psychology final

Know Freud's different psychosexual stages

-At each stage, a different part of the body become's the child's primary erogenous zone (an area capable of producing pleasure)

Know what is meant by androgyny

"man-woman" and refers to having both feminine and masculine traits. -individuals are more adaptable -androgynous people are more flexible when it comes to coping with difficult situations - be more satisfied with their lives

Be able to describe homeostasis

(bodily equilibrium) "standing steady," or "steady state." Optimal levels exist for body temperature, chemicals in the blood, blood pressure, etc... When the body deviates from these "ideal" levels, automatic reactions begin to restore equilibrium

What are features of psychotic disorders

-"retreated from reality." -suffer from hallucinations and delusions and they are socially withdrawn. -psychotic patients cannot control their thoughts and actions -Psychotic symptoms occur in schizophrenia, delusional disorders, and some mood disorders. -Psychosis may be related to medical problems, drug abuse, and other conditions.

Know the different medical therapies available for mental illness Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

-150-volt electrical current is passed through the brain for slightly less than a second -Treatment for depression that triggers a convulsion and causes patients to lose consciousness for a short time -Muscles relaxants and sedative drugs are given before ECT to soften its impact -Treatments are given in a series of 6-8 sessions over 3-4 weeks -It is the seizure activity that is believed to be helpful -Shock induced seizures alter biochemical and hormonal balance in the brain and body, bringing an end to severe depression and suicidal behavior

what is meant when a person has low self-‐esteem versus high self-‐esteem

-A person with high self-esteem is confident, proud, and self-respecting -A person with low self-esteem are usually anxious and unhappy

psychodynamic approach anxiety

-According to Freud, disturbances like those described represent a raging conflict among subparts of the personality- the id, ego, and superego -Freud emphasized that intense anxiety can be caused by forbidden id impulses for sex or aggression that threaten to break through into behavior. -The person constantly fears doing something "crazy" or forbidden. -May be tortured by guilt, which the superego uses to suppress forbidden impulses. -The ego is eventually overwhelmed and forces the person to use rigid defense mechanisms and misguided, inflexible behavior to prevent a disastrous loss of control.

What are anxiety and somatoform disorders.

-Anxiety disorders- marked by fear or anxiety and by distorted behavior. -Somatoform disorders occur when a person has physical symptoms that mimic disease or injury for which there is no identifiable physical cause.

behavioral approach, anxiety

-Behaviorists assume that the anxiety "symptoms" are learned, just as other behaviors are. -Anxiety attacks reflect conditioned emotional responses that generalize to new situations -Disordered behavior is ultimately self-defeating and paradoxical. It makes the person more miserable in the long run. -Self-defeating behavior begins with avoidance learning (making a response delays or prevents the onset of a painful or unpleasant stimulus) -Anxiety reduction hypothesis- The powerful reward of immediate relief from anxiety keeps self-defeating avoidance behaviors alive.

Delusional DIsorders

-Erotomanic type- people have erotic delusions that they are loved by another person, especially by someone famous or of higher status

Be able to list at least three dimensions of sex

-Genetic sex (XX or XY chromosomes) -Gonadal sex (ovaries or testes) -Hormonal sex (predominance of androgens or estrogen) -Genital sex (clitoris and vagina in females, and penis scrotum in males) -Gender identity (one's subjective sense of being male or female) XX female XY male

delusional disorders

-Grandiose type- person believes they have some great, unrecognized talent, knowledge, or insight. They may also believe that they have a special relationship with an important person or with God or that they are a famous person

Know the different sexual orientations and be able to write a sentence about each

-Heterosexual people are romantically and erotically attracted to members of the opposite sex -Homosexual people are attracted to members of the same sex -A person who is bisexual is attracted to both men and women

Distinguish between dementia and delusional disorders

-People with delusional disorders usually do not suffer from hallucinations, emotional excesses, or personality disintegration. -Main feature of delusional disorders is the presence of deeply held false beliefs, which may take many forms.

cognitive approach to the causes of anxiety

-Perfectionism, excessive concern about making mistakes, perceived criticism where none exists, tendency to focus too much attention on oneself, which intensifies anxiety in certain situations. -Even when people are successful, distorted thinking leads them to think they have failed. -Changing thinking patterns can greatly lessen fears.

