Psychology in your Life Final
Andy's id is a very dominant force in his personality. Which of the following is Andy most likely to do?
Act impulsively in social situations.
Four witnesses see a truck hit a small car. If they all saw the same thing, who is likely to give the highest estimate of the truck's speed when testifying in court?
Bob, who was asked, "How fast was the truck going when it smashed into the car?"
Damage to the __________ might cause problems with coordination and balance.
cerebellum
A change in the behavioral expression of a trait based on the demands of specific situations is a
characteristic adaptation.
Critical thinking is best defined as thinking that is
systematic and reasonable.
A genotype is __________, whereas a phenotype is ________.
underlying; observed
Byron drinks five cups of coffee each day during the work week. Whenever he sleeps late on Saturdays, he wakes up with a headache that only goes away when he has a cup of coffee. Based on this you know that Byron is most likely experiencing
withdrawal.
At Starbucks, a cup of coffee costs $2.82. To use exact change, you must hold the number 2.82 in your head while sorting through your wallet and calculating what coins you have. To be successful in actively processing this information, you must keep the information maintained in short-term storage by using your
working memory.
Because of a heart condition, you decide to try transcendental meditation to improve your health. The benefit that you are most likely to experience is
your blood pressure will decrease.
According to the paradox of choice, having some choice is good, and having even more choice
can be frustrating and impair thinking.
An extensive study of a single person or a few people is characteristic of
case studies.
Sameer is mixing paint. He starts with a very dark green paint and then gradually adds white paint. Sameer is ________ ___ __________ of the green paint.
decreasing the saturation
Which of the following explains that the greater the size of a chocolate bar, the more of it you will need to slice off before a customer notices that it is smaller?
Weber's law (just noticeable difference).
Ashley studies for her upcoming psychology exam while sitting on her sunny front porch. When she takes the exam in a dimly lit lecture hall, she does poorly on the exam. Which of the following could have influenced her ability to recall the necessary exam information?
Context-dependent memory
An intelligence test that includes a verbal scale and a performance scale is the
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
Describe manifest and latent content.
Manifest content is the way the visual information is being manifested or seen, the latent content is the meaning behind the manifest content.
The person who established the first psychology laboratory, which marked the beginning of experimental psychology was
Wilhelm Wendt
A trait that is determined largely by biological processes is a
basic tendency.
Elizabeth is going to decorate her newborn's room and wants the baby to be able to see the decorations. Which of the following should she use to decorate?
A wall hanging with a large pattern black and white print checked fabric.
Which of the following drugs is a stimulant?
Caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines.
After taking a drug at a party, Fawn became energetic, talkative, and lively. Which drug did Fawn most likely use?
Cocaine.
Ming is hiking around a lake to photograph it from a variety of angles, but she forgot to bring water with her. Soon, she cannot concentrate and goes back to her car to satisfy her thirst. Which of the following factors is most likely influencing Ming's behavior in this situation?
Drive reduction.
Eugene is 88 years old, with which task is he mostly likely to have more difficulty?
Driving while talking on a cell phone.
According to ________ ________ we perceive a car as a whole unit rather than perceiving it as a group of distinct entities (such as metal, tires, glass, door handles, hubcaps, and fenders).
Gestalt theory
A man is rushed to the hospital after an injury that severely damaged his hippocampus. What kinds of problems might he expect due to this damage?
He may have trouble forming short term memories. He also may have trouble with spatial awareness and navigating his environment.
Which of the following drugs is an opiate?
Heroin, morphine, codeine.
Before psychologists can begin a research project, they must receive approval from the
Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)
Which of the following traits is NOT part of the five factor theory of personality?
Introversion.
Jerome's parents have noticed that he is not developing normal secondary sex characteristics for a male going through puberty, so they have taken him to their physician, Dr. Sanchez, for testing. Dr. Sanchez explains to Jerome's parents that Jerome has Klinefelter syndrome. What conclusion can we NOT draw from this information?
Jerome has a higher than normal testosterone production.
Angela works at a nursing home and notices some distinct differences among her patients. Which of her patients is LEAST likely to have Alzheimer's?
John, who has no genetic predisposition and goes dancing with friends twice a week.
Which of the following drugs is a hallucinogenic?
MDMA.
Hector is taking a combination of medications to treat his depression and anxiety. As a side effect of these medications, Hector has difficulty achieving and maintaining an erection. Even when he can achieve an erection, he is incapable of achieving ejaculation. However, before he started these medications he did not have these sexual problems. Based on this information, does Hector have a sexual dysfunction?
Medication-induced sexual dysfunction.
