psychology final part 1

A baby loses weight shortly after birth. This is normal, as the child adjusts to life outside of the womb. Approximately what percentage of their total body weight does a child lose in these first few days? A) 5% B) 1% C) 25% D) 15%

A) 5%

Erikson and Freud disagreed on many aspects of child-rearing, including the amount of attention the parent should give a child. According to Freud, overindulging the child would leave the child orally fixated. Erikson, however, believed children would accomplish what task? A) Believing the world is a safe place B) Developing a sense of pride and self-esteem C) Becoming overly reliant on parental praise D) Learning how to regulate emotions

A) Believing the world is a safe place

In a study of children, let's suppose that researchers found a positive correlation (r= .63) between creativity and resilience. How is this finding interpreted? A) Children who score higher on measures of creativity also score higher on measures of resilience. B) Children who score higher on measures of creativity tend to score lower on measures of resilience. C) Greater creativity causes children to be more resilient when they are faced with challenges. D) Greater creativity causes children to be less resilient when they are faced with challenges.

A) Children who score higher on measures of creativity also score higher on measures of resilience.

Which of the following describes a difference between how monozygotic and dizygotic twins develop? A) Monozygotic twins come from a single zygote, while dizygotic twins come from two zygotes. B) Monozygotic twins are caused by a double X chromosome, while dizygotic twins are caused by a combination of one X and one Y chromosome C) Dizygotic twins come from a single zygote, while monozygotic twins come from two zygotes. D) Monozygotic twins come from an egg that was fertilized in the fallopian tube, while dizygotic twins come from an egg that was fertilized in the uterus.

A) Monozygotic twins come from a single zygote, while dizygotic twins come from two zygotes.

According to Mead's "I and me" theory, how does the "I" differ from the "me?" A) The "I" is spontaneous, creative, and innate, while the "me" is the social definition of the individual. B) The "I" is how an individual views him or herself, while the "me" is how a single important person views him or her. C) The "I" is how a single important person view an individual, while the "me" is how the individual views him or herself. D) The "I" is the social definition of the individual, while the "me" is spontaneous, creative, and innate.

A) The "I" is spontaneous, creative, and innate, while the "me" is the social definition of the individual.

An infant smiles when something feels good and cries when something feels bad. The infant's parent, a psychotherapist whose work is based on Sigmund Freud's theory, jokes, "This baby is all id." Which of Freud's principles is this parent referring to? A) The pleasure principle B) The neurosis principle C) The oral principle D) The reality principle

A) The pleasure principle

In Kohlberg's moral reasoning test, what was his main question in the study? A) Why people answered in the manner they did B) How often people changed their answers C) How many people got the right answer D) Whether men or women answer differently.

A) Why people answered in the manner they did

A student is bullied at school and now associates school with fear. According to Pavlov's classical conditioning paradigm, the fear, anxiety, and nervousness this student experiences when approaching school is a(n) ________. A) conditioned response B) unconditioned stimulus C) conditioned stimulus D) unconditioned response

A) conditioned response

What do behavioral geneticists study? A) individual differences that occur through the interaction of genes and the environment B) individual differences that occur as a result of genetics only C) individual differences that occur as a result of the environment only D) individual differences that occur between individuals of the same gender and race

A) individual differences that occur through the interaction of genes and the environment

Researchers studied frequency and amount of alcohol use in three groups of students (grades 6 to 8, grades 9 to 10, and grades 11 to 12) over five years. With this ________, researchers can examine age-related changes and changes within the same individuals as they age. In addition, researchers can account for the possibility of cohort and/or time of measurement effects. A) sequential research design B) longitudinal research design C) cross-sectional research design D) observational research design

A) sequential research design

Jessa feels increasing social pressure to look like the other girls in her class, wearing the same brands of clothing as they do. She feels like she will fit in and be well-liked if she wears similar clothing, but she just doesn't like it, so she doesn't conform. What is this brand-name pressure influencing within Jessa? A) Her self-esteem B) Her self-concept C) Her sense of accomplishment D) Her materialistic nature

