDoux, what role is played by the cortex?

evaluating a stimulus and determining whether it is a threat

A correlational study:

examines how strongly two variables are related to one another.

Which of the following is a key component of burnout?

exhaustion cynicism sense of failure or inadequacy

Animals:

experience sleep cycles in which REM sleep alternates with slow-wave NREM sleep.

The research method that is used to demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between changes in one variable and the effects on another variable is called _____ research.

experimental

In relation to factors that influence perceptions, deliberate, conscious mental processes are to _____ as automatic, nonconscious mental processes are to _____.

explicit cognition; implicit cognition

The third and longest period of prenatal development, extending from the ninth week until birth, is called the:

fetal period.

When you are threatened, you experience a rapidly occurring series of automatic physiological reactions. This response is known as:

fight or flight.

In the classic faces/vase drawing, you can see both the faces and the vase if you are able to reverse the _____ relationship.

figure-ground

Because her baby seemed to enjoy putting so many things in his mouth, Jessica provided the infant with many different kinds of pacifiers and chewable toys. According to Freud's theory, Jessica is running the risk of producing _____ at the _____ psychosexual stage of development.

fixation; oral

As the neural tube expands during development, it thickens into three bulges, which end up creating the:

forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

John has been classified as high in introversion. Eysenck would predict that:

he would seek out and thrive in an environment that offered a relatively low level of stimulation.

Rona is told by her physician that she has become physically dependent on the tranquilizers prescribed for her by another doctor. In this context, physically dependent means that:

her body and brain chemistry have physically adapted to the drug.

Which of the following seems to be involved in causing sleepiness?

high blood levels of adenosine

Which of the following is NOT a common strategy used to test for recall of information from long-term memory?

source monitoring

When tests were described as measuring intelligence, Hispanic students performed more poorly than white students; children from a low socioeconomic background performed more poorly than students from higher socioeconomic backgrounds; and social science majors scored lower than natural science majors. These examples all illustrate which of the following?

stereotype threat

Jake is a recovering alcoholic. He has not had a drink of alcohol in over six months. One of the strategies that Jake has used to remain abstinent has been to stay away from bars, avoid parties in which alcohol is served, and even find new friends who do not drink alcohol. Jake is overcoming the short-term reinforcement he associated with alcohol use by using which strategy?

stimulus control

Animal cognition, an active area of psychological research is mainly concerned with:

studies of memory, problem solving, planning, cooperation, and even deception.

Professor Lannigan specializes in human behavioral genetics. Which of the following research methods is she likely to use in her research?

study identical twins who have been raised apart compare adopted individuals to their adoptive families and their biological families measure similarities and differences among people who are genetically related in differing degrees

Terry wants his young daughter, Lauren, to help him with the housework, so he tells her that she can play on his computer as soon as she finishes doing the dinner dishes and putting away the clean laundry. Terry is using a more preferred activity to reinforce a less preferred activity. According to the box "In Focus: Changing the Behavior of Others: Alternatives to Punishment," this behavioral strategy is called:

the Premack principle.

According to Table 11.5, Robert McCrae and Paul Costa, Jr. are best known for proposing:

the five-factor model of personality.

While eating at a restaurant, you see a waiter's serving tray tip and send an avalanche of food and beverages onto four people. "What a careless, clumsy idiot," you mumble to yourself as you resume eating. You have just displayed an attributional bias called:

the fundamental attribution error.

Selye's term for the three-stage progression of physical changes that occur when an organism is exposed to intense and prolonged stress is:

the general adaptation syndrome.

Deanne really wants to drink a glass of wine, but she knows that it will make her too sleepy to finish her research paper, which is due in the morning. Deanne's roommate encourages her to have the wine anyway, saying "if it feels good, then do it." The roommate appears to be governed by which component of Freud's theory of personality?

the id

We tend to interpret visual stimuli in the way that produces the best, simplest, and most stable possible shape. This tendency is called "_____," and the Gestalt psychologists believed that this law encompassed all the other Gestalt principles.

the law of Prägnanz

In Watson and Rayner's famous "Little Albert" study, what was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?

the loud clanging sound

According to Alfred Adler:

the most fundamental human motive was the desire to improve oneself, master challenges, and move toward self-perfection.