Evidence suggests that some individuals are more prone to becoming regular smokers than others.
One factor involves parents and peers who smoke.
Dion keeps having nightmares and flashbacks about his time in the military. His chronic anxiety is most likely due to which disorder?
PTSD.
How is age related to stability of personality?
Personality remains stable, but particularly over the age of 50.
Which of the following people is most likely experiencing flow?
Peter, who feels a runner's high after running seven miles.
Beth recently changed her email password. For the first few days after changing her password, she kept trying to log in with the old password. Which of the following was Beth experiencing?
Proactive interference.
While dreaming that she is riding a bicycle, Millie actually moves around in bed making arm and leg motions similar to those of a cyclist. Millie is most likely experiencing
REM behavior disorder.
Linda is feeling shaky, her heart is racing and her mouth is dry. She attributes these symptoms to the fact that she has a big presentation in five minutes and she is nervous. Which theory of emotion best explains Linda's experience?
Schacter-Singer two-factor.
Psychoanalysis is a type of psychological treatment to resolve unconscious conflicts that cause mental disorders. This treatment was developed by
Sigmund Freud
Dr. Growe is reading an article discussing the effect of group size on the conformity of group members. Dr Growe is most likely reading the Journal of ______ Psychology.
Social
Which of the following characteristics is NOT a basic quality of taste?
Spicy.
According to general adaptation syndrome (GAS), what occurs at the first, or most immediate, level of stress response?
The body prepares itself to respond physically.
How would the activation synthesis theory explain a dream?
The brain's attempt to make sense of the brain's random brain activity by synthesizing the activity with stored memories.
Dr. Redbull conducts a study to determine whether her new energy drink helps children perform better on spelling tests. She randomly assigns children to one of two groups: Group 1 receives her energy drink and Group 2 receives water. She then gives both groups a spelling test and compares the results. Which of the following is true about this study?
The independent variable is the type of drink the children receive.
Brooke is a developmental psychologist at USA College. Which of the following is Brooke most likely to study?
The ways in which children differ from adults in their thought process.
Beth's entire family and a high achievement motivation. Which of the following is Beth NOT likely to observe in her family members?
Unrealistically high career goals.
Which of the following statements best describes the path of visual information in the brain?
Visual information travels from the left side of each eye to the right side of the brain.
Which of the following is most likely an example of an automatic process?
Walking down the sidewalk.
An extensive study of a single person or a few people is characteristic of
a case study
Bai is conducting a study on learning. When she manipulates an independent variable, it is possible that some other factor, such as noise in the hall, can affect learning in one of the groups but not in the other. This possibility reflects the presence of
a confound
A woman is sitting on a bench. She is sweating profusely, is short of breath, has numbness in her feet and hands, and feels as though she is dying. The woman is most likely experiencing
a panic attack.
Darshana is sexually aroused by athletic shoes. Based on this, a psychologist would correctly describe Darshana as experiencing
a paraphilia.
The psychological disorder that is probably LEAST disruptive to daily life is
a specific phobia because the feared object or situation can often be avoided.
Taj wants to create a robot that has sensation but not perception. The robot should
be able to detect light sources, but be unable to use the sensory information to understand the environment.
A BMI should be calculated before one can
accurately conclude that a person is obese.
A neurotransmitter that is important in muscle contraction is
acetylcholine.
Brent blames his poor performance in a recent marathon race on his poorly fitting shoes. However, Brent believes that other runners who did poorly are naturally slow runners. Brent's reasoning illustrates the
actor/observer bias.
Because nicotine increases how the neurotransmitter acetylcholine functions, it is an
agonist.
Isaac is baking a cake by following the instructions in the recipe exactly. Isaac is using an _____ to make the cake, which means that his cake will turn out correctly.
algorithm
You are lying by the pool, relaxing with your eyes closed, and feeling drowsy. In this situation, the type of brain waves that would most likely show up on your EEGs are
alpha waves.
A picture of a computer is an example of a(n) _____ representation. The word computer is an example of a(n) _____ representation.
analogical; symbolic
After a plane crash, Shera wakes up in a hospital and can remember everything about her life prior to the crash. However, every time her doctor visits, she believes she has never met him before. Based on this information, the doctor will most likely diagnose Shera with
anterograde amnesia.
Geneva has been trying to find a medication to help her with her social phobia. So far, no anti anxiety medications have been helping with her symptoms. Because her doctor is concerned that another mental disorder is occurring in addition to Geneva's phobia, he may also try to treat her with
antidepressants.