B) Her self-concept

What is the difference between anoxia and hypoxia? A) Hypoxia occurs when the infant experiences total lack of oxygen and experiences severe brain damage, while anoxia occurs when the infant is deprived of adequate oxygen and experiences mild brain damage B) Hypoxia occurs when the infant is deprived of adequate oxygen and experiences mild brain damage, while anoxia occurs when the infant experiences total lack of oxygen and experiences severe brain damage C) Hypoxia is caused by gestational diabetes, while anoxia is caused by lack of oxygen to the brain D) Hypoxia is caused by lack of oxygen to the brain, while anoxia is caused by gestational diabetes

B) Hypoxia occurs when the infant is deprived of adequate oxygen and experiences mild brain damage, while anoxia occurs when the infant experiences total lack of oxygen and experiences severe brain damage

Kayla is 3 years old. Her teacher shows her a crayon box and asks her what she thinks is inside. She says, "crayons." The teacher opens the box, showing Kayla that there is chalk inside. She asks Kayla again what she thought was in the box at first, and Kayla says, "chalk." The teacher does the same thing with Mitch, who is 5 years old. After seeing the chalk, when asked what he thought was in the box at first, he says, "crayons." Based on their responses, which child (Kayla or Mitch) has started to develop theory of mind? A) Both. B) Mitch. C) Neither. D) Kayla.

B) Mitch.

Conjoined twins are also which type of twin? A) Fraternal B) Monozygotic C) Dizygotic D) Zygotic

B) Monozygotic

The basic presentation of the Hamlin and Wynn giver-taker puppet show revealed that children had a preference for what type of behavior? A) Taking B) Prosocial C) Neutral D) Reciprocal

B) Prosocial

Dyslexia involves difficulty in which learning area? A) Mathematics B) Reading C) Social situations D) Sustained attention

B) Reading

Omar, a 6-month-old child, shakes his mother's car keys to hear the sound they make. He likes the sound and wants it to happen again, so he shakes the keys again and again. What stage of Piaget's sensorimotor development does this behavior reflect? A) Primary circular reactions B) Secondary circular reactions C) Goal-directed behavior D) Reflexes

B) Secondary circular reactions

Jana, a 15-month old child, looks at herself in a mirror. Without her knowledge, an adult applies a dot of lipstick to Jana's nose. If Jana tries to rub the lipstick off her own nose in this test, what developmental milestone has Jana reached? A) Embarrassment B) Self-awareness C) Theory of mind D) Reflexive behavior

B) Self-awareness

You hear an annoying beeping sound if you try to exit your car with the keys still in the ignition. The next time you park your car, you are more likely to take your keys out of the ignition before exiting. What principle of operant conditioning does this reflect? A) Conditioned stimulus B) The law of effect C) Observational learning D) Unconditioned response

B) The law of effect

Parenting advice from researchers has changed over time. Consider changes in recommendations for safe sleeping positions for infants. This demonstrates which value of the scientific method? A) The scientific method allows for agreement based on what others have told you or cultural ideas. B) The scientific method allows for continuous updating of information to support best practices. C)The scientific method allows for validating our own experience by discussing what we think is true with others who share the same views. D)The scientific method allows for personal inquiry and drawing conclusions based on what we have personally experienced.

B) The scientific method allows for continuous updating of information to support best practices.

Which stage of labor is typically the longest? A) fourth stage B) first stage C) third stage D) second stage

B) first stage

Ruben is a middle school teacher. He spend a great deal of energy thinking about how to get his budding scientists to work on challenging tasks that they can't easily do on their own, but they can do with the help of their peers. Ruben is relying on which psychological concept? A) overregularization B) the zone of proximal development C) fast-mapping D) egocentric speech

B) the zone of proximal development

Which two approaches to lifespan development have the following in common: development is continuous, there are many courses of development, and development is more influenced by nurture than nature? A) Psychosexual theory and psychosocial theory B) Humanistic theory and sociocultural theory C) Classical conditioning and operant conditioning D) Social cognitive theory and Piaget's theory of cognitive development

C) Classical conditioning and operant conditioning

Which of the following phrases is most likely to come from an 18-month old, and mean, "Mother, I would like to take the dog to the park."? A) Me take dog to the park, please! B) I want to go park with dog C) Doggie, go park D) Let's go to the park with dog!