Which of the following BEST defines a prototype?

the most typical instance of a particular concept

The bus is fairly crowded when you get on. You make a rapid evaluation and quickly decide to sit next to a well-dressed senior citizen, because you think that it will be safer to sit next to him than some of the other people on the bus. This example illustrates:

the process of person perception.

Observing a subject who is in REM sleep, a sleep researcher can conclude that all of the following may be true of the subject:

the subject is dreaming. the subject's brain becomes very active. voluntary muscle activity is suppressed in the subject.

In a study by Elizabeth Loftus, subjects watched a film of an automobile accident, then answered a series of questions, including one asking them to estimate the speed of the cars. Which subjects gave the highest speed estimates?

the subjects who were asked, "About how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?"

People detect and react more quickly to _____ faces than they do to _____ faces.

threatening; friendly

The hammer, anvil, and stirrup are:

three tiny bones in the middle ear.

Blaming the victim is the tendency:

to blame an innocent victim of misfortune for having somehow caused the problem or for not having taken steps to avoid or prevent it.

Dr. O'Higgins believes that the study of personality should focus on identifying, describing, and measuring individual differences. Dr. O'Higgins probably would identify with the _____ perspective on personality.

trait

Witnessing or surviving a violent attack and experiences associated with combat, warfare, or major disasters are examples of the types of events that are typically considered to be:

traumatic

Which of the following support behaviors is typically perceived as helpful by people under stress?

being a good listener and showing concern and interest

Danny, who has been diagnosed with schizophrenia, falsely believes that outside forces in the form of aliens from another universe have power over him and actively influence and manipulate his actions and thoughts. These types of delusions are called "delusions of _____."

being controlled

State University recently set up a telephone hotline to provide advice, useful suggestions, and information about the resources available on campus for students who are experiencing academic difficulties. What type of support is being provided by the people who staff the State University hotline?

informational

The technique called "meta-analysis":

involves statistically combining the results of several studies investigating the same issue.

According to Albert Ellis, psychological problems are due to:

irrational expectations and beliefs.

The ultimate goal of rational-emotive behavior therapy is for clients to:

learn to recognize and dispute their irrational beliefs in a wide variety of situations.

Candace overhears a classmate complaining that some students have such huge egos that they completely dominate class discussions and make it impossible for other students to voice their opinions or even ask a question. Candace walks away in tears, convinced that the classmate is talking about her. According to Beck's cognitive therapy (CT), Candace is demonstrating a(n) _____ called "_____."

negative cognitive bias; personalization

Jeff has some technical glitches with his computer program during an important presentation at a company meeting. Although flustered, he quickly recovers, and carries on with his presentation. He gets a round of enthusiastic applause at the end and a personal compliment from the company president. But afterward, Jeff agonizes over his technical problems with the computer program and is certain that he has forever disgraced himself in the eyes of his superiors and will never get promoted. According to Beck's cognitive therapy (CT), Jeff is demonstrating a(n) _____ called "_____."

negative cognitive bias; selective abstraction

One of the most constructive emotion-focused coping strategies is _____, because the person who uses this tactic not only tries to minimize the negative emotional aspects of the situation, but also tries to create positive meaning by focusing on personal growth.

positive reappraisal

Jenny and Suzy were in charge of the departmental holiday party. Attendance was greater than anticipated, and as a consequence, the refreshment table emptied more quickly than expected. "This is a disaster!" said Suzy. "Let's take a moment to pray together about this issue," said Jenny. Jenny's response is BEST described as:

positive religious coping.

The psychological disorder that is characterized by impaired functioning because of severely distorted beliefs, perceptions, and thought processes is called:

schizophrenia

Reserpine and chlorpromazine have both been used to treat symptoms associated with:

schizophrenia.

The basic premise of family therapy is that:

the family is a dynamic, interdependent system in which each member plays a distinct role.

One new theory concerned with dopamine levels in the brain and schizophrenia suggests that in people who suffer from schizophrenia:

the limbic system may have too much dopamine and the cortex may have too little dopamine.

