Psychology Final

People who are gifted have an IQ of

130 or higher.

extraversion

A personality dimension describing someone who is sociable, gregarious, and assertive

_____ is the initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired.

Acquisition

_____ is an eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation.

Anorexia nervosa

_____ is a state of being conscious of what is going on, whereas _____ is a physiological state of being engaged with the environment.

Awareness/arousal

collective unconscious.

Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history

Which of the following statements is true of the cones of the eye's retina?

Cones require larger amounts of light than rods in order to respond.

Which of the following statements about correlational research is FALSE?

Correlational methods are useful for establishing cause-and-effect relationships between two variables

_____ is the most dramatic, least common, and most controversial dissociative disorder.

Dissociative identity disorder

_____ refers to the process by which information gets into memory storage.

Encoding

_____ is reflected in a person's conscious and openly shared attitude, which might be measured using a questionnaire, whereas _____ refers to attitudes that exist on a deeper, hidden level, thus they must be measured with a method that does not require awareness.

Explicit racism/implicit racism

_____ refers to the impaired decision making that occurs in a team when making the right decision is less important than maintaining harmony.

Groupthink

Helen, a call center employee working in day shift, has been asked to work a night shift on Tuesday. During her night shift, Helen falls asleep at her desk around midnight. Which of the following can best explain her behavior?

Her biological clock has become desynchronized.

_____ includes the systems involved in procedural memory, classical conditioning, and priming.

Implicit memory

Which of the following statements is true of individuals diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

Individuals with OCD dwell on their doubts and repeat their routines sometimes hundreds of times a day

Which of the following statements about instincts is FALSE?

Instincts are learned behavioral responses.

Which of the following statements is true of convergent thinking?

It is best when a problem has only one right answer.

_____ is defined as a type of learning that occurs without reinforcement. However, this learning is not demonstrated until the person or animal is reinforced to do so.

Latent learning

_____ refers to the retention of information or experience over time.

Memory

_____ is considered a secondary reinforcer.

Money

Health experts recommend that adults engage in at least 30 minutes of moderate physical activity (at least 60 percent of your maximum heart rate) on most, or preferably all, days of the week. What proportion of American adults are active at these recommended levels of physical activity?

One-fifth

Which of the following statements about optimism is FALSE?

Optimism is something that you are born with, and it cannot be learned or cultivated.

_____ is a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world.

Personality

_____ is an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individual's membership in a group.

Prejudice

_____ is the cognitive strategy of squarely facing one's troubles and trying to solve them.

Problem-focused coping

_____ is a consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur.

Punishment

Reciprocal Determinism (Bandura)

Reinforcement history and cognition influence behavior We see what we expect to see We place ourselves in places that will confirm our beliefs

is the shortest-term element of memory. It is the ability to retain impressions of sensory information after the original stimuli have ended.

Sensory memory

Which of the following explains the ability of an animal to distinguish among sight, sound, odor, taste, and touch?

Sensory receptors are selective and have different neural pathways.

You watch as Emma stumbles and drops her books in the hall. If you commit the fundamental attribution error when assessing Emma, how would you explain her behavior?

She is a clumsy person.

Annie, a 20-year-old, is in Erikson's stage of intimacy vs. isolation. Which of the following statements is true of Annie at this particular stage?

She will form meaningful relationships, or will become socially segregated from others.

_____ refers to the way individuals define themselves in terms of their group membership.

Social identity

_____ is an anxiety disorder in which an individual has an intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in public.

Social phobia

_____ is the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people.

Social psychology

_____ is characterized by myoclonic jerks and theta waves, whereas _____ are characterized by delta waves.

Stage 1 sleep/stage 3 and 4 sleep

According to _____ there are three forms of intelligence, whereas according to _____ there are nine types of intelligences.

Sternberg's triarchic theory/Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences

_____ involves using introspection to investigate the components of the mind, whereas _____ probed the functions and purposes of the mind and behavior in the individual's adaptation to the environment.

Structuralism/functionalism

Which of the following statements is true of the theory of reasoned action and theory of planned behavior?

