Psychology Midterm

A basic experiment involves a minimum of ________ participant group(s).

2

Earning a doctoral degree in psychology is a lengthy process, usually taking between _______ years of graduate study.

4

The spinal cord is functionally organized in ____ segments, corresponding with the vertebrae.

4

In 1920, Cecil Sumner was the first _______________________ to receive a PhD in psychology in the United States.

African American

Which theorist had the most influence in shaping how clinicians interact with people seeking psychotherapy?

Carl Rogers

Which processes does not occur to excess neurotransmitters in the synapse?

Collection by scavenger vesicles left over from the neurotransmitter release

One weakness in the field of cross-cultural psychology is that in looking for differences in psychological attributes across cultures, there remains a need to go beyond simple _____________________________.

Descriptive Statistics

__________________________ shows changes in brain activity over time by tracking blood flow and oxygen levels.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

What is an example of stimulus discrimination?

If the dogs did not drool in response to the trumpet noise, it means that they are able to discriminate between the sound of the tone and the similar stimulus.

_______________________ or false correlations, occur when people believe that relationships exist between two things when no such relationship exists.

Illusory correlations

_________________ are memories that are not part of our consciousness. They are memories formed from behaviors.

Implicit memories

According to the ______________________, after exposure to incorrect information, a person may misremember the original event.

Misinformation Effect Paradigm

________________is a temporary storage system that processes incoming sensory memory; sometimes it is called working memory.

Short-term memory

___________________ is a genetic condition in which red blood cells, which are normally round, take on a crescent-like shape.

Sickle Cell Anemia

Which theorist published research related to the psychology of personality?

Sigmund Freud

Bandura and other learning researchers proposed a brand of behaviorism called ________________________________.

Social Learning Theory

___________________ was an American social psychologist who is most famous for research that he conducted on obedience.

Stanley Milgram

________ reviews research that is conducted using human participants.

The Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Char heard from her friends that marijuana use can cure glaucoma so it should be legal in all 50 states. Char knows that she is biased in favor of marijuana legalization, so she decides to exercise some skepticism about this claim. She researches where her friends got their information, how reliable it is, and what other sources say about legalizing marijuana. Char is _____________.

Thinking Critically

____________________ experiments with rats demonstrated that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement.

Tolman's

What is an example of a reflex: an unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment?

a baby seeking food by rooting and suckling

Which kind of psychologist would be consulted in jury selection and witness preparation?

a forensic psychologist

Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship between two variables? a. -.90 b. -.50 c. +.80 d. +.25

a. -.90

The operant conditioning chamber (aka ________ box) is a device used to study the principles of operant conditioning. a. Skinner b. Watson c. James d. Koffka

a. Skinner

The ________ gland secretes epinephrine. a. adrenal b. thyroid c. pituitary d. master

a. adrenal

Which is the correct order of steps in the modeling process? a. attention, retention, reproduction, motivation b. motivation, attention, reproduction, retention c. attention, motivation, retention, reproduction d. motivation, attention, retention, reproduction

a. attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

A researcher interested in how changes in the cells of the hippocampus (a structure in the brain related to learning and memory) are related to memory formation would be most likely to identify as a(n) ________ psychologist. a. biological b. health c. clinical d. social

a. biological

Two forms of associative learning are ________ and ________. a. classical conditioning; operant conditioning b. classical conditioning; Pavlovian conditioning c. operant conditioning; observational learning d. operant conditioning; learning conditioning

a. classical conditioning, operant conditioning

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________. a. construction; reconstruction b. reconstruction; construction c. production; reproduction d. reproduction; production

a. construction; reconstruction

This physical trace of memory is known as the ________. a. engram b. Lashley effect c. Deese-Roediger-McDermott Paradigm d. flashbulb memory effect

a. engram

An action potential involves Na + moving ________ the cell and K + moving ________ the cell. a. inside; outside b. outside; inside c. inside; inside d. outside; outside

a. inside; outside

The correlation coefficient indicates the weakest relationship when ________. a. it is closest to 0 b. it is closest to -1 c. it is positive d. it is negative

a. it is closest to 0

The self-referencing effect refers to ________. a. making the material you are trying to memorize personally meaningful to you b. making a phrase of all the first letters of the words you are trying to memorize c. making a word formed by the first letter of each of the words you are trying to memorize d. saying words you want to remember out loud to yourself