Last week, Tim signed up to participate in a research study in which participants were to be randomly assigned to consume an alcoholic beverage in the form of a mixed drink ("alcohol group"), or to consume beverage mixer with no alcohol included ("non-alcohol group"). Beverage consumption was scheduled to occur in a simulated nightclub environment, complete with a dance floor. Unbeknownst to Tim, on the day of the study, he was assigned to the "no alcohol" group. After his third beverage, Tim made his way onto the dance floor where he began to gyrate wildly. Because he never dances unless he's drunk, Tim was sure he was feeling the effects of a series of alcoholic beverages. In fact, after a few more drinks, Tim began to feel dizzy and nauseated and had to sit down. Which of the following phenomena best accounts for Tim's experience?

the placebo effect

Andy suffered from chronic back pain. After weeks of unsuccessful treatment, Andy's doctor gave him some pill samples, describing them as a new experimental medication for back pain. In reality, the pills were just sugar pills and contained no medication at all. After a few days, Andy's backache was much better. Andy's response to the sugar pills is an example of:

the placebo effect.

In contrast to insight-oriented therapies, behavior therapy focuses on:

unlearning maladaptive behaviors and acquiring more adaptive behaviors in their place.

A new experimental treatment for major depressive disorder that does not induce seizures, called "_____," involves the surgical implantation of a device that delivers brief, intermittent electrical stimulation via an important nerve that runs through the neck to the brainstem.

vagus nerve stimulation (VNS)

The finding that schizophrenia occurs more often in people who were born in the winter and spring months, when upper respiratory infections are most common, is used to support the _____ of schizophrenia.

viral infection theory

Typically, schizophrenic hallucinations involve:

voices or visual stimuli

Thelma has a very diverse social network that includes a warm and loving relationship with her husband, close friendships with family members, co-workers, and neighbors, and many social interactions with members of her religious community. According to the results of prospective studies reported in the text, it is very probable that Thelma:

will live longer than those who have less diverse social networks.

According to the ABC model:

your beliefs (B) about activating events (A), and not the events themselves, cause emotional consequences (C).

Ken delivers fresh produce to health food stores around the city. Laid-back and easygoing, he loves his job because it allows him to meet people and get daily exercise at the same time. Ken is likely to be classified as having a:

Type B behavior pattern.

Which of the following is likely to pose the greatest risk to hearing?

Tyrell loves to go to concerts. He always pays for seats near the stage. Tyrell attends at least two concerts each month, with more frequent attendance in the summer months.

How was it demonstrated that the implicit memory system seemed to be functional in the famous patient known for years as H.M.?

When given the same logical puzzle to solve for several days in a row, H.M. was able to solve the puzzle more quickly each day.

According to the box "Critical Thinking: Do Personality Factors Cause Disease?," which of the following is LEAST likely to be associated with poor health habits?

low sensation seeking

Nicholas is just over a year old, but he is immensely curious about his surroundings. When his father takes Nicholas along to the grocery store or on other errands, Nicholas smiles and waves at the people they encounter and is quite fearless about being in a strange environment. In terms of Jerome Kagan's temperament classification system, Nicholas would probably be classified as:

low-reactive.

According to William Domhoff, dreams:

mirror our waking concerns, and do so in a way that is remarkably similar to normal thought processes.

In Kohlberg's theory of the development of moral reasoning, the conventional level is characterized by:

moral reasoning guided by conformity to social roles, rules, and expectations.

Dr. Meziere is giving a presentation on her research at the Annual Symposium of Health Psychologists. Which of the following presentation titles is most likely hers?

"The Impact of Interpersonal Loss on Immune System Functioning"

Which statement best characterizes Howard Gardner's view of intelligence?

"There are multiple independent intelligences, and each must be defined within the context of a particular culture."

The _____ effect refers to the fact that when people feel good, successful, happy, or fortunate, they are more likely to help others.

"feel-good, do-good"

Bob had perfect vision until he was 45, at which time he needed to start wearing glasses for reading. Most likely, Bob has developed a visual problem called:

"presbyopia," caused by the lens of the eye losing its flexibility.

To remove any doubts about the legitimacy of the shock generator in Milgram's obedience study, the:

"teachers" were given a sample shock.