Be able to write at least one sentence about each of the psychotic disorders

-Psychotic disorders are among the most serious of all mental problems -A person who is psychotic undergoes a number of striking changes in thinking, behavior, and emotion. -Psychosis reflects a loss of contact with shared views of reality.

humanistic-‐existential approach anxiety

-Rogers (Humanist) believed that anxious individuals have built up unrealistic mental images of themselves which leaves them vulnerable to contradictory information. The person then falls into a vicious cycle of maladjustment and anxiety than feeds on itself once started. -Existential- unhealthy anxiety reflects a loss of meaning in one's life. Existentialists believe that we must show courage and responsibility in our choices if life is to have meaning. -Existential anxiety is the unavoidable anguish that come from knowing that we are personally responsible for our lives. -Thus, we have a crushing need to choose wisely and courageously as we face life's empty and impersonal void. -People who are unhappy and anxious have collapsed in the face of awesome responsibility to choose a meaningful existence. They have lost their way in life. -Making choices that don't truly reflect what you value, feel, and believe can make you sick.

Neo-‐Freudians

-accept broad features of Freud's theory but revised parts of it. -stated that the main driving force in personality is a striving for superiority (a struggle to overcome imperfections, an upward drive for competence, completion, and mastery of shortcomings. People try to compensate for limitations, and choose a different pathway to superiority leading to a style of life (personality pattern). Emphasized the existence of a creative self (create personalities through choices and experiences)

Psychosurgery

-any surgical alteration of the brain -Prefrontal lobotomy- frontal lobes are surgically disconnected from the other brain areas -Produce undesirable side effects such as seizures, blunted emotions, major personality changes, and stupor -Deep lesioning is used to destroy small target areas. Is fairly specific. ---This surgery cannot be reversed

learning theorists personality theories.

-have shown that children can learn things like kindness, hostility, generosity, or destructiveness -emphasize that personality is no more (or less) than a collection of learned behavior patterns. Personality, like other learned behavior, is acquired through classical and operant conditioning, observational learning, reinforcement, extinction, generalization, and discrimination -The more powerful the situation, the easier it is to see what is meant by situational determinants -Different situations can provoke very different reactions from different personalities. -Habits are governed by four elements of learning: drive, cue, response, and reward. Drive- any stimulus strong enough to goad a person to action (such as hunger, pain, lust, frustration, or fear). Cues- signals from the environment Responses- actions guided by cues Rewards- positive reinforcement brought on by responses

Be able to discuss what is meant by insanity

-is a legal term -Refers to an inability to manage one's own affairs or foresee the consequences of one's actions -People who are declared insane are not legally responsible for their actions

What is psychopathology

-is the scientific study of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. The term also refers to mental disorders themselves and to behavior patterns that make people unhappy and impair their personal growth -characterized by subjective discomfort (private feelings of pain, unhappiness, or emotional distress) -does not always cause personal anguish -A lack of discomfort may also reveal a problem

Be able to describe schizophrenia and its symptoms

-marked by delusions, hallucinations, apathy, thinking abnormalities, and a "split" between thought and emotion -Emotions may be blunted or very inappropriate -Delusions may include the idea that the person's thoughts and actions are being controlled, broadcast, thoughts have been "inserted" into the person's mind, or that thoughts have been removed -Schizophrenia involves withdrawal from contact with others, a loss of interest in external activities, a breakdown of personal habits, and an inability to deal with daily events

Describe dementia

-most common organic problem -serious mental impairment in old age caused by deterioration of the brain -Major disturbances in memory, reasoning, judgment, impulse control, and personality. -Patients feel confused, suspicious, apathetic, or withdrawn -The majority of patients with dementia slowly lose their mental abilities without becoming psychotic

Whatdo community mental health centers do

-offer a wide range of mental health services and psychiatric care. -Try to help people avoid hospitalization and find answers to mental health problems -Short-term treatment, counseling, outpatient care, emergency services, and suicide prevention -Consultation, education, and crisis intervention are used to prevent problems before they become serious -Many of their programs rely on paraprofessional (individuals who work in a near-professional capacity under the supervision of more highly trained staff). Some paraprofessionals are ex-addicts, ex-alcoholics, or ex-patients who have "been there."