The theory of planned behavior and the theory of reasoned action require individuals to hold positive attitudes about a new behavior.

Which of the following is a criticism of the humanistic perspectives of personality?

They are too optimistic about human nature.

Darrin is a good piano player. When he is alone and bored his arousal is low and he often gets distracted and makes mistakes. When he is in a recital with strangers, he sometimes gets too nervous and aroused and also makes mistakes. His best performances are typically at home when family and friends are nearby, and his arousal level is moderate. The variations in Darrin's performance can be best explained by the

Yerkes-Dodson law.

Motivation

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

All of the following is a characteristic of hardiness EXCEPT

a perception of problems as threats.

Which of the following accurately describes the sequence of the general adaptation syndrome?

alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

Night terrors differ from nightmares in that night terrors

are less common than nightmares.

According to Thorndike's law of effect,

behaviors followed by satisfying outcomes are strengthened and behaviors followed by frustrating outcomes are weakened.

Dr. Zimand is studying the association between the functioning of specific brain structures and depression. It is most likely that Dr. Zimand specializes in the _____ approach to psychology.

biological

The _____ is the area on the retina where there are no rods and no cones.

blind spot

The term plasticity refers to the

brain's special capacity for modification and change.

You just received a letter informing you that the college you really wanted to attend next semester has denied your application for enrollment. If you use the emotion-focused coping method you would

calm yourself and visit a friend.

The biological cycle that regulates our pattern of sleep is called

circadian rhythm.

According to Jung, the deepest, impersonal layer of the conscious mind that is shared by all humans because of their common ancestral past is called the

collective unconscious.

The Type A behavior pattern is defined by a cluster of characteristics, including being excessively

competitive, hard-driven, impatient, and hostile.

Ashley, a secretary at Plato Inc., is typing on her computer, talking on the phone, and handing some papers to her colleague simultaneously. Which of the following characteristics of the nervous system is best illustrated in this scenario?

complexity

Most children successfully acquire conservation skills during the _____ stage of cognitive development.

concrete operational

Which of the following is NOT one of the essential qualities needed in a relationship to reconnect with one's true feelings and desires according to Rogers?

defense mechanisms

The Freudian term for the tactics that the ego uses to reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality is

defense mechanisms.

Welma is unable to accept the fact that she has been diagnosed with lung cancer. She refuses treatment despite her family's attempts to convince her. According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, Welma is unconsciously engaging in

denial

All of the following are classified as anxiety disorders, EXCEPT

depression

Your roommate argues that computers can perform several complex tasks better and more accurately than humans. You counter her argument by mentioning that computers cannot _____, a task that only humans have the means to perform.

develop new learning goals

Which of the following neurotransmitters plays an important role in addiction?

dopamine

Martha likes her new job but her workplace is far from her home. She spends a lot of time driving every day. Traffic is normally quite heavy and Martha is experiencing a great deal of stress. Telling herself to relax, listen to music, and to enjoy "alone time" in the car rather than dreading the commute would be an example of

emotion-focused coping.

Gabriela's mother practices the authoritative style of parenting. This suggests that Gabriela's mother

encourages her to be independent but still places limits and controls on behavior.

Motivated behavior is

energized, directed, and sustained.

Which of the following structures of memory is autobiographical?

episodic memory

According to social exchange theory, the most important predictor of relationship success is

equity.

Dr. Steinguard wants to demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between stress and memory. Which of the following research methods should he use?

experimental method

Alex is shy and keeps to himself most of the time. Alex would score low on what trait?

extraversion

A professor conducts an experiment in which she asks her students to either hold a pen between their teeth or hold a pen between their lips. Holding the pen between one's teeth mimicked the facial expression of smiling. After five minutes, she finds that the students who held the pen beneath their teeth reported being happier than those who held it between their lips. These results most likely will support the

facial feedback hypothesis.

All of the following are symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder EXCEPT

feeling emotionally charged.