This image depicts the left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex. Which of the following correctly labels the structures in the drawing?

1 = frontal lobe, 2 = parietal lobe, 3 = occipital lobe, 4 = temporal lobe

The study of how people change physically, mentally, and socially throughout the lifespan is called:

developmental psychology.

The two-pots analogy in this figure is used to illustrate which of the following? picture in chapter 7

Because the two environments are very different (poor soil versus rich soil), no conclusions can be drawn about possible overall genetic differences between the plants in pot A and the plants in pot B.

The leader lines point to some of the key brain structures involved in memory. Identify the letter that corresponds to the brain structure that was surgically removed in H.M.'s brain.

C. hippocampus

Which statement best characterizes the process of insight?

Insight rarely occurs through the conscious manipulation of concepts or information.

_____ motivation is the desire to engage in tasks that the person finds inherently satisfying and enjoyable, novel, or optimally challenging.

Intrinsic

_____ refers to a measurement of intelligence in which an individual's mental level is expressed in terms of a given age.

Mental age

Cultural differences in perceiving the world are discussed in the box "Culture and Human Behavior: Ways of Seeing." Which of the following is FALSE?

People in individualistic cultures tend to emphasize the independent needs and goals of the individual. People in collectivistic cultures take a more interdependent perspective and pay closer attention to the social context in which their own actions and the actions of others occur. People from different cultures do not literally see the world differently, but they notice different things about what they do see.

Rachel describes herself in this way: "I go to Emerson school and I like to play with my friend Heather. I have a dog and two parakeets." Sarah describes herself in this way: "I am not very self-confident, but I believe that I am a unique person who was put on this earth for some reason. My goals include becoming a better person, helping others, and possibly running for political office someday." From their descriptions of themselves, what age would you predict each to be?

Rachel is in middle childhood, while Sarah is an adolescent.

Jim and Tina like to watch movies and television programs depicting the zombie apocalypse. One evening, they got into a debate about what would happen if an actual zombie apocalypse were to take place in the United States. Jim felt strongly that the zombies would cause the government to collapse and that violent chaos would reign as a result, since people would no longer have rules and laws to keep them from harming one another. Jim's views are most similar to those of:

Sigmund Freud.

Which of the following statements about B.F. Skinner's view is FALSE?

Skinner believed that notions such as a person having free will and self-determination are really just illusions. Skinner believed that environmental conditions cause criminal and other undesirable behaviors in society. Skinner advocated that society should be redesigned using principles of operant conditioning to shape desired behaviors.

What is the result of sodium ions moving across the axon's membrane during an action potential?

The inside of the axon changes to a positive electrical charge.

What happens in the brain of a person who is addicted to a drug such as cocaine, heroin, or nicotine?

The number of dopamine receptors in the brain's reward system decreases.

The box "Focus on Neuroscience: Dopamine Receptors and Obesity," discussed a study in which the diet of rats was manipulated. One group ate rat chow—a nutritionally balanced but boring diet—while the other group ate junk-food—high-fat, sugary foods. What happened to the rats on the junk-food diet?

The rats would eat junk food even if it was paired with an electric shock.

Which of the following statements about the properties of neurons is TRUE?

The size and shape of neurons vary a great deal, reflecting their specialized functions.

Psychologist Margaret Shih and her colleagues conducted a study in which mathematically gifted Asian American female college students were randomly assigned to three groups. Group 1 filled out a questionnaire about their Asian background, designed to remind them of their Asian identity. Group 2 filled out a questionnaire designed to remind them of their female identity. Group 3 was the control group and filled out a neutral questionnaire. What were the results of this study?

The students who were reminded of their racial identity as Asians scored significantly higher on the exam than the students who were reminded of their gender identity as women.

Rachel had injections of Botox in an attempt to eliminate facial wrinkles. Botox contains minute amounts of botulinum, an extremely lethal substance produced by bacteria; it works by blocking the release of a specific neurotransmitter from motor neurons, causing muscle paralysis. This neurotransmitter, found in all motor neurons, is called:

acetylcholine

Hans bought a chess software program and practices every day because he is highly motivated to become the top player on his college chess team. Hans's behavior and goal reflect a high level of:

achievement motivation.

