Psychology mid-term

biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours

Circadian rhythms

state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli

Hypnosis

The synapse is comprised of all of the following except the _____________________ a. terminal button of the pre-synaptic neuron b.synaptic gap c.dendrite of the post-synaptic membrane d. axon

d. axon

axon terminal containing synaptic vesicles

terminal buttons

recording the electrical activity of the brain via electrodes on the scalp

EEG

schedules of reinforcement (4)

Fixed- interval reinforcement schedule- behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time Fixed ration reinforcement schedule- set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded Variable interval reinforcement schedule-behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed Variable ratio reinforcement schedule- number of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded

Know the different schools of thought about psychology that were discussed in chapter 1 (2)

1. Behaviorism-focus on observing and controlling behavior 2. humanism-perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans

Thought that real knowledge comes from the senses

What is empiricism

method of research using past records or data sets to answer various research questions, or to search for interesting patterns or relationships

Archival research

compares multiple segments of a population at a single time

Cross-sectional research

committee of administrators, scientists, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving human participants

IRB institutional review board

what is the difference between sensation, perception and transduction

Perception- way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced Sensation-what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor Transduction-conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential

what is the difference between sensation, perception, transduction

Perception- way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced Sensation-what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor Transduction-conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential

who was the 1st psychologist

Wilhelm Wundt

Names of the early psychologists discussed in chapter 1 (13)

Wilhelm Wundt, William James, Sigmund Freud, Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Kohler, Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner, Abraham Watson, B.F. Skinner, Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers

The stages of sleep during which rapid eye movement typically do not occur and dreaming is infrequent are known as: a. REM b. NREM c.Paradoxical sleep d.narcole

b. NREM

Learning by forming a connection between two events, through either Pavlovian or operant conditioning, is called: a. observational learning b. associative learning c. cognitive learning d. distributive learning

b. associative learning

what is the purpose of the autonomic nervous system?

controls our internal organs and glands

what connects the two hemispheres

corpus callosum

The ______________ and the _____________ are two common theories that attempt to explain how hypnosis works. a. dissociation theory b.sleep debt theory c. social- cognitive theory d. both a and c

d. both a and c

first stage of sleep; transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep; the period during which a person drifts off to sleep

stage 1 sleep

second stage of sleep; the body goes into deep relaxation; characterized by the appearance of sleep spindles

stage 2 sleep

third stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves

stage 3 sleep

fourth stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves

stage 4 sleep

small gap between two neurons where communication occurs

synapse

What did Freud say about dreams?

that the unconscious mind governs behavior to a greater degree than people suspect. Indeed, the goal of psychoanalysis is to make the unconscious conscious. Believed that dreams provide important in sight into the unconscious mind.He maintained that a dream's manifest content could provide clues into an individual's unconscious

What are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

the sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division.

- variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued

withdrawal

what is the difference between REM and NREM

Rapid eye movement (REM)- period of sleep characterized by brain waves very similar to those during wakefulness and by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids Non-REM non rapid eye movement (NREM)- period of sleep outside periods of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

what is the UCR, UCS, CR, CS?

UCR-natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus UCS-stimulus that elicits a reflexive response CR-response caused by the conditioned stimulus CS-stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned Stimulus

Alcohol is considered a(n) ________because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity. a. antipsychotic b. depressant c. hallucinogen d. stimulant

b. depressant

number from -1 to +1, indicating the strength and direction of the relationship between variables, and usually represented by r

coefficient of correlation

which of the processes is NOT a function of the cerebral cortex? a. Breathing b. Emotion c. Memory d. Reasoning

a. Breathing

what are the different sleep disorders (8)

Insomnia, parasomnia, sleepwalking, RBD, sleep apnea, SIDS, narcolepsy, night terror

behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged

Law of Effect

studies in which the same group of individuals is surveyed or measured repeatedly over an extended period of time

Longitudal research

Major research designs discussed in chapter 2 (3)