a. making the material you are trying to memorize personally meaningful to you

Memory aids that help organize information for encoding are ________. a. mnemonic devices b. memory-enhancing strategies c. elaborative rehearsal d. effortful processing

a. mnemonic devices

Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior is ________. a. shaping b. extinction c. positive reinforcement d. negative reinforcement

a. shaping

Extinction occurs when ________. a. the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus b. the unconditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with a conditioned stimulus c. the neutral stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus d. the neutral stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with a conditioned stimulus

a. the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

The benefit of naturalistic observation studies is ________. a. the honesty of the data that is collected in a realistic setting b. how quick and easy these studies are to perform c. the researcher's capacity to make sure that data is collected as efficiently as possible d. the ability to determine cause and effect in this particular approach

a. the honesty of the data that is collected in a realistic setting

Pan finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until he hears the alphabet song. Then he can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding.

acoustic

Kieran is attempting to condition a parrot to greet him when he enters the room. He repeatedly pairs his entry to the room with a treat for the parrot. Kieran can say that ________ has occurred as soon as the parrot greets him in response to his entry.

acquisition

What are the structures of the limbic system?

amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, and cingulate gyrus

Some researchers gain access to large amounts of data without interacting with a single research participant. Instead, they use existing records to answer various research questions. This type of research approach is known as ____________________.

archival research

_____________________ occurs when an organism makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together in the environment.

associative learning

_____________________ is encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words, and is usually done without any conscious awareness.

automatic processing

The _______________________ controls our internal organs and glands and is generally considered to be outside the realm of voluntary control.

autonomic nervous system

In Milgram's controversial study on obedience, nearly ________ of the participants were willing to administer what appeared to be lethal electrical shocks to another person because they were told to do so by an authority figure. a. 1/3 b. 2/3 c. 3/4 d. 4/5

b. 2/3

Humans have ________ pairs of chromosomes. a. 15 b. 23 c. 46 d. 78

b. 23

A(n) ________ uses magnetic fields to create pictures of a given tissue. a. EEG b. MRI c. PET scan d. CT scan

b. MRI

Based on your reading, which theorist would have been most likely to agree with this statement: Perceptual phenomena are best understood as a combination of their components. a. William James b. Max Wertheimer c. Carl Rogers d. Noam Chomsky

b. Max Wertheimer

The ________ places less emphasis on research and more emphasis on application of therapeutic skills. a. PhD b. PsyD c. postdoctoral training program d. dissertation

b. PsyD

According to a study by Yogo and Fujihara (2008), if you want to improve your short-term memory, you should spend time writing about ________. a. your best possible future self b. a traumatic life experience c. a trivial topic d. your grocery list

b. a traumatic life experience

Sigmund Freud developed his theory of human personality by conducting in-depth interviews over an extended period of time with a few clients. This type of research approach is known as a(n): ________. a. archival research b. case study c. naturalistic observation d. survey

b. case study

In Pavlov's work with dogs, the psychic secretions were ________. a. unconditioned responses b. conditioned responses c. unconditioned stimuli d. conditioned stimuli

b. conditioned responses

________ is when our recollections of the past are done in a self-enhancing manner. a. stereotypical bias b. egocentric bias c. hindsight bias d. enhancement bias

b. egocentric bias

Scientific knowledge is ________. a. intuitive b. empirical c. permanent d. subjective

b. empirical

________ are defined as observable realities. a. behaviors b. facts c. opinions d. theories

b. facts

________ refers to a person's genetic makeup, while ________ refers to a person's physical characteristics. a. Phenotype; genotype b. Genotype; phenotype c. DNA; gene d. Gene; DNA

b. genotype; phenotype

________ involves following a group of research participants for an extended period of time. a. archival research b. longitudinal research c. naturalistic observation d. cross-sectional research

b. longitudinal research

The person who performs a behavior that serves as an example is called a ________. a. teacher b. model c. instructor d. coach

b. model

Which of the following is not an example of a primary reinforcer? a. food b. money c. water d. sex

b. money

Multiple sclerosis involves a breakdown of the ________. a. soma b. myelin sheath c. synaptic vesicles d. dendrites

b. myelin sheath

stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a(n) ________. a. unconditioned stimulus b. neutral stimulus c. conditioned stimulus d. unconditioned response

b. neutral stimulus

Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that ________. a. is innate b. occurs as a result of experience c. is found only in humans d. occurs by observing others

b. occurs as a result of experience

The ________ secretes hormones that regulate the body's fluid levels. a. adrenal b. pituitary c. testes d. thyroid

b. pituitary

Our ability to make our legs move as we walk across the room is controlled by the ________ nervous system. a. autonomic b. somatic c. sympathetic d. parasympathetic

b. somatic

Psyche is a Greek word meaning ________. a. essence b. soul c. behavior d. love

b. soul

Slot machines reward gamblers with money according to which reinforcement schedule? a. fixed ratio b. variable ratio c. fixed interval d. variable interval

b. variable ratio

For a scientific explanation to be testable, it must also be ___________.

be capable of being proven wrong, when analyzed using significant information.