Positive reinforcement is to negative reinforcement as:

addition of a reinforcing stimulus is to removal of an aversive stimulus.

A decision-making strategy that involves systematically evaluating the important features of each alternative and rating each feature of each alternative using an arbitrary scale is called the "_____ model."

additive

Sonia has been offered a job by two different companies. Since she is uncertain about which job offer to accept, Sonia makes a list of the features of each company. She then rates these features using a 10-point scale, with 10 being the best. Finally, Sonia adds up the ratings for each company. She accepts the job offer from the company that had the highest score. Sonia used the _____ model to help her make her decision about which job to accept.

additive

Leptin is secreted by:

adipose tissue.

The box "Culture and Human Behavior: Ways of Seeing," discusses research on differences in perception between collectivistic cultures and individualistic cultures and concluded that:

all people use the same neural processes to make perceptual judgments, but there are cultural differences in what people pay attention to and in how they think about what they see.

After turning out the light for the night, your head hits the pillow. Gradually, your muscles relax and drowsiness occurs. This drowsy yet wakeful state is associated with _____ brain waves.

alpha

The results of studies with bonobo chimpanzees, parrots, and bottle-nosed dolphins have provided some compelling demonstrations of animal communication learning. According to your textbook:

although the results of these studies are fascinating, many psychologists caution against trying to determine whether animals can "think" like humans, and instead they focus on the evolved cognitive abilities of specific species.

Overeating when food is available ensures:

ample energy reserves to survive times when food in not available.

In using operant conditioning principles to train animals to perform tricks, Keller and Marian Breland found that:

an animal's inborn or instinctive behavior patterns could interfere with the operant conditioning of new behaviors.

Professor Hebb is studying whether learning is affected by different environments. He raises some rats in cages with many interesting objects to play on and explore. Other rats are raised in isolated, barren cages with none of the interesting objects. Later, Hebb carefully records how many attempts it takes each rat to learn to run a maze with no mistakes. What is the independent variable in this study?

being raised in an interesting or a barren environment

Researchers found that people easily acquire a conditioned fear response to pictures of snakes and spiders when the slides were paired with a mild electric shock. However, people did NOT easily acquire a conditioned fear response of pictures of flowers and mushrooms when these images were paired with a mild electric shock. According to the text discussion, this is an example of:

biological preparedness.

In the body, glucose is also called:

blood sugar.

There are two basic types of conditioning: _____ and _____ conditioning.

classical; operant

Denise went on a diet to lose some weight. When she went to lunch with some co-workers, she hesitated when it was her turn to order. Finally, she ordered the burger and fries instead of the salad and yogurt. She then justified her choice by telling herself that some protein every day is important for good health. Denise's tendency to focus on the positive aspects of her choice and minimize the negative aspects illustrates which of the following concepts in action?

cognitive dissonance

Cross-cultural psychologists have noted that:

collectivistic cultures tend to stress interdependence and concern for the welfare of others and put less emphasis on individual rights and justice.

The branch of psychology that focuses on the study of the behavior of different animal species is called "_____ psychology."

comparative

Steven Spielberg's classic movie Jaws was a thriller about a great white shark that terrorized tourists at a local beach. Just before the shark's appearance, eerie music began playing. As the unseen shark came closer, the tempo of the music picked up. After the audience had experienced this a few times, the sound of the music triggered the emotional reaction of fear in the audience even though the shark still had not appeared. At that point, fear in response to the sound of the eerie music was a(n):

conditioned response (CR).

The analogy used in the book referred to the axon membrane as a "gatekeeper." This means that the membrane:

controls the balance of positive and negative ions in the interior and the exterior of the axon.

Renee likes helping her teacher with classroom chores, and enjoys the praise she gets for being a good student and for following the rules set by her teacher so as to win her approval. Kohlberg would say that Renee is operating at the _____ level of moral reasoning.

conventional

Humanistic theories of personality have helped promote the scientific study of:

creativity and the positive nature of personality.