Longitudinal research-studies in which the same group of individuals is surveyed or measured repeatedly over an extended period of time Cross-sectional research-compares multiple segments of a population at a single time Archival research-method of research using past records or data sets to answer various research questions, or to search for interesting patterns or relationships

taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior

Negative reinforcement

Maria hit her head on the balance beam during gymnastics. she reported to her doctor that she was having difficulty with her vision. Which part of her brain do u suspect was affected? a. occipital lobe b. parietal lobe c. cerebellum d. limbic system

a. Occipital lobe

After reading chapter 5, which of the following do you think is an accurate reflection on the difference between sensation and perception? a. Sensation refers to the process by which our senses send information to the brain whereas perception is the process by which perceptual receptors convert raw energy into neural signals b. sensation refers to the interpretation of sensory information to the brain whereas perception is the process by which perceptual receptors convert raw energy into neural signals c.Sensation refers to the conversion of physical energy into a neural impulse, whereas perception refers to the interpretation of sensory information collected by the sensory organs. d.There is no difference

a. Sensation refers to the process by which our senses send information to the brain whereas perception is the process by which perceptual receptors convert raw energy into neural signals

Which of the following is FALSE about sensation? a. Sensation refers to the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced b.We have a sensory system that provides information about balance, called the vestibular sense c.We have more than five senses d. When sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor, sensation has occurred

a. Sensation refers to the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced

____________ is the electrical signal that moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals a. action potential b. depolarization c.hyperpolarization d. threshold of excitation

a. action potential

The EEG measures: a. brain wave activity b. electrical activity c. movements of the eyes d. heart rate

a. brain wave activity

The visible spectrum refers to the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we _________. a.can see b. can see only in the dark c. can't see d. can't see without sunlight

a. can see

A dog taught to salivate when shown a circle also salivates when shown a square. This behavior is referred to as: a. generalization b. discrimination c. stimulation d. unconditioned response

a. generalization

Homeostatic regulation of sleep is evidenced by __________ a. sleep rebound b. sleep debt c. lucid dreaming d. insomnia

a. sleep rebound

The primary function of an axon is: a. to conduct electrical signals that help cells communicate b. to block pain by releasing dopamine c. to store memories d. to protect the brain from damage

a. to conduct electrical signals that help cells communicate

Pavlov's dogs salivated when meat was placed in their mouths. Salivation, in this case, is referred to as the: a. unconditioned response b. unconditioned stimulus c. conditioned response d. conditioned stimulus

a. unconditioned response

Bandura's famous experiment was the ____________ experiment. a. Stanford prison b. Bobo doll c. Baby albert d. Pavlov's dog

b. Bobo doll

Which field of psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of continuity, and principle of closure? a. Humanistic b. Gestalt c. Behaviorism d. Structuralism

b. Gestalt

Which of the following experiments involves the use of social learning theory? a. blindfolding someone and timing her to see how long it takes her to determine what she is eating b. determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting c. pairing a puff of air to the eye with a handshake to see how long it will take someone to blink before offering her hand d.rewarding a girl for finishing her homework with ice cream and counting how much homework she will complete before becoming sick of ice cream.

b. determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting

Operant conditioning is: a. learning to associate one stimulus with another stimulus b. learning to associate behavior with its consequences c. learning by imitating those around us d. none of the above

b. learning to associate behavior with its consequences

What hormone does the pineal gland release? a. insulin b. melatonin c. estrogen d. testosterone

b. melatonin

Neurons communicate chemically by releasing ________ into the ________, which then activate ion channels on the postsynaptic spine by binding to ______. a.hormones, receptor sites, nuclei b. neurotransmitters, synaptic cleft, receptor sites c.hormones, synapse, receptor sites d. neurotransmitters, synaptic cleft, nuclei

b. neurotransmitters, synaptic cleft, receptor sites

_____________and ________________ are considered to be chemical senses. a.olfaction and vision b. tastes and olfaction c. vision and taste d. hearing and olfaction

b. tastes and olfaction

as a result of ______________, some drugs like alcohol require that a chronic user drink increasingly larger amounts of alcohol in order to get the same effect. a. withdrawal b. tolerance c substance abuse d. none of the above

b. tolerance

Physical dependence on a drug is indicated by the user experiencing____________ as a result of discontinuing use of the drug. a. a return to normal performance levels b. withdrawal symptoms c. psychological distress d. psychological stress

b. withdrawal symptoms

___________'s law of effect states that when a behavior is followed by positve consequences, it is likely to be repeated in the future. a. Watson b. Skinner c. Thorndike d. Bandura

c. Thorndike

This explains why a drug user will be most tolerant to the drug in the presence of cues that have been associated with the drug. a. operant conditioning b. extinction c. conditioned compensatory responses d.fear conditiong