Garrett's family is worried about his behavior. He no longer displays affection toward family members, refuses to bathe, and thinks that his neighbor's dog is sending him coded messages in his cereal. Garrett's family takes him to a mental health practitioner, who is most likely to treat him with
antipsychotic medication.
Client A has schizophrenia believed to be caused by brain dysfunction, and he is being seen by a psychiatrist. Client B has a mild eating disorder believed to be caused in part by inaccurate beliefs, and he is being seen by a clinical psychologist. Client A will likely receive an _______, and Client B will likely receive ________.
antipsychotic; cognitive therapy
Events that are particularly stressful for humans are those that
are catastrophic and uncontrollable.
People who commonly feel hostile and impatient are
at increased risk to develop heart disease.
As you work outside in the yard, you work up a pretty good sweat. Your sweating is due in part to the functioning of your ________ ________ system.
autonomic nervous
In history class, Kuo takes notes on a laptop. However, by doing this, she misses important details and performs poorly on exams. When she asks her instructor for advice, she is most likely to
be told to write her notes by hand.
For each cart of books that Spencer reshelves in the prison library, he receives a chip. He is allowed to collect chips and then trade them in for candy, extra recreation time, or visitation time. The prison uses a token economy, which is a method of
behavior modification.
Dr. Alvarez studies how the degeneration of nerve cells in the brain might contribute to the development of multiple sclerosis. Dr Alvarez's work best exemplifies the _____________ _____________ subfield of psychology.
behavioral neuroscience
Dr. Alvarez studies how the degeneration of nerve cells in the brain might contribute to the development of multiple sclerosis. Dr. Alvarez's work best exemplifies the ________ ________ subfield of psychology.
behavioral neuroscience
Elizabeth is awake and alert while playing a video game. Her brain activity will most likely be characterized by _____ waves.
beta
Because of a heart condition, you decide to try transcendental meditation to improve your health. The benefit that you are most likely to experience is your
blood pressure will decrease.
Samantha is looking outside her window when she sees a man stealing a bike from a bike rack located outside her apartment complex. When the police question her, Samantha might remember more details about the crime if she talks to the police
by the window where she watched the man steal the bike.
Fatima is a new student on campus. Everywhere she goes, she is asked for her 12 digit student number. To memorize her new student number, she thinks of it as three different years. Fatima is using ________ to aid her memory.
chunking
Chris believes that anyone who listens to pop music is an idiot. One day, Chris realizes that the song he is dancing and singing along with on the radio is the newest pop music hit. Chris now decides that listening to pop music is not so bad after all. Chris's attitude change is best explained by
cognitive dissonance.
Brendon believes that he is worthless, other people do not like him, and he will never have satisfying interpersonal relationships. To counteract this belief, Brendon's therapist says to him, "Brendon, I like and appreciate you. I enjoy interacting with you. What do you think of that?" Soon, Brendon starts to think differently about himself. The therapist is using
cognitive restructuring.
A __________ _________ is something that causes a response after learning has taken place.
conditioned stimulus
Alan's friends all smoke. Alan has never wanted to smoke and his friends have never asked him to smoke. However, Alan still feels compelled to start smoking. The force pushing Alan to start smoking is known as
conformity.
The increased ability to retrieve memories that occurs when the encoding environment and the recall environment are the same is called
context-dependent memory.
The shared beliefs, values, rules and customs that exist within a group make up a person's
culture
After meeting with Ramie for several sessions, Dr. Morris discusses her prognosis. Dr. Morris is most likely talking about
the future course and probable outcome of Ramie's disorder.
To be considered a depressant, a drug must ____________ mental activity and __________ physical activity.
decrease; decrease
After an earthquake in one city, people were overexcited and there were no police around. So, mobs of people looted the damaged shops and homes. This behavior is most likely a result of
deindividuation.
Drugs that increase the effects of the neurotransmitter GABA are
depressants.
Dr. Ebrahim examines how children's friendships change through the elementary and middle school years. Dr. Ebrahim is a(n) __________ psychologist.
developmental
Kathleen has been diagnosed with borderline personality disorder and is seeing a therapist who is focused on reducing her radical behaviors, discussing her past traumatic experiences, and helping her to develop a sense of independence and self respect. Kathleen's therapist is most likely using
dialectical behavior therapy.
Binocular disparity is about
different views from each eye.
John was recently diagnosed with schizophrenia. He frequently makes statements that are not logical and contain repeating rhyming words, such as "The train brain rained on me." In this example, John is displaying
disorganized speech.
Benita is playing a very exciting video game and she finds that she wants to keep playing it more and more. Benita's desire is most likely activating the neurons in her brain that produce more of the neurotransmitter
dopamine.