When evaluating research claims, it is important to engage in _____, which involves actively questioning statements rather than blindly accepting them.

critical thinking

As a psychology researcher, you have found that the public expression of emotions differs among people from the United States, Japan, Switzerland, and Israel. This type of research fits best with which perspective in psychology?

cross-cultural

Dina and Mark have been married for three years and are expecting their first child. If their relationship follows the most common pattern, they can expect that their satisfaction with their marital relationship to _____ after the baby is born.

decrease

After four 20-minute training sessions in meditation, ratings of the unpleasantness of painful stimuli:

decreased by 57 percent.

As part of her graduate research, Lydia conducted a study on how college-age students respond to hypothetical moral dilemmas. She read the dilemmas aloud to the participants and then asked a series of questions. When a participant responded in a manner that supported her hypothesis, Lydia nodded slightly in agreement. Lydia's behavior illustrates the concept of:

demand characteristics.

The decline and impairment of memory, reasoning, language, and other cognitive functions is called "____."

dementia

List in the correct sequence the five stages in the dying process that were identified by Kübler-Ross.

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

Tranquilizers are drugs that are:

depressants that relieve anxiety.

Alcohol initially produces feelings of euphoria, talkativeness, and outgoing behavior because it:

depresses activity in the brain regions involved with self-control and judgment, lowering inhibitions.

Sarah wants to set up a regular study schedule to prepare for a comprehensive exam in her major subject. She decides that she needs to study for at least two hours a day. She then makes a specific plan: she will study at her desk immediately after eating dinner, from 6:30 P.M. to 7:30 P.M., will take a 15-minute break, and then study at her desk again from 7:45 P.M. to 8:45 P.M. Sarah has formed a(n):

implementation intention.

Negative reinforcement _____ the likelihood of a behavior being repeated, and positive punishment _____ the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

increases; decreases

The most effective form of discipline is _____, which involves combining control of behavior with _____.

induction; teaching

The view that some human motives are innate and due to evolutionary programming is a description of ____ theories.

instinct

Which of the following is a possible cause of forgetting described in your textbook?

interference decay encoding failure

According to Hans Eysenck, personality can be best described in terms of which basic trait dimensions?

introversion-extraversion; stability-neuroticism; and low psychoticism-high psychoticism

Nicki's job requires her to attend a lot of social functions where she is expected to network and make new contacts for her company. She finds these events to be exhausting. According to Eysenck's theory, Nicki is probably a(n):

introvert.

A natural experiment is a study that:

investigates the effects of a naturally occurring event on the research participants.

The information-processing model of cognitive development emphasizes the view that cognitive development:

is a process of continuous change over the lifespan.

Broca's area is located on the _____, whereas Wernicke's area is located on the _____.

left frontal lobe; left temporal lobe

Genes make up _____percent of human DNA)

less than 2

Richard's daughter Linda wants to go to a concert on a school night and come home past her usual curfew. Richard says, "If it's that important to you, I'll pay for the ticket and let you take my car." Richard is demonstrating which parenting style?

permissive-indulgent

While researching a term paper, Marcie read some interesting research on the mental processes we use to form judgments and draw conclusions about the characteristics and motives of others. Marcie was reading research about:

person perception.

Trisha's three young children frequently argue and fight. To reduce this problem behavior, Trisha set an appropriate time limit during play time, and if the children refrained from squabbling during that period, they were immediately given positive reinforcement. According to the box "In Focus: Changing the Behavior of Others: Alternatives to Punishment," this strategy is called:

reinforcing the nonoccurrence of the problem behavior.

In a series of studies, Thorndike put hungry cats into specially constructed cages called "puzzle boxes." There was a plate of food just outside the cage where the cats could see and smell it. At the end of his studies, Thorndike concluded that the cats:

used trial and error to escape from the puzzle box.

Sleep paralysis:

usually lasts for up to 10 minutes.

On the WAIS, the _____ score represents subtest scores on verbal tasks, such as vocabulary, comprehension, and general knowledge; the _____ score represents subtest scores on nonverbal tasks, such as identifying missing parts in incomplete pictures, arranging pictures to tell a story, or arranging blocks to match a pattern.

verbal; performance

Anita is suffering from major depressive disorder. Compared with people who are not depressed, Anita is more likely to:

have a diminished ability to think, concentrate, and remember.