C) Doggie, go park

Both preschoolers and school-aged children experience a vast increase in vocabulary. What is the term used for the rapid association between related words, that school-aged children use with their new vocabulary explosion? A) Classification B) Grammar fixation C) Fast-mapping D) Literal thinking

C) Fast-mapping

What is the underlying claim of gene-environment interaction? A) Genetic makeup definitively determines all possible outcomes that occur in both appearance and behavior. B) Environmental factors definitively determine all possible outcomes that occur in both appearance and behavior. C) Genetic makeup determines a range of possible outcomes that may or may not occur depending on the environment. D) Environmental factors only influence the expression of genes associated with negative behavior traits

C) Genetic makeup determines a range of possible outcomes that may or may not occur depending on the environment.

Sam is 3 years old, and many of the shows she watches provide opportunities for viewers to jump and dance. Which type of motor skill development does this promote? A) Fine motor skills. B) Respiration. C) Gross motor skills. D) Sleep.

C) Gross motor skills.

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding physical growth in middle childhood? A) Middle childhood is a period of rapid physical growth. B) Motor skills suffer as individuals experience rapid growth. C) Growth rates slow during middle childhood. D) By middle childhood, individuals reach their adult height.

C) Growth rates slow during middle childhood.

Noam Chomsky believed all children were born with an innate ability to understand any language, and as they grow, they specialize in a specific, native language. What neurological construct did Chomsky cite as responsible for this ability? A) Prefrontal Cortex B) Hippocampus C) Language Acquisition Device D) Language Learning Center

C) Language Acquisition Device

Suppose a group of researchers wants to investigate the relationship between daily mindfulness meditation and cortisol (stress hormone) levels in the body over a 20-year time period. Which research design would allow them to measure changes with age and within individuals over time, even though it would be expensive, limited to one cohort, take a long time, and they might have people drop out of the study? A) Cross-sectional research design B) Cohort-sequential research design C) Longitudinal research design D) Sequential research design

C) Longitudinal research design

Chuck goes to a fairly small school, yet nobody seems to notice him, and most days he's alone. What category of child is Chuck? A) Aggressive-rejected B) Controversial child C) Neglected child D) Average child

C) Neglected child

The campaign to increase back-sleeping awareness in infants attempts to address which of the following sleep concerns? A) Sleep disruptions B) Co-sleeping C) Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) D) Sleeping through the night

C) Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

Researchers build upon eachother's work by following up on suggested directions for future research and addressing limitations of previous studies. For example, a researcher might extend a study that was originally conducted with an urban sample to include people living in suburban and rural areas. Which value of the scientific method does this demonstrate? A) The scientific method allows for theories that cannot be falsified. B) The scientific method allows for asking only those individuals with whom we are familiar to participate in a study. C) The scientific method facilitates the establishment of a literature or knowledge base. D) The scientific method allows for the researchers own biases and assumptions in reporting findings.

C) The scientific method facilitates the establishment of a literature or knowledge base.