Mental Hospitalization

-placing a person in a protected setting where medical therapy is provided -Can be a form of treatment -Takes people out of situations that may be sustaining their problem

What are organic mental disorders

-problems caused by brain pathology; that is, by drug damage, diseases of the brain, injuries, poisons and so on -severe emotional disturbances, impaired thinking, memory loss, personality changes, delirium, or psychotic symptoms -all mental disorders are partly biological (delirium, dementia, amnesia, and other cognitive disorders, mental disorders due to a general medical condition, and substance-related disorders) `

Deinstitutionalization

-reduced use of full-time commitment to mental institutions. -Many chronic patients have been discharged to hostile communities without adequate care and have become homeless -1 in 5 of the 2 million people in jail or prison are mentally ill. Jails have now replaced mental hospitals as society's "solution" for mental illness

Know the four stages of the human sexual response

1. Excitement- initial signs of sexual arousal 2. Plateau- physical arousal intensifies 3. Orgasm- climax and release of sexual excitement 4. Resolution- return to lower levels of sexual tension and arousal

Know the two core features of abnormal behavior

1. It is maladaptive- abnormal behavior makes it more difficult for the person to meet the demands of day-to-day life. 2. People lose the ability to control their thoughts, behaviors, or feelings adequately.

Be able to describe Maslow's hierarchy of needs

All of the basic needs are deficiency motives (activated by a lack of a basic need).

Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease- people slowly lose the ability to work, cook, drive, read, write, or do arithmetic. They eventually become mute and bedridden. Caused by webs and tangles in the brain that damage areas important for memory and learning.

Anal Stage

Anal stage- between ages 1 and 3, child's attention shifts to the process of elimination. -Anal fixation results in anal-retentive personality (e.g. obstinate, stingy, orderly, compulsively clean) -Anal-expulsive personality (e.g. disorderly, destructive, cruel, or messy)

Be able to describe Maslow's hierarchy of needs

At the top of the hierarchy we find growth needs expressed as a need for self-actualization, which is not based on a deficiency. Instead, it is a positive, life-enhancing force for personal growth.

Schizophrenia catatonic

Catatonic type- marked by stupor, rigidity, unresponsiveness, posturing, mutism, and sometimes, agitated, purposeless behavior -seems to be in a state of total panic. Brings about a stuporous condition in which odd positions may be held for hours or even days -These periods of rigidity may be similar to the tendency to "freeze" at times of great emergency or panic. -Appear to struggle to control their inner turmoil. -The stupor may occasionally give way to agitated outbursts or violent behavior. -Mutism and marked decrease in responsiveness to the environment, makes patients with catatonic schizophrenia difficult to "reach"

Describe the components of "Gender"

Classifying a person as male or female is not a simple either/or proposition. Being male or female is partly a matter of biology and partly psychological.

delusions of grandeur

Delusions of grandeur- person thinks they are extremely important

delusions of influence

Delusions of influence- people feel they are being controlled or influenced by others or by unseen forces

delusions of persecution

Delusions of persecution- people believe that others are out to get them

delusions of reference

Delusions of reference- people assign great personal meaning to unrelated events

depressive delusions

Depressive delusions- people feel that they have committed horrible crimes or sinful deeds

Schizophrenia disorganized

Disorganized type- marked by incoherence, grossly disorganized behavior, bizarre thinking, and flat or grossly inappropriate emotions -personality disintegration is almost complete. -Emotions, speech, and behavior are all highly disorganized. The result is silliness, laughter, and bizarre or obscene behavior. -Typically develops in adolescence or young adulthood -Limited chances of improvement and extreme social impairment

Compare and contrast the Cannon-Bard Theory of emotion

Emotional feelings and arousal occur at the same time seeing a bear activates the thalamus, the thalamus alerts the cortex and the hypothalamus for action, the cortex produces our emotional feelings and emotional behavior. Thus, brain activity simultaneously produces bodily arousal, running, and feeling fear.