A coping strategy that involves comparing oneself to those worse off is known as
downward comparison.
Ramon has been diagnosed with panic attacks and has been prescribed an anti anxiety drug to help relieve his symptoms. He has most likely been prescribed valium, and he may experience
drowsiness as a side effect.
Fadeke is studying for her English literature test. For each novel she reads, she tries to think of how the novel relates to her own life. In order to remember the novels, Fadeke is using the memory strategy called
elaborative rehearsal.
Jerome is afraid of the ocean. In order to help him overcome his fear, Jerome's therapist suggests that they immediately go swim in the ocean for 30 minutes. Jerome's therapist is using the
exposure technique.
According to signal detection theory, if Daniel incorrectly "detected" a stimulus that was not presented in a trial, he would be making a
false alarm.
Shazia describes a made up story to Ronald in vivid detail about a time that they got into serious trouble as young children. Later on, Ronald remembers the event even though it never actually happened. Ronald is most likely experiencing
false memories.
Amelia has been quite stressed lately and is very alarmed when she goes into labor at 30 weeks of gestation. Her baby has not finished the _____ period of prenatal development. It ___ live outside of the womb.
fetal; can
The Acme Chemical Company has some employees who work in a production plant and some who work in a sales office. The plant workers get paid every Friday; however, the office workers get paid for every fifth sale that they make. The plant workers are paid on a _____ ______ schedule, whereas the office workers are paid on a _____ _____ schedule.
fixed interval; fixed ratio
Gillian bought one set of tools because that brand offered a $10 rebate. The tool company influenced her decision by presenting the information about the rebates. This is a strategy known as
framing.
A higher pitched sound is one that is higher in __________, which is measured in ______.
frequency; hertz
Brad has experienced a relatively severe left hemisphere stroke. As a result, he is unable to move his right arm and has a great deal of difficulty with planning and attention. The stroke most likely caused damage to the ________ lobes.
frontal
Fred wants to clean his room. Just as he starts, his roommate asks him to fix his computer. Then his girlfriend asks him to fix her car. Finally, Fred starts to clean his room, but his best friend asks him to help move a couch. Fred angrily throws the cleaning supplies and curses. Fred's aggressive behavior is best explained by
frustration-aggression bias.
Jared had to quit his job because while he was at work, he constantly worried about a wide variety of things, including what his wife and children were doing at home. In addition, he is easily distracted, often irritable, and sleep deprived. Jared is most likely to be diagnosed with
generalized anxiety disorder.
In considering the relative contributions of genes and environment, most scientists would agree that
genes and environment interact to influence behavior.
According to trichromatic color theory, there is no cone specialized to respond to yellow light. When we see yellow, it is because the light is stimulating the
green and red cones, and not the blue.
John really wants to become a doctor. He continues working toward his goal, despite the fact that he has trouble with the course work and has difficulty getting admitted to college and paying for his education. John's willingness to keep working toward his goal, despite the setbacks, is an indication that John has
grit.
Jake and Juanita have been married for 10 years. Though Jake has been tempted to have an extramarital affair, his emotion of ______ helps keep him faithful to his wife.
guilt
Every day after class, Jerome smells delicious pizza from Steel's Pizza House on his walk home and his mouth starts to water. One day, Jerome is riding the bus home from class and sees the Steel's Pizza House sign, and even this makes his mouth start to water. Jerome has most likely experienced all of the following EXCEPT
habituation.
The type of thinking that uses shortcuts to allow one to make a decision quickly, without considering all of the evidence, is called
heuristic.
The part of the brain that is NOT involved in maintaining sleep/wake cycles is the
hippocampus.
If Mike wants to use the scientific method, he would use all of the following elements EXCEPT
his personal experiences.
Germaine has a nervous personality. This semester, he is enrolled in 18 credit hours while also studying for his medical school exam. Although he never had them before, Germaine starts having panic attacks during exams. In this situation, the diathesis is _______, and the stressor is ______ _____ _____.
his personality; medical school exams
Biological sex is determined by
hormonal, genetic, brain and environmental influences.
Behavioral geneticists are primarily interested in
how genes and environment interact to determine behavior.
Juan is trying to find the exact puzzle piece that will fit into a certain place in his puzzle. He says to his friend, "Hey! Finding a puzzle piece to fit into the puzzle is a lot like
how the unique structure of a neurotransmitter must fit a certain receptor site."
One day, Bill surprises his friend Ted by jumping out from behind a tree. Ted is startled and falls backward, hitting his head on a rock. The next day, Ted cannot stop eating and eats as much food as possible. Ted may have damaged the part of his brain called the
hypothalamus.