According to Aaron Beck's cognitive therapy, people who suffer from major depressive disorder:

have developed a negative cognitive bias that distorts their perceptions of events and situations.

Jake is a therapist who practices Aaron Beck's cognitive therapy, and Janice is a therapist who practices Albert Ellis's rational-emotive therapy. BOTH Jake and Janice would probably agree with which of the following statements?

"Moods and emotions are the results of what people think about the events that happen to them, not the result of the events themselves."

Based on their genetic relationship to a person with schizophrenia, which of the following people has the greatest risk of developing schizophrenia?

Anne, whose biological mother and biological father have schizophrenia

Paige is 20 years old and started smoking when she began dating Garrett, who smokes. Since breaking up with Garrett about four months ago, she continued to smoke. Currently, Paige smokes almost two packs of cigarettes per day. Which of the following statements is accurate?

Because she is a heavy smoker, statistically Paige may be more likely to experience major depressive disorder than someone who doesn't smoke.

Client-centered therapy was developed by:

Carl Rogers

Imagine that you are a psychiatrist reviewing patients who might be candidates for electroconvulsive therapy. Based on the information presented in your textbook, for which of the following patients would electroconvulsive therapy be an appropriate treatment?

Carlos is severely depressed, is acutely suicidal, and has a history of suicide attempts. Amy has tried several different antidepressant medications over the past two years but her severe depressive episodes have not responded to any of the medications. Lucinda is elderly and cannot tolerate the side effects of antidepressant medications.

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Corticosteroids reduce inflammation of body tissue and enhance muscle tone in the heart and blood vessels. Continued high levels of corticosteroids, especially cortisol, can weaken important body systems, lowering immunity and increasing susceptibility to physical symptoms and illness. In the short run, corticosteroids provide several benefits, helping protect the body against the harm caused by stressors.

Which of the following statements about DSM-5 is FALSE?

DSM-5 describes more than 260 specific psychological disorders. DSM-5 describes the specific criteria that must be met in order for a mental health professional to diagnose a particular mental disorder. DSM-5 provides a common language to diagnose and label mental disorders.Based on their genetic relationship to a person with schizophrenia, which of the following people has the greatest risk of developing schizophrenia?

In terms of daily hassles, what sex differences have been found?

Daily hassles for men are most commonly related to school- and job-related issues, while daily hassles for women are most commonly due to family demands and interpersonal conflict.

Which of the following is an advantage of group therapy over individual therapy?

Group therapy is typically less expensive than individual therapy. Working within the group provides an opportunity for clients to try out new behaviors in a safe environment. Clients receive support and encouragement from other group members.

Which of the following is one of the suggested guidelines for helping to prevent someone from taking his or her own life?

Identify and discuss potential solutions to the person's problems. Take the time to listen patiently and without judgment about whatever is causing the person so much psychological pain. Ask the person to delay his or her decision to commit suicide.

Which of the following statements about the prevalence and course of major depressive disorder is FALSE?

If left untreated, the symptoms of major depressive disorder can persist for six months or longer. When major depressive disorder recurs, the symptoms tend to increase in severity. More than half of all people who have had one episode of major depressive disorder will experience another episode of major depressive disorder, usually within two years.

According to the "Critical Thinking" box, which of the following statements about people with depression is TRUE?

People with depression were more likely to post black-and-white photos on social media.

According to the information presented in the box "Critical Thinking: Does Smoking Cause Major Depressive Disorder and Other Psychological Disorders?":

People with psychological disorders have higher rates of smoking and smoke more cigarettes per day than people with no psychological disorders.

Which of the following statements about the outcome of psychologist Irving Kirsch's meta-analysis of antidepressant studies submitted to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration is FALSE?

Placebos were more effective than antidepressants for most study participants.

Antidepressant medications are often used in the treatment of major depressive disorder. In general, these medications appear to work by:

increasing brain levels of serotonin and norepinephrine.

Disruptions in the normal patterns of sleep is one of the main characteristics of major depressive disorder. Which of the following is typical of the sleep patterns of people with major depressive disorder?