Compare and contrast The James-Lange Theory of emotion, (the Cannon-Bard Theory of emotion, and Schachter's Cognitive Theory of Emotion)

Emotional feelings follow bodily arousal. we see a bear, we run, we are aroused, and then feel fear as we become aware of our bodily reactions

Be able to explain the differences between GENDER and sex

Gender refers to all the psychological and social traits associated with being male or female After we establish that you are male or female, gender tells us if you are masculine or feminine

Genital Stage

Genital Stage- begins at puberty and ends with a mature capacity for love and the realization of full adult sexuality.

Hallucinations

Hallucinations- imaginary sensations such as seeing, hearing, or smelling things that don't exist in the real world.

Be able to describe Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Higher, more fragile needs are expressed only after we satisfy our physiological needs.

delusional disorders

Jealous- person has an all-consuming, but unfounded, belief that your spouse or lover is unfaithful

Latency Stage

Latency- period from age 6 to puberty -Not an actual stage, but a quiet time during which psychosexual development is dormant

Oral Stage

Oral Stage- during first year of life, most infant's pleasure comes from stimulation of the mouth. -Adult expression: gum chewing, nail biting, smoking, kissing, overeating, and alcoholism -Fixation early in the oral stage produces an oral-dependent personality -Fixation later in the oral stage cause oral-aggressive adults (e.g. aggression, cynical, exploit others, and argue)

Schizophrenia paranoid

Paranoid type- marked by a preoccupation with delusions or by frequent auditory hallucinations related to a single theme, especially grandeur or persecution. -centers on delusions of grandeur and persecution. -Also hallucinations, and delusions are more bizarre and unconvincing than those in a delusional disorder -Thinking that their minds are being controlled by God, the government, or "cosmic rays from space" or that someone is trying to poison them, people suffering from paranoid schizophrenia may feel forced into violence to "protect" themselves.

Delusional disorders

Persecutory type- delusions involving the belief that you are being conspired against, cheated, spied on, followed, poisoned, maligned, or harassed.

Phallic Stage

Phallic stage- between ages 3 and 6 increased sexual interest causes the child to be physically attracted to the parent of the opposite sex. -Phallic personality (ex: vanity, exhibitionism, sensitive pride, and narcissism) -Oedipus conflict- the boy feels rivalry with his father for the affection of his mother. To end the conflict, the boy must identify with the father -Electra complex- the girl loves her father and competes with her mother. Freud believed that females already feel castrated. According to Freud, because of this, females are less driven to identify with their mothers than boys are with their fathers

Know the three types of motives: primary

Primary motives- biological needs that must be met for survival (e.g. hunger, thirst, pain avoidance, needs for air, sleep, elimination of wastes, regulation of body temperature)

Know what DSM stands for

Psychological problems are classified by using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR). -The DSM helps psychologists correctly identify mental disorders and select the best therapies to treat them.

Know the three types of motives: secondary

Secondary motives- based on learned needs, drives, and goals (explain human activities like making music, facebooking). Secondary motives are related to learned needs for power, affiliation, approval, status, security, achievement.

What is self-‐esteem

Self-esteem = self-evaluation -Genuine self-esteem is based on an accurate appraisal of your strengths and weaknesses -Self-esteem rises when we experience success or praise

somatic delusions

Somatic delusions- such as believing that your body is rotting away or emitting foul odors

delusional disorders

Somatic type- belief that one's body is disease or rotting, or infested with insects or parasites, or that parts of their bodies are defective.

Know names of the disorders and a few symptoms for each

Some anxiety disorders involve panic; some involve phobias (irrational fears); some are just overwhelming anxiety and nervousness.

Know the three types of motives: stimulus

Stimulus motives- needs for stimulation and information (e.g. activity, curiosity, exploration) not strictly necessary for survival

What are substance-‐related disorders.

