Psychology Midterm

PhD (1)

(doctor of philosophy) doctoral degree conferred in many disciplinary perspectives housed in a traditional college of liberal arts and sciences

PsyD (1)

(doctor of psychology) doctoral degree that places less emphasis on research-oriented skills and focuses more on application of psychological principles in the clinical context

What do industrial and organizational psychology, health psychology, sport and exercise psychology, forensic psychology, and clinical psychology all have in common?

-They focus on groups instead of individuals -They are all areas of psychology that developed in the 19th century -Job growth is greatest in these fields

At what age can babies only discriminate among those phonemes that are used in the language(s) in their environments?

12 months old

Postdoctoral training program (1)

Allows young scientists to further develop their research programs and broaden their research skills under the supervision of other professionals in the field

If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using?

Amygdala

The ________ is involved in our experience of emotion and tying emotional meaning to our memories.

Amygdala

Tasks that require you to compare, contrast, or evaluate are using the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.

Analytical

Many studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants ________.

Are possible to test with animal studies

Forensic psychology (1)

Area of psychology that applies the science and practice of psychology to issues within and related to the justice system

Sport and exercise psychology (1)

Area of psychology that focuses not he interactions between mental and motional factors and physical performance in sports, exercise, and other activities

Counseling psychology (1)

Area of psychology that focuses on improving emotional, social, vocational, and other aspects of the lives of psychologically healthy individuals

Clinical psychology (1)

Area of psychology that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior

________disparity refers to the slightly different view of the world that each eye receives.

Binocular

What occurs during stage 1 sleep?

Both our respiration and heartbeat slow down

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories?

Cerebellum

Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events?

Classical conditioning

Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in?

Clinical psychology

Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment?

Cones

Personality trait (1)

Consistent pattern of thought and behavior

The ________ group does not get the experimental treatment.

Control

Light waves are transmitted across the ________ and enter the eye through the ________.

Cornea; pupil

________intelligence is marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation.

Creative

The ________ variable measures effects of the independent variable.

Dependent

Lucy wants to study changes in cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in ________ psychology.

Developmental

Which of the following is a scientific way of determining facts?

Empirical studies

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________.

Encoding

Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions?

Experimental

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________.

Extinction

Behaviorism (1)

Focus on observing and controlling behavior

Psychoanalytic theory (1)

Focus on the role of the unconscious in affecting conscious behavior

Functionalism (1)

Focused on how mental activities helped an organism adapt to its environment

What is confirmation bias?

Focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs

Which field of psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of continuity, and principle of closure?

Gestait

The myelin sheath consists of a(n) ________.

Glial cell

Psyche (1)

Greek word for soul

Which part of my brain is probably damaged if I am unable to recognize basic objects around my house?

Hippocampus

Research on ________ subjects must always involve ________.

Human; obtaining informed consent

________ is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans.

Humanism

Spurling et al. investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable.

Independent; dependent

Oona wants to conduct research on personnel management, workplace environment, and what type of environment results in high levels of employee productivity and efficiency. Oona should conduct research in the area of ________ psychology.

Industrial-organizational

Which of the following is a criticism of evolutionary psychology?

It ignores non-genetic factors in determining human behavior

Which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)?

Kicking and punching while asleep

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning?

Knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only one exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student

In a normal-sighted individual, the ________ will focus images perfectly on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the ________.

Lens; fovea

Randolf is walking down the street of his hometown, after being away for several years, when he smells the scent of freshly baked pie coming from a local baker. He suddenly has vivid memories of walking down this street as a child, holding both of his parents' hands, and swinging between them, feeling relaxed and happy. This is because the sense of smell projects directly to the ________, which is responsible for ________ memories.

Limbic system; emotional

Dissertation (1)

Long research paper about research that was conducted as a part of the candidate's doctoral training

Jennifer has been depressed for several months, and she decided to take an overdose of sleeping pills. After taking the pills, her breathing rate decreased dramatically, her heart slowed down, and her blood pressure decreased. Which brain structure is the drug acting on?

Medulla

A(an) ________ involves approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past, but it is clearly no longer working.

Mental set

Empirical method (1)

Method for acquiring knowledge based on observation, including experimentation, rather than a method based only on forms of logical argument or previous authorities

Which of the following is not one of the four subtypes of intellectual disability?

Modest

Samek was driving to work when he suddenly felt paralyzed and couldn't resist falling asleep. Samek may have ________.

Narcolepsy

The empirical method of study is based on

Observation

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?

Observational

People who have their corpus callosum severed for medical reasons would be able to tell you about which images shown to ________.

Only the right visual field

Biopsychosocial model (1)

Perspective that asserts that biology, psychology, and social factors interact to determine an individual's health

Humanism (1)

Perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans

Introspection (1)

Process by which someone examines their own conscious experience in an attempt to break it into its component parts

American Psychological Association (1)

Professional organization representing psychologists in the United States

Dr. Bogdarian noticed that one of her students addresses her with the word mother instead of the word professor or doctor. Dr. Bogdarian applies the principles of ________, and hypothesizes the student misspeaks because he is unconsciously associating her with his mother.

Psychoanalytic theory

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?

Punishment

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer.

Recognition

The ________ extends through the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain.

Reticular formation

Jason studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to Pashto. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary he can't, instead he can only remember Pashto vocabulary. This is an example of ________ interference.

Retroactive

What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggest about intelligence? The findings from this study ________.

Revealed a genetic component to intelligence

Which researcher believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer?

Rosalind Cartwright

A ________ is a graphical view of the strength and direction of a correlation.

Scatterplot

Developmental psychology (1)

Scientific study of development across a lifespan

Psychology (1)

Scientific study of the mind and behavior

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

Shaping

Which theorist described dreams as having manifest and latent content?

Sigmund Freud

Which state is marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest while awake?

Sleep

Which of the following exemplifies olfaction?

Smelling cookies in the oven

The central nervous system consists of the brain and the ________.

Spinal cord

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________.

Stimulus generalization

Cognitive psychology (1)

Study of cognitions, or thoughts, and their relationship to experiences and actions

Biopsychology (1)

Study of how biology influences behavior

Personality psychology (1)

Study of patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique

Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ________.

Studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes

Ology (1)

Suffix that denotes "scientific study of"

Psychology is a social science discipline. Psychologists scientifically study ________.

The mind and behavior

Magali and Jean-Gabriel have been asked to design a study investigating happiness across the lifespan. They decide their study will involve going to the mall and asking people of a variety of ages if they are happy or unhappy. What is the most serious flaw of this design?

They have no defined happiness or how it will be measured

Structuralism (1)

Understanding the conscious experience through introspection

Individuals undergoing hypnosis ________.

Usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors

________ refers to the ability of an instrument or tool to accurately measure what it is supposed to measure.

Validity