c. conditioned compensatory responses

If a child gets upset and cries after receiving an injection at the doctor's office and now cries when he is told they need to visit the doctor, the mention of the doctor's office is a/an: a. unconditioned stimulus b. unconditioned response c. conditioned stimulus d. conditioned response

c. conditioned stimulus

Marlowe wakes up from a dream about his teeth falling out. He looks in a dream dictionary and finds that losing teeth is usually dream symbolism for anxiety. The symbolism of anxiety would represent the _________ content of the dream. a. biological b. circadian c. latent d.manifest

c. latent

Gyri and sulci are the ______ and ______, respectively, which characterize the surface of the human brain. a. cortex; forebrain b. holes; folds c. ridges(bumps); grooves d. grooves; ridges(bumps)

c. ridges(bumps); grooves

Decreased sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus is known as________________ a.transduction b. difference threshold c. sensory adaption d. inattentional blindness

c. sensory adaption

Transduction can be defined as: a. the process by which the brain interprets the sensory information it receives b.the activation of the sensory receptors by the environmental stimuli c. the conversion of the environmental energy into a neural signal d.none of the above

c. the conversion of the environmental energy into a neural signal

How do drugs affect us at a level of neurotransmitters

can lead to overall depletion among the monoamine neurotransmitters/Drugs can alter the way people think, feel, and behave by disrupting neurotransmission

conditioning is a reflexive or automatic type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus. / learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior

classical conditioning

learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior

classical learning

Randolf is walking down the street of his hometown, after being away for several years, when he smells the scent of freshly baked pie coming from a local baker. He suddenly has vivid memories of walking down this street as a child, holding both of his parents' hands, and swinging between them, feeling relaxed and happy. This is because the sense of smell projects directly to the _______, which is responsible for ______ memories. a.basal ganglia; childhood b.basal ganglia; emotional c. limbic system; childhood d. limbic system; emotional

d. limbic system; emotional

When you get into your car and you forget to click the seat belt, there is a very obnoxious beep that persists until you buckle up. Buckling up to make the beep stop is an example of __________________ a. positive reinforcement b.punishment c. extinction d. negative reinforcement

d. negative reinforcement

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a____________ a. conditioned stimulus and an unconditional response b. neutral response and a conditioned response c. neutral stimulus and a neutral response d. neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

d. neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is a part of the: a. sympathetic nervous system b. central nervous system c. somatic nervous system d. none of the above

d. none of the above

_____________have analgesic properties. a.stimulants b. depressants c. antipsychotics d. opioids

d. opioids

With ___________, something is added to decrease the likelihood of a behavior. a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. conditioning d. punishment

d. punishment

Slot machines reward gamblers with money according to which reinforcement schedule? a. fixed interval b. fixed ratio c. variable interval d. variable ratio

d. variable ratio

The _________ detects our movements through space, but is not a conscious sense like vision or hearing. a.auditory system b. cutaneous system c. olfactory system d. vestibular system

d. vestibular system

branch-like extension of the soma that receives incoming signals from other neurons

dendrite

state of requiring increasing quantities of the drug to gain the desired effect

drug tolerance

clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus

meditation

sleep disorder in which the sleeper experiences a sense of panic and may scream or attempt to escape from the immediate environment

night terror

is a dream that results in feelings of extreme fear, horror, distress, or anxiety. This phenomenon tends to occur in the latter part of the night and often awakens the sleeper, who is likely to recall the content of the dream

nightmare

type of learning that occurs by watching others

observational learning

form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated

operant conditioning

form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated

operant learning

refers to the process throughout which a body becomes dependent upon a foreign substance. This is the process through which a person becomes addicted to alcohol or drugs.

physiological dependence

Operant conditioning reinforcers vs punishers

positive and negative do not mean good and bad. Instead, positive means you are adding something, and negative means you are taking something away. Reinforcement means you are increasing a behavior, and punishment means you are decreasing a behavior. Reinforcement can be positive or negative, and punishment can also be positive or negative. All reinforcers (positive or negative) increase the likelihood of a behavioral response. All punishers (positive or negative) decrease the likelihood of a behavioral response

adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior

positive reinforcement

implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior

punishment

not perceiving stimuli that remain relatively constant over prolonged periods of time

sensory adaptation