Substance-related disorder involve abuse of, or dependence on, psychoactive drugs. The person cannot stop using the drug and may suffer from withdrawal symptoms

Be able to describe incentives

The "pull" of a goal is its incentive value (the goal's appeal beyond its ability to fill a need). Other goals are so low in incentive value that they may be rejected even if they meet the internal need

BIG FIVE

The Big Five Five-factor model O = openness to experience. People high in this trait are intelligent and open to new ideas C = conscientious. Self-discipline, responsible, achieving E = extroversion. Where a person fall on introversion-extroversion scale A = agreeableness. How friendly, nurturing, and caring a person is as opposed to cold, indifferent, self-centered, or spiteful. N = neuroticism. Refers to negative, upsetting emotions. People high in neuroticism tend to be anxious, emotionally, "sour" irritable, and unhappy.

Be able to explain the differences between gender and SEX

The term sex refers to whether you are biologically female or male.

Describe the components of "Sex"

The term sex refers to whether you are biologically female or male. Primary sexual characteristics are the sexual and reproductive organs: vagina, ovaries, uterus, penis, tests and scrotum Secondary sexual characteristics are more superficial physical features that appear at puberty (e.g. breasts, hips, facial hair, deepening of voice)

the trait approach,

Traits are stable qualities that a person shows in most situations. -Trait theorists attempt to analyze, classify, and interrelate traits -Common traits- characteristics shared by most members of a culture. -Individual traits- describe a person's unique qualities -Cardinal traits are basic and all of a person's activities can be traced to the trait. -Central traits are basic building blocks of personality. -Secondary traits are superficial personal qualities, such as food preferences, attitudes, political opinions, musical tastes, and so forth

Unconscious, Conscious, Preconscious

Unconscious- holds repressed memories and emotions, plus the instinctual drives of the id -Conscious- everything you are aware of at a given moment, including thoughts, perceptions, feelings, and memories -Preconscious- contains material that can be easily brought to awareness.

Schizophrenia undifferentiated

Undifferentiated type- prominent psychotic symptoms, but none of the specific features of catatonic, disorganized, or paranoid types. -patients may shift from one pattern to another at different times. -Specific features of catatonic, disorganized, or paranoid types are missing.

Distinguish between personality,

a person's unique pattern of thinking, emotions, and behavior

Define personality

a person's unique pattern of thinking, emotions, and behavior -who you are, have been, and will become. -refers to the special blend of talents, values, hopes, loves, hates, and habits that make each of us a unique person

What is a mental disorder

a significant impairment in psychological functioning.

What is meant by self-‐concept

all of your ideas, perceptions, and feelings about who you are. It is the mental "picture" you have of your own personality -build our self-concepts out of daily experiences. We slowly revise them as we have new experiences -can greatly affect our behavior and personal adjustment.

psychoanalytic theory

believe that many of our actions are based on hidden, or unconscious, thoughts, needs, and emotions. -The id is made up of innate biological instincts and urges -The ego is the "executive" because it directs energies supplied by the id -Superego acts as a judge or censor for the thoughts and actions of the ego

Describe gender roles

big an influence on sexual behavior as chromosomal, genital, or hormonal factors do -favored pattern of behavior expected of each sex. -stereotypes are oversimplified beliefs about what men and women are actually like -influence how we act -treat gender roles as if they were real biological differences. Culturally defined ways of acting are turned into false beliefs about what men and women can and can't do

Extroverts

bold, outgoing person whose attention is directed outward

What are personality disorders.

deeply ingrained, unhealthy personality patterns (paranoid, narcissistic, dependent, borderline, and antisocial personality types)

Compare and contrast: Schachter's Cognitive Theory of Emotion

emotion occurs when we apply a particular label to general physical arousal because when we are aroused, we have a need to interpret our feelings. The label you apply to bodily arousal is influenced by your past experiences, the situation, and the reactions of others

Partial hospitalization

patients spend their days in the hospital, but go home at night and practice what they have learned

Compare and contrast (intrinsic) and extrinsic motivation

external factors such as pay, grades, rewards, obligations, and approval drive motivation.

Be able to list all EIGHT primary emotions

fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger, anticipation, joy, and trust (acceptance).