Tom was hungry, so he went to a fast food restaurant. He did not have any money, so when a young girl left her burger unattended, Tom quickly grabbed her burger and left. According to the psychodynamic theory of personality, his actions were most likely driven by his
id.
Carla just took an amphetamine, which means that her heart rate and blood pressure will
increase.
Positive punishment causes a(n) _______ in behavior through the ________ of a stimulus.
increase; removal
Fewer colds and flus, a better functioning immune system, and reduced risk of serious diseases, such as heart disease, can be expected from which of the following?
increasing the positive emotions one experiences
According to the research of Masters and Johnson, the sexual response cycle includes all of the following stages EXCEPT
inhibition.
After struggling to solve a physics problem, you take a break for lunch. When you go back to work on the problem, the solution suddenly pops into your head. In this case you used _____ to solve the problem.
insight
Aldo cannot get the answer to a chemistry problem even after sitting at his desk for an hour. He gets up and goes for a walk. Suddenly, even though he appears to have stopped thinking about it for a while, the answer comes to him. Aldo has most likely solved the problem based on
insight learning.
Cesar has done so well in his economics class that he only needs 43 out of 100 points on the final exam to receive an "A" in the class. Cesar still studies a lot because he wants to do well on the final. Cesar's behavior is affected by
internal motivation
A fight or flight response is helpful to humans because
it helps a person physically prepare to deal with danger.
Short term storage has a(n)
limited capacity.
According to the theory of multiple intelligences, the famous authors Mark Twain and Dr. Seuss most likely possessed high
linguistic intelligence.
Being able to detect the origin of a sound is called
localization.
Mason has spent many hours studying to learn the exact order of the first hundred digits of number pi, which has resulted in strengthened synaptic connections in his brain. Mason's ability to learn the numbers is most likely a result of
long-term potentiation.
In the nervous system, each neuron communicates with
many other neurons in an organized network.
Zarina is talking to spirits that no one else can see. She sometimes "channels" the spirits so they can talk with living people. Based on this information, Zarina
may be acting normally, depending on her cultural background and beliefs.
Basic survival functions such as heart rate are controlled by the hindbrain structure called the
medulla.
Allanah has declared psychology as her major. Because of this, Allanah will most likely study
mental activity, behavior and the brain.
Baily saw a bright orange sweater while shopping and thought it was ugly. Then Baily starts to see more and more people wearing the orange sweaters, which makes her like the sweater more and eventually buy one herself. This situation is an example of the
mere exposure effect.
Billy has watched many movies in which the hero smokes cigarettes. Billy identifies with these heroes and begins to smoke himself. Billy's new smoking behavior is best explained by
modeling.
Mr Griffin has a class full of students with high achievement motivation. To help these students do well on his calculus exam, Mr. Griffin should write questions that are
moderately difficult.
Mabel is comparing theories of emotion. When studying the Schacter Singer two factor theory, she notes that people experience emotion through
physiological arousal followed by cognitive interpretation.
Hugh is sad that his best friend is studying abroad for the entire academic year. His brother tries to get him to go to some social events, but Hugh does not want to do anything. Hugh's behavior is not energized, directed or sustained, and he is lacking
motivation.
Hugh is sad that his best friend is studying abroad for the entire academic year. His brother tries to get him to go to some social events, but Hugh does not want to do anything. Hugh's behavior is not energized, directed, or sustained, and he is lacking
motivation.
A man is skiing skillfully down a mountain. This man would most likely score high on bodily kinesthetic intelligence, according to the
multiple intelligences theory.
Jerome's boat sank in cold water and his body temperature is dangerously low, so he starts swimming to raise his body temperature. According to motivational theory, Jerome's low temperature created a deficient state called a ____, which in turn created a motivating state called a _____ to increase his temperature.
need; drive
A month ago, Jenny was pulled over for speeding, and because it was her third ticket this year, her license was suspended. Jenny just received her license back and vows never to speed again. In this situation, having her license suspended has served as a
negative punishment.
In operant conditioning, removing a stimulus to increase a behavior in the future is called
negative reinforcement.
Chemical substances that carry messages from one neuron to the next are called
neurotransmitters.
According to the idea that information is held in long term storage in networks of associations, each specific piece of information in memory is located in
nodes.
Ian, who is three years old, was watching his father hammer a nail to join two pieces of wood together. If Ian learns how to hammer wood together after this experience, it is most likely the result of
observational learning.
Jonathan is traveling to Italy, and his motto for his trip is "When in Rome, do as the Romans do!" This phrase suggests that Jonathan is most likely to learn how to behave in Rome based on
observational learning.