When a neuron sends an action potential, it is commonly said to be

firing

Every week during football season, Fred and his friends have fun following the local high-school teams. Before the games, Fred never really talks too much about how the games will turn out. On Monday, however, it is a different scenario altogether. Fred is more than happy to share with his friends that the games came out exactly as he thought they would and why. Fred seems to be demonstrating

hindsight bias.

Which theory of aging has focused on the role of chronic stress in reducing immune-system functioning?

hormonal stress theory

The _____ approach emphasizes a person's positive qualities, the capacity for positive growth, and the freedom to choose one's destiny.

humanistic

According to the _____, people have the ability to control their lives and are not simply controlled by the environment.

humanistic approach

From Maslow's perspective, motivation is primarily the result of

humans focusing on satisfying basic needs before moving to higher needs.

defense mechanisms.

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

Which of the following characteristics of the nervous system best reflects the brain's ability to coordinate information from all five senses?

integration

life stories

internalized and evolving narratives of the self that people construct to integrate past, present and future

Standardization

involves developing uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test, as well as creating norms, or performance standards, for the test.

projection

is a defense mechanism people subconsciously employ in order to cope with difficult feelings or emotions

Catatonia

is a state of immobility and unresponsiveness that lasts for long periods of time.

One technique for engaging in positive self-reflection is to

keep a gratitude journal.

According to Dan McAdams, our _____ are our identities.

life stories

Which depth cue accounts for why parallel lines appear to grow closer together the farther away they are?

linear perspective

One of the most important criticisms of Piaget's theory of cognitive development is that

many cognitive abilities emerge earlier in children than Piaget thought.

Which of the following characteristics is essential to the process of critical thinking?

mindfulness and open-mindedness

Compared to authoritarian parents, authoritative parents are likely to be

more collaborative.

Whenever Olivia watches a television commercial featuring food, she is ridden by a desire to eat. These feelings of hunger stimulate Olivia to go to the kitchen to search for food. Olivia's behavior can be studied by conducting research in the area of

motivation

The term _____ refers to emotions such as anger, guilt, and sadness, whereas the term _____ refers to emotions such as joy, happiness, and interest.

negative affect/positive affect

The _____ system is the body's electrochemical communication circuitry.

nervous

In Pavlov's classic study on classical conditioning, the bell was the _____ before conditioning and the _____ after conditioning had occurred.

neutral stimulus/conditioned stimulus

In which subsystem of long-term memory is your knowledge of how to drive a car and how to ride a bike stored?

non-declarative (implicit) memory

The cell body contains the _____, which directs the manufacture of substances that a neuron needs for growth and maintenance.

nucleus

A classic series of experiments by Stanley Milgram demonstrated the profound effect of

obedience

"Out of sight, out of mind" can describe the behavior of a child who lacks the concept of

object permanence.

Behavior is _____; mental processes are _____.

observable/private

The anxiety disorder in which the individual has anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce some future situation is called

obsessive-compulsive disorder.

As a result of a brain injury after an accident, James lost his vision. Which of the following regions of James's cerebral cortex is most likely to be damaged?

occipital lobe

Jane was in a car accident, which caused severe damage to her head. As a result, Jane's vision was affected. Although her eyes are able to detect visual stimuli and form images on her retina, her brain is not receiving the visual information. This problem with Jane's vision is most likely due to improper functioning of the

optic nerve.

John has sudden attacks of intense fear in which he experiences palpitations, he feels dizzy, and he has trouble catching his breath. During these attacks, he worries that he is going to die. From this description, it sounds like John has

panic disorder.

The _____ calms the body.

parasympathetic nervous system

The _____ connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body.

peripheral nervous system

Sonja believes the pill her doctor gave her has cured her of her anxiety disorder, even though the pill contained no active ingredients. Sonja's belief that she is better now is an example of the _____ effect.

placebo

Spanking is a form of _____; time-out is a form of _____.

positive punishment/negative punishment

Sam is a participant in a study of moral development. In response to the Heinz moral-dilemma story, Sam says "Heinz shouldn't steal the drug because if he steals he will go to jail. Jail is a bad place so Heinz shouldn't take the risk of such harsh punishment." Sam appears to be operating at which of the following stages of moral development?

pre conventional

Kirby just got divorced. He is currently thinking about how disruptive and significant this life change will be for him. According to Lazarus, Kirby's behavior is an example of

primary appraisal.