The amount of time spent in nondreaming, deeply relaxed sleep is greatly reduced or absent during major depressive disorder. Depressed people often awaken spontaneously at three or four o'clock in the morning and cannot get back to sleep even though they are still tired. Some depressed people sleep excessively, sometimes as much as 18 hours a day.

Which of the following is a key advantage of group therapy?

The therapist can observe how a client actually interacts with others.

Which of the following is true of BOTH short-term dynamic therapy and traditional psychoanalysis?

The therapist uses interpretations to help the patient recognize hidden feelings and transference issues that may be affecting his or her current relationships.

Doris was offered the choice between two prescription antidepressants that are classified as selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors, Zoloft or Paxil. Her doctor should warn her that the potential side effects of these drugs include:

headaches, nervousness, and sexual dysfunction.

Psychoanalysis is a form of psychotherapy that was originally developed by _____ in the _____.

Sigmund Freud; early 1900s

During the past year, Rebecca's 10-year-old son, Tyler, has developed several unusual symptoms. For no apparent reason, Tyler's head will suddenly jerk, his eyes will repeatedly blink, or he will repetitively shrug his shoulders. In the past two months, Tyler's symptoms have become more frequent and more intense. Additionally, Tyler's fourth-grade teacher has complained that Tyler sometimes makes clicking and grunting sounds in class, which he doesn't seem to be able to control. Which of the following psychological disorders does Tyler most likely have?

Tourette's disorder

Tyler is a very competitive and impatient stockbroker who often gets annoyed over insignificant matters. He has a reputation for being hostile and angry and tends to be suspicious and mistrustful and to blame others for his losses. Tyler is likely to be classified as having a:

Type A behavior pattern.

Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil are all examples of:

a category of antidepressants called "selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors," abbreviated SSRIs.

Which of the following is one of the factors thought to contribute to eating disorders?

a chemical imbalance in levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin contemporary Western cultural attitudes toward thinness and dieting contemporary Western cultural attitudes toward thinness and dieting

According to Carl Rogers, psychological problems develop when:

a person consistently experiences conditional acceptance from other significant people in his or her life.

Jill enrolled in a stop-smoking program at a local hospital. At the end of each of the daily sessions, participants in the program were required to rapidly puff one cigarette after another for five minutes. The filter tips of the cigarettes had been coated with a foul-tasting substance that induced mild nausea. This part of the stop-smoking program involved _____, which is based on the principles of _____.

aversive conditioning; classical conditioning

Which of the following is considered a life change event and is an example of a daily hassle?

concern about your weight not enough money for the rent the cost of repairs to your car

One potential problem with the first (or typical) antipsychotic medications was that they:

could produce muscle tremors, rigid movements, and other disruptions in normal motor movements.

Hikikomori, a disorder in which people become virtual recluses for years at a time, locking themselves away to play video games or surf the Internet, has been identified as a(n):

culture-bound syndrome.

Reserpine and chlorpromazine diminish psychotic symptoms by _____ brain levels of the neurotransmitter called "_____."

decreasing; dopamine

A(n) _____ disorder is diagnosed when disruptions in personal identity, awareness, or memory are extreme, frequent, and seriously impair the ability to function in everyday life.

dissociative

Regarding coping strategies for dealing with stressful situations, people in collectivistic cultures tend to use _____ and people in individualistic cultures tend to use _____.

emotion-focused coping strategies; problem-focused coping strategies

Jasmine is a police detective. To cope with her high level of stress, she goes to aerobic classes and works out in the gym four or five times a week. Jasmine is using a(n) _____ coping strategy called "_____."

emotion-focused; escape-avoidance

Borderline personality disorder is characterized by:

erratic, unstable relationships, emotions, and self-image, and desperate efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment.Which of the following is NOT one of the factors thought to contribute to eating disorders?

Elizabeth is leaving the United States to live and work in Japan and is very excited about the change. When Elizabeth arrives and starts work in Japan, she is likely to:

experience increased levels of stress due to the acculturation process.

One explanation for dissociative identity disorder is that it results from:

extreme trauma in childhood; the "alters" are created to embody the dissociated memories and emotions that are too painful for the primary personality to acknowledge.

A small percentage of people with bipolar disorder display rapid cycling, which is characterized by:

four or more manic or depressive episodes every year