When Valerie leaves her house, she experiences unwelcome thoughts that make her nervous, so she engages in repetitive behaviors that make her feel calmer so she can get into her car. Based on this, Valerie is most likely to be diagnosed with
obsessive-compulsive disorder.
A child gets a severe blow to the head from an accident. Although her eyes are still fully functional, she can no longer see. Based on this information, her doctor determines that the brain area most likely damaged in the accident is the __________ lobes.
occipital
Leonardo da Vinci identified many monocular depth cues, including ________, in which a near object blocks an object that is farther away.
occlusion
Darshana is a girl who did not develop normally when she reached puberty. A genetic test confirmed that Darshana has Turner syndrome and she is now receiving estrogen replacement therapy. Based on this, you can conclude that the genetic test revealed that Darshana has
one X chromosome and no Y chromosomes.
The main concept of general intelligence theory is that
one factor underlies intelligence.
The precise way a researcher measures and defines a variable is known as the
operational definition
A researcher investigated how two different flirting styles affected the person being flirted with. The researcher categorized "happiness" in the person being flirted with based on the number of times that person smiled in a 15 minute period. In this research the number of smiles is the
operational definition of "happiness."
The area where the optic nerve leaves the retina is referred to as the
optic disk.
Antoinette is a real risk taker. She loves to skydive, and she can party all night. Benita dislikes risk taking and prefers quieter activities, such as reading and yoga. These contrasting preferences in the rate of physiological activation they experience suggest that Antoinette and Benita differ in their
optimal levels of arousal.
Structures on the tongue that contain groupings of taste buds are called
papillae.
Kelly is studying for her introductory psychology exam and is struggling to learn the personality disorders. Her roommate helps her by explaining that all of the following disorders are part of the anxious cluster (cluster C) EXCEPT
paranoid.
After cautiously walking home and arriving safely from her late night class, Selma notices that both her heart rate and breathing slow down. This automatic return to a normal state is due to the activity of her ___________ nervous system.
parasympathetic
Alyssa and Orlando's first year together was intense and arousing. Three years later, their relationship involves deep caring and intimacy. Alyssa and Orlando's relationship has moved from _______ love to _______ love.
passionate; companionate
An active and conscious effort to change an attitude by sending a message is referred to as
persuasion.
According to the psychodynamic approach, children feel unconscious impulses toward their parents of the opposite sex during the _______ stage of psychosexual development.
phallic
Rebecca notices that as winter approaches and the days get shorter, colder, and less sunny, she feels increasingly sad and down. Rebecca's friend suggests that she try a treatment in which she sits by a high intensity light source for a short period of time each day. Rebecca's friend is suggesting that she try
phototherapy.
Jenna plans to be an engineer. However, she loves taking dance classes and makes time for them even if it means that she must skip a meal or not get much sleep. Jenna's behavior is best explained by the
pleasure principle.
Doctors finally understood why a child had difficulty sleeping. They discovered that she had a large tumor located in the part of her hindbrain called the
pons.
Andy decides to help his friend with his homework because he thinks the friend will then "owe" him and will do something for Andy later on. According to Kohlberg, Andy is exhibiting ________ moral reasoning.
preconventional
A child is playing at the beach. She pours an equal amount of sand into both a short, fat container and a tall, thin container. When asked which container holds more sand, the child points to the tall, thin container. This response suggests that she is most likely in the ________ stage of cognitive development.
preoperational
Attributions about other people's behavior can vary on each of the following dimensions EXCEPT
primary or secondary.
Becca is trying to teach her 3 year old son Cole how to ride a bicycle. Although she knows how to ride a bike, Becca is having a hard time verbalizing the steps to her son. Becca is struggling with trying to explain her __________ memory of riding a bike.
procedural
The Rorschach inkblot test is an example of a(n) ________ measure of personality.
projective
Consider the letters XPY ZWO LRG. People tend to perceive this pattern as three groups of letters instead of a single group of letters because of the Gestalt principle known as
proximity.
Johanna is a therapist who works with clients to help them understand their problems and work toward a solution by changing their behavior. Johanna is practicing
psychotherapy.
A psychologist wants to create two groups that are as similar as possible at the beginning of an experiment. To do this, he or she should use
random assignment.
Because psychologists generally use college students as research participants, the research does NOT involve
random sampling
Because psychologists generally use college students as research participants, the research does NOT involve
random sampling.
Addie told Callum her top 10 favorite movies. When he tries to recall the list later on, he can only remember the last two movies Addie mentioned. The fact that Callum only remembers the last two movies is most likely due to
recency effect.