Compare and contrast (anorexia nervosa) and bulimia nervous

gorging on food, then vomiting or taking laxatives to avoid gaining weight; normal or above normal weight; recurring binge eating; eating within an hour or two an amount of food that is much larger than most people would consume; feeling a lack of control over eating; purging behavior (vomiting or misuse of laxatives or diuretics); excessive exercise to prevent weight gain; fasting to prevent weight gain; self-evaluation is unduly influenced by body weight. 5% of college women are bulimic, and 61% of college women have milder eating problems Binging and purging can seriously damage health: sore throat, hair loss, muscle spasms, kidney damage, dehydration, tooth erosion, swollen salivary glands, menstrual irregularities, loss of sex drive, and heart attack

Be able to describe opponent process theory

if a stimulus causes a strong emotion, such as fear or pleasure, an opposite emotion tends to occur when the stimulus ends. stimulus is repeated, our response to it habituates, or gets weaker. In contrast, emotional aftereffects get stronger with repetition. With repetition, the pleasurable aftereffect gets stronger and the initial "cost" (pain or fear) gets weaker

Distinguish between character,

implies that a person has been evaluated, not just described -Not everyone has a character, or at least not good character

What are sexual and gender identity disorders.

include difficulties with sexual identity, deviant sexual behavior, or sexual adjustment. Also includes deviations in sexual behavior such as paraphilias (see Gender, Sexuality, Identity chapter), as well as sexual dysfunctions.

Be able to describe Maslow's hierarchy of needs:Physiological

needs must be met if we are to survive and are dominant over the higher needs.

Know what is meant by "gender identity"

personal, private sense of being female or male. at least partly learned

What are mood disorders.

primarily defined by the presence of extreme, intense, and long-lasting emotions. -Person may be manic (agitated, elated, and hyperactive) -Or may be depressed -Some people may alternate between mania and depression and they may have psychotic symptoms as well.

Be able to describe motivation

refers to the dynamics of behavior- the ways in which our actions are initiated, sustained, directed, or terminated. Many motivated activities begin with a need, or internal deficiency

Distinguish between temperament

refers to the hereditary aspects of your personality, such as your sensitivity, irritability, distractibility, and typical mood. -Personality is also distinct from temperament, the "raw material" from which personalities are formed

Know the sex hormones for males and females

secreting estrogens (female hormones) and androgens (male hormones). -Everyone normally produces both estrogens and androgens. Sex differences are related to the proportion of these hormones found in the body. -Prenatal development of male or female anatomy is largely due to the presence or absence of testosterone

Compare and contrast anorexia nervosa and (bulimia nervous)

self-starvation: body weight below 85% of normal for one's height and age; refusal to maintain body weight in normal range; intense fear of becoming fat or gaining weight, even though they are underweight; disturbance in one's body image or perceived weight; self-evaluation is unduly influenced by body weight; denial of the seriousness of abnormally low body weight; absence of menstrual periods; purging behavior (vomiting or misuse of laxative or diuretics) A compulsive desire to lose weight causes people to actively avoid food Anorexia often starts with a "normal" diet that slowly begins to dominate the person's life and in time, people with anorexia suffer debilitating health problems.

Halfway houses

short-term group living facilities for people making the transition from an institution to independent living

Compare and contrast INTROVERTS and extroverts

shy, egocentric person whose attention is focused inward

Know what personality traits are

stable qualities that a person shows in most situations -typically inferred from behavior -personality traits are identified, they can be used to predict future behavior -During the 20s, personality slowly begins to harden. By age 30, personality has usually stabilized. -people continue to become more conscientious and agreeable as they mature.

What are dissociative disorders.

temporary amnesia or multiple personalities. Also includes depersonalization (people feel like they are outside of their bodies, behaving like robots, or lost in a dream world).

Describe gender role socialization

the process of learning gender behaviors regarded as appropriate for one's sex in a given culture

Be able to describe arousal theory

we try to keep arousal at an optimal level activation of the body and the nervous system. Arousal is zero at death; low during sleep; moderate during normal daily activities; and high at times of excitement, emotion, or panic

Compare and contrast intrinsic and (extrinsic motivation)

when you do something for enjoyment or to improve your abilities, without any external rewards. Enjoy the activity or see it as an opportunity to explore, learn, and actualize our potentials. people tend to me more creative