Psychology

In cases later overturned by DNA evidence through the Innocence Project, what proportion of the original convictions were based on eyewitness testimony alone? 1/4 3/4 1/2 2/3

3/4

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory? Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness. Explicit memories are memories we have directly experienced, while implicit memories are memories that someone else directly experienced. Explicit memories are memories we unconsciously remember, while implicit memories are those that we consciously remember. Implicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while explicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

Why do strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weak emotional experiences form weak memories? Strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory. Strong emotional experiences stimulate the cerebellum and thyroid, the centers of emotional memory. Strong emotional memories are transferred from short-term memory to long-term memory more quickly than weak emotional memories. Weak emotional memories involve effortless processing and strong emotional memories involve effortful processing.

Strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory.

________ is another name for short-term memory. sensory memory episodic memory working memory implicit memory

Working Memory

According to a study by Yogo and Fujihara (2008), if you want to improve your short-term memory, you should spend time writing about________. your best possible future self a traumatic life experience a trivial topic your grocery list

a traumatic life experience

When you are learning how to play the piano, the statement "Every good boy does fine" can help you remember the notes E, G, B, D, and F for the lines of the treble clef. This is an example of a (an)________. jingle acronym acrostic acoustic

acrostic

Encoding information occurs through ______________________ . automatic processing and effortful processing automatic storing and effortful retrieving processing and storing storing and retrieving

automatic processing and effortful processing

Which of the following is a good example of acoustic encoding?q being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can't remember the lyrics dreaming about an airport and deciding to take a trip remembering the names of the Great Lakes with the acronym HOMES thinking about a bike you plan to buy and having the image of the bike appear in your mind

being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can't remember the lyrics

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is also known as________. persistence misattribution transience blocking

blocking

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________. construction; reconstruction reconstruction; construction production; reproduction reproduction; production

construction; reconstruction

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ______________________ , and the process of bringing up old memories is called ______________________ . coding; recoding construction; reconstruction equipotentiality; amnesia information; misinformation

construction; reconstruction

One reason that we are overconfident about the accuracy of our own eyewitness accounts is that the brain fills in information _______. obtained before the event occurred. derived from our personal conscious experiences. without conscious awareness this is happening. in fragmented bits and pieces.

derived from our personal conscious experiences

The three functions of memory are________. automatic processing, effortful processing, and storage encoding, processing, and storage automatic processing, effortful processing, and retrieval encoding, storage, and retrieval

encoding, storage, and retrieval

This physical trace of memory is known as the________. engram Lashley effect Deese-Roediger-McDermott Paradigm flashbulb memory effect

engram

The storage capacity of long-term memory is________. one or two bits of information seven bits, plus or minus two limited essentially limitless

essentially limitless

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall? explicit memories implicit memories sensory memories short-term memories

explicit memories

People may not intend to distort facts, but ______________________ . it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories other people will influence bystanders to change details in their short term memory people are unreliable and don't pay attention, so they make things up research proves it always happens when the event is unimportant

it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories

In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and ______________________ memory. encoded long-term sensory visual

long-term

The self-referencing effect refers to________. a making the material you are trying to memorize personally meaningful to you making a phrase f all the first letters of the words you are trying to memoriz making a word formed by the first letter of each of the words you are trying to memorize saying words you want to remember out loud to yourself

making the material you are trying to memorize personally meaningful to you

Memory aids that help organize information for encoding are________. mnemonic devices memory-enhancing strategies elaborative rehearsal effortful processing

mnemonic devices

Which of the following is a way police have changed their interrogation techniques to lower the risk of false memory syndrome? Police have ______________________ . decided to only prosecute cases with DNA evidence modified the way witnesses are questioned required new officers to study psychology and learn about false memory syndrome spoken to victim advocacy groups to learn more about sensitivity

modified the way witnesses are questioned

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ______________________ , a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer. encoding recognition storage the Stroop effect

recognition

Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ______________________ amnesia. anterograde flashbulb graduated retrograde

retrograde

What is the main idea of levels of processing theory? Aerobic exercise promotes neurogenesis. If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful. In order to remember information, you should build a web of retrieval cues to help you access material when you want to remember it. Overlearning can help prevent storage decay.

If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful.

According to a study of how rats navigate a maze, one function of hippocampus-based short-term memory appears to be which of the following? generate internal representations of the physical maze aid in the encoding process for frequently traveled paths create the possible alternatives when making decisions represent the spatial information learned by navigating the maze

create the possible alternatives when making decisions

________is when our recollections of the past are done in a self-enhancing manner. stereotypical bias egocentric bias hindsight bias enhancement bias

egocentic bias

An exceptionally clear recollection of an important event is a (an)________. engram arousal theory flashbulb memory equipotentiality hypothesis

flashbulb memory

Benigno wakes up in the middle of the night. He dreamed that he left the oven on, and he is now convinced that the oven is on. He can't go back to sleep until he turns the oven off. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified? distortion forgetting imposition intrusion

intrusion

The encoding of words and their meaning is known as ______________________ encoding. acoustic effortful semantic visual

semantic

What are the two components of declarative memory? implicit and explicit procedural and implicit semantic and episodic short-term and long-term

semantic and episodic

Which of the following is one way to enhance the recall of strings of digits in short-term memory, beyond simple association? visuale the associative cues and include emotional content repeat all of the digits back to yourself loudly pick cues that have little or no emotional content make use of stimulant drugs like Adderall

visualize the associattive cues and include emotional content