Which of the following describes an allele? A) long strings of genetic material known as DNA B) inherited physical characteristics C) a specific version of a gene D) sequences of DNA

C) a specific version of a gene

In a study of the effect of playing video games on sleep quality, researchers randomly assigned some participants to play an up-tempo video game for either one or three hours before bed. Other participants had no engagement with electronics in the time before bed. Then, the researchers assessed all the participants' sleep quality (e.g., number of awakenings, percentage of time in deep sleep) during an overnight sleep study. In this experiment, the time spent playing video games (e.g., one or three hours) is the ________. A) dependent variable B) experimental group C) independent variable d) control group

C) independent variable

Mike slapped his brother, so his mother places him in "time out" to reconsider his actions. What operant conditioning principle does this use? A) positive reinforcement B) negative reinforcement C) negative punishment D) positive punishment

C) negative punishment

Young children tend to lack the awareness that altering a substance's appearance does not change its basic properties. What is this awareness called? A) Animism. B) Egocentrism. C) Centration. D) Conservation.

D) Conservation.

The impact of divorce on children varies depending on a wide array of factors. Which of these short-term factors is among the strongest impacts on children of divorced parents? A) Adjustment to changes B) Social stigma C)Grief over lost time with parents D) Financial/ economic issues

D) Financial/ economic issues

School-aged children are able to tell and appreciate jokes like "knock-knock" jokes and puns, thanks to what advancement in language? A) Improved understanding of grammatical rules B) Heightened ability to associate similar words C) A shift away from figurative thinking D) Greater sophistication in vocabulary

D) Greater sophistication in vocabulary

A theorist proposes that children learn language by observing and imitating their parents, who in turn reinforce the sounds and words their children produce. In the nature versus nurture debate, where does this theorist's proposal fit? A) Nature B) Interaction between nature and nurture C) Reciprocation between nature and nurture D) Nurture

D) Nurture

Sam is 4 years old, and she is learning to utilize language effectively and think about the world symbolically. Which of Piaget's developmental stages is sam currently in? A) Sensorimotor. B) Formal operational. C) Concrete operational. D) Preoperational.

D) Preoperational.

A person who says, "I want to become all I ever dreamed of being and use all my talents and skills to achieve my goals!" is expressing a desire to achieve which level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs? A) Economic safety B) Esteem C) Love and belonging D) Self-actualization

D) Self-actualization

A researcher states, "In order to understand human development, we must consider how our genetic inheritance determines behavior and personality and seek to understand which traits became adaptive through a process of natural selection." This researcher is a proponent of which perspective? A) The ethology perspective B) The exosystem perspective C) The ecological perspective D) The evolutionary perspective

D) The evolutionary perspective

What is the primary function of gametes? A) They are the new cells that are formed during fertilization. B) They are the part of the cell cell that contains the genetic information. C) They are the structure that an egg travels through from the ovary to the uterus. D) They are the sex cells involved in reproduction.

D) They are the sex cells involved in reproduction.

Children who are seriously reflecting on the future, imagining what they want to be when they grow up and planning what it might take to get there have reached Piaget's ________ stage of cognitive development. A) preoperational B) concrete operational C) sensorimotor D) formal operational

D) formal operational

A researcher is interested in studying the relationship between sensitivity to negative information over positive (i.e., negativity bias) and hours of sleep at night (i.e., average total sleep time). Correlational research would allow this researcher to ________. A) watch and record the actions of research participants and how they respond to daily events B) determine if one variable, negativity bias, causes another variable, average total sleep time C) explore a single case of someone with a negativity bias and insomnia in great detail D) identify patterns of relationships between two variables, negativity bias and average total sleep time

D) identify patterns of relationships between two variables, negativity bias and average total sleep time

Edgar can sound out most three-letter words, but when he sees a long eight-letter word, he turns to his teacher instead of trying to sound it out. His teacher encourages him to go ahead and try to sound it out by breaking it down into two parts. According to Vygotsky, Edgar A) is developing his fast-mapping skills. B) is engaged in egocentric speech. C) needs to practice his language overregularization. D) is in the zone of proximal development.

D) is in the zone of proximal development.

A graduate student is considering topics for a Master's thesis. The graduate advisor recommends: "There are several sets of well-developed ideas about that topic. You must first review their explanations and use that to make predictions for your research." The graduate advisor is recommending that the student review ________." A) research B) hypotheses C) observations D) theories

D) theories