Your roommate says that you seem to wake up dozens of times in the night, gasping for air, but are totally unaware of it. Based on this information, you may be experiencing
sleep apnea.
A father takes his young daughter to the park. The girl grabs a red flower and is stung by a bee. The next day, the girl's grandmother brings her a bouquet of red flowers. When the girl sees the flowers, she becomes afraid and runs away. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is the
red flowers.
Some types of depressant drugs are specifically used for
reducing anxiety.
After playing a difficult soccer match that wore his body out, Jon slept for an extra four hours. Jon's extra sleep is best explained by ________ theory.
restorative
A person who has experienced the loss of past memories may be experiencing
retrograde amnesia.
After falling off your horse, you seem to have lost all memory of the past three years of your life. Based on this symptom, the doctor will most likely diagnose you with
retrograde amnesia.
In __________, neurotransmitters are reabsorbed into the presynaptic neuron, recapture neurotransmitters and return them to the axon terminals to be repackaged in vesicles and for subsequent release.
reuptake
Cade is driving his two roommates across the country. Each roommate believes that it is extremely dangerous to drive straight for 48 hours. However, as a group, they decide to drive straight for 48 hours. When the group makes this dangerous decision, they are showing the
risky-shift effect.
After he was robbed, Marcus kept replaying the incident in his mind. "Why did I leave the door unlocked? Some of my stuff was irreplaceable and I can never get it back." By continually focusing on this negative event, Marcus is coping with his feelings through
rumination
A split brain client is shown a frog in her right visual field. She is asked to identify what she sees. She most likely will be able to
say the word frog.
Bilal believes that boys are generally strong, aggressive, and interested in sports, while girls are generally polite, expressive, nurturing, and interested in relationships. These beliefs reflect Bilal's gender
schemas.
John is being treated with a biological therapy for a disorder. The side effects of this therapy are irreversible and include twitching muscles in his neck and face and uncontrollable salivation. John probably has _________ and is being treated with a ________ _______.
schizophrenia; conventional antipsychotic
Hernando and Fiona are in an advanced math class, which they love. In order to increase his effort in the class, Hernando's parents give him $5 for every "A" that he gets. Fiona's parents do not reward her for good grades. Fiona is more likely to do well in the class because of
self-determination theory.
Hernando and Fiona are in an advanced math class, which they love. In order to increase his effort in the class, Hernando's parents give him $5 for every "A" that he gets. Fiona's parents do not reward her for her good grades. Fiona is more likely to do well in the class because of
self-determination.
If someone asks you to describe what a school is, you would most likely retrieve a(n) ________ memory.
semantic
Chris is looking for his friend in a crowd of people at a concert. As he scans the crowd, he often blinks but still retains a brief visual image of many of the faces in the crowd for a very brief time. Chris is able to maintain this visual information due to the function of his
sensory storage.
While he is in the waiting room at the doctor's office, Arthur tries to classify infants' attachment based on their behavior. He is certain that the baby girl is securely attached because
she explores the unfamiliar room and the objects in it while staying in view of her mother.
Lisa does not like going to her sister Megan's piano recitals, but she finds that if she forces herself to smile during the recital, __________, as predicted by the __________.
she will begin to feel happy; facial-feedback hypothesis
John thinks that his behaviors are influenced by the environment that he is in and not his personality traits. John believes in a psychological idea known as
situationism.
Your child wakes up during the first hour or two after going to bed and walks around his room with a glassy eyed look. Based on this information, your child most likely has a sleep disorder called
somnambulism.
Dale is a 12 year old boy who wakes up to find that his sheets are wet. His parents explain that he most likely ejaculated during a wet dream and that this is a normal part of puberty for a boy. Based on this, Dale is most likely experiencing
spermarche.
Grant wants to do everything he can to keep his wife healthy during her pregnancy. He frequently gives her folic acid because he knows that this helps development of the _______ during the embryonic period.
spine and brain
Last year, Martina was in love with Robert, but they eventually broke up. Today in the mall, Martina smells someone wearing the same cologne that Robert always wore. She is immediately filled with positive feelings, which is most likely due to
spontaneous recovery.
Because she heard that her blind date was an accounting major, Cynthia imagined that he would be conservative, humorless, and dull. Cynthia's generalization of what an accounting student is like is an example of a(n)
stereotype
Common beliefs about people of particular genders based on many people's similar gender schemas are called gender
stereotypes.
A cat is classically conditioned to purr when it hears the refrigerator door open, because it contains the cat food. But the cat doesn't purr when it hears the pantry door open. The fact that the cat only purrs when the refrigerator door opens is most likely a result of
stimulus discrimination.