John, who is jealous of his older brother, states that his older brother hates him and is jealous of him. This scenario best illustrates the defense mechanism of

projection

In his practice, Dr. Wagner stresses the role of unconscious processes and unresolved childhood conflicts that influences individuals' behavior. Dr. Wagner's belief aligns with the _____ approach to psychology.

psychodynamic

According to Bandura, the way behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors interact to create personality is described as

reciprocal determinism.

Multiple choice exams involve testing a student's _____ abilities, whereas essay exams involve testing _____ abilities.

recognition/recall

Denial

refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities

A prototype is a

representation of the average or ideal member of a concept.

As light enters the eye, eventually it reaches the light-sensitive _____ at the back of the eye.

retina

The multilayered light-sensitive surface in the eye that records electromagnetic energy and converts it to neural impulses for processing in the brain is known as the

retina

Proactive and retroactive interference are examples of

retrieval failures.

Benjamin loves putting together puzzles. He has recently mastered putting together a 10-piece Sesame Street puzzle. His mother claps at his accomplishment but wants to continue challenging Benjamin just beyond his current abilities. The next time they play, she gives Benjamin a 15-piece puzzle and offers some guidance on how to sort the pieces out. According to Vygotsky, Benjamin's mother provides _____ that allows Benjamin's cognitive abilities to be built higher and higher.

scaffolding

As you walk barefoot in the park, your nose conveys to your brain the smell of the freshly cut grass; your skin sends information about the feel of the gentle breeze; and your ears transmit the sound of children laughing on the playground to your auditory cortex. This process of detecting stimuli in the environment is called

sensation

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory, which of the following memory systems has a time frame of up to 30 seconds?

short-term memory

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

sometimes occurs during a period of life stress.

The process in classical conditioning by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning, is called

spontaneous recovery.

Sleep spindles are defining characteristic of _____ sleep.

stage 2

Gloria can't get through the day without several cups of coffee and energy drinks. She says she needs the caffeine to function normally. What type of drug is Gloria dependent on?

stimulant

Which of the following refers to the detection of information below the level of conscious awareness?

subliminal perception

The _____ is a small brain structure that uses input from the retina to synchronize its own rhythm with the daily cycle of light and dark.

suprachiasmatic nucleus

You are walking to school when you encounter a barking dog. You start sweating and contemplate whether you should run away. Which nervous system is primarily responsible for this "fight-or-flight" reaction?

sympathetic

In operant conditioning,

the consequences of behavior produce change in the probability of the occurrence of the behavior.

The advertising committee for a politician is going door to door and asking people to put a big, ugly election sign on their lawn. If the people refuse, they ask them if they would consider putting a smaller sign on the lawn. The staff is using

the door-in-the-face technique.

According to _____, memory for pictures is better than memory for words.

the dual-code hypothesis

Although Jeff frequently exceeds the speed limit by at least 10 mph, he justifies his behavior by erroneously thinking that most other drivers do the same. This belief best illustrates

the false consensus effect.

The broaden-and-build model begins with

the influence of positive emotions on cognitive processing.

the false consensus effect.

the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors

Gestalt psychologists emphasize that

the whole is different from the sum of its parts.

Flexibility, inner motivation, and willingness to face risk are characteristics of people who

think creatively.

The need to take increasing amounts of a drug to get the same effect that a lower dose used to bring is called

tolerance

Dendrites are

treelike fibers which receive information and orient it toward the neuron's cell body.

Which of the following accurately represents the correct sequence of Erikson's first four stages of socioemotional development?

trust vs. mistrust; autonomy vs. shame; initiative vs. guilt; industry vs. inferiority

Which of the following is an example of behavior?

two people holding hands in a park

In classical-conditioning situations, the _____ is unlearned, but the _____ is learned.

unconditioned response/conditioned response