Every day Manuel buys coffee from the same woman on the way to work. Even though he always sees her, when a friend asks, he cannot remember the color of her hair. Manual most likely experienced a problem in the ________ process of memory.
storage
After repeated studying, Cressida is able to remember all of the state capitals. Now when she hears the word Michigan, she quickly thinks of the word Lansing. Cressida's learning is most likely due to long term potentiation, which
strengthens synaptic connections.
A ______ is any event or stimulus that threatens an organism and elicits a coping response.
stressor
Fred wants to be a lawyer. To achieve this goal, Fred realizes he will have to graduate from law school. He also knows that to go to law school, he will have to graduate from college. So, he decides that his first step toward his goal of being a lawyer is to apply to college. To solve his problem Fred is using
subgoals.
Consciousness is best defined as
subjective experience of one's external world and mental activity.
According to research, the most important factor in allowing a person to be successfully hypnotized is the
suggestibility of the person being hypnotized.
Alex sees a girl in a red shirt steal a candy bar. Later, during questioning, the police ask what candy the girl in the blue shirt stole. Months later, when Alex testifies in court, he describes the girl as having worn a blue shirt. This is an example of
suggestibility.
Freud thought that anxiety resulted from conflict between
superego and id.
Sadafa loves Indian food, but is careful about what he eats because it hurts his tongue when he eats very spicy food. Sadafa most likely is a
supertaster, with more taste buds than other people.
According to the concept of "survival of the fittest," organisms more adapted to their environments will
survive and provide offspring.
Esther dreams that she is swimming. Following Freud's perspective, Esther's therapist suggests that her dream represents a hidden unconscious desire for sexual intimacy. Accordingly, the therapist would most likely say that the
swimming is the manifest content.
Esther dreams that she is swimming. Following Freud's perspective, Esther's therapist suggests that her dream represents a hidden unconscious desire for sexual intimacy. Accordingly, the therapist would most likely say that
swimming was the manifest content.
Problem focused coping involves
taking direct steps to confront a stressor.
Auditory information is processed in the __________ lobes of the cerebral cortex.
temporal
During transduction, most sensory information is transmitted first to the ________ before it is sent to the ______, where it is interpreted as sight, sound, smell, touch, or taste.
thalamus; cortex
Kara explains to her roommate why Harry Harlow's experiments were so important to explaining an infant's socio emotional development. Kara correctly says that his results demonstrate
that comforting touch is more important than food, particularly when an infant is stressed.
Dualism is the classic idea in psychology that
the mind is separate from the brain.
Addie told Callum her top 10 favorite movies. When he tries to recall the list later on, he can only remember the last two movies Addie mentioned. The fact that Callum only remembers the last two movies is most likely due to
the recency effect.
Sally is playing ball with her friend Anne. When Anne leaves the ball on the couch and goes to the bathroom, Sally hides the ball behind the TV. Sally expects Anne to look for the ball on the couch when she comes back because Anne does not know the ball was moved while she was in the bathroom. Sally is demonstrating that she understands Anne has her own thoughts and intentions that are different from Sally's. Sally has developed
theory of mind.
A model of interconnected ideas that explains what is observed and makes predictions about the future is provided by (a)n
theory.
Janelle knows that motivational states are directive, meaning that
they help guide behaviors that satisfy our needs.
According to the learned helplessness model of depression, some people with depression
think they have no control over the outcomes of events they experience.
Amanda is telling Connie about a movie she saw last night, when Connie asks who starred in the movie. Amanda gets frustrated because she cannot think of the actor's name, even though she can describe the actor and list other movies in which he has starred. Amanda is most likely experiencing
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
A rehabilitation center reinforces patients' good behaviors with Monopoly money, which they can then trade in for food, movies, or other privileges. When they behave badly, however, the patients lose Monopoly money. To modify the patients' behavior, the center is using
token economy.
Giacomo has used methamphetamines for a while. To feel the effects of the drug, he now has to take more of it than he used to, which means that Giacomo is experiencing
tolerance.
Comedian Eddie Izzard performs his stage act dressed in women's clothing and makeup. He explains to audiences that he is sexually attracted to women and does not want to be a woman, but instead gets sexual gratification from wearing women's attire. Based on this, Izzard is most likely experiencing
transvestitism.
Taylor's parents are very inconsistent with their child rearing practices. Some days, Taylor can get away with climbing onto the back of the couch and jumping off, but other days she is punished. Taylor's parents are reinforcing her behavior on a ________ ________ schedule.
variable interval
REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because the brain is
very active despite being fast asleep.