Bandura conducted research on children's aggression with a ___________ doll.

bobo

________ is most well-known for proposing his hierarchy of needs. a. Noam Chomsky b. Carl Rogers c. Abraham Maslow d. Sigmund Freud

c. Abraham Maslow

Who proposed observational learning? a. Ivan Pavlov b. John Watson c. Albert Bandura d. B. F. Skinner

c. Albert Bandura

Damage to the ________ disrupts one's ability to comprehend language, but it leaves one's ability to produce words intact. a. amygdala b. Broca's Area c. Wernicke's Area d. occipital lobe

c. Wernicke's Area

When you are learning how to play the piano, the statement "Every good boy does fine" can help you remember the notes E, G, B, D, and F for the lines of the treble clef. This is an example of a (an) ________. a. jingle b. acronym c. acrostic d. acoustic

c. acrostic

A(n) ________ facilitates or mimics the activity of a given neurotransmitter system. a. axon b. SSRI c. agonist d. antagonist

c. agonist

Longitudinal research is complicated by high rates of ________. a. deception b. observation c. attrition d. generalization

c. attrition

________ is the field of study that focuses on genes and their expression. a. Social psychology b. Evolutionary psychology c. Epigenetics d. Behavioral neuroscience

c. epigneptics

An exceptionally clear recollection of an important event is a (an) ________. a. engram b. arousal theory c. flashbulb memory d. equipotentiality hypothesis

c. flashbulb memory

Which of the following is an example of a reflex that occurs at some point in the development of a human being? a. child riding a bike b. teen socializing c. infant sucking on a nipple d. toddler walking

c. infant sucking on a nipple

If someone wanted to become a psychology professor at a 4-year college, then s/he would probably need a ________ degree in psychology. a. bachelor of science b. bachelor of art c. master's d. PhD

c. master's

One would need at least a(n) ________ degree to serve as a school psychologist. a. associate's b. bachelor's c. master's d. doctoral

c. master's degree

_______ involves observing behavior in individuals in their natural environments. a. archival research b. case study c. naturalistic observation d. survey

c. naturalistic observation

If your ________ is activated, you will feel relatively at ease. a. somatic nervous system b. sympathetic nervous system c. parasympathetic nervous system d. spinal cord

c. parasympathetic nervous system

An individual's consistent pattern of thought and behavior is known as a(n) ________. a. psychosexual stage b. object permanence c. personality d. perception

c. personality

Before psychology became a recognized academic discipline, matters of the mind were undertaken by those in ________. a. biology b. chemistry c. philosophy d. physics

c. philosopy

The ________ secretes messenger hormones that direct the function of the rest of the endocrine glands. a. ovary b. thyroid c. pituitary d. pancreas

c. pituitary

The major limitation of case studies is ________. a. the superficial nature of the information collected in this approach b. the lack of control that the researcher has in this approach c. the inability to generalize the findings from this approach to the larger population d. the absence of inter-rater reliability

c. the inability to generalize the findings from this approach to the larger population

________ is another name for short-term memory. a. sensory memory b. episodic memory c. working memory d. implicit memory

c. working memory

Krista and Tatiana Hogan are participants in a(n) ________ of conjoined twins who are joined at the head.

case study

The ______________________ receives messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and structures in our ear to control balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills.

cerebellum

The _____________________, which is the outer surface of the brain, is associated with higher level processes such as consciousness, thought, emotion, reasoning, language, and memory.

cerebral cortex

Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ____________, which are composed of long strands of ___________.

chromosomes; DNA

Richard Atkinson's and Richard Shiffrin's model of human memory is based on the belief that we process memories in the same way that a _______________ processes information.

computer

A __________________________ involves taking a number of x-rays of a particular section of a person's body or brain.

computerized tomography (CT) scan

A(n) ________ is a variable that affects both variables of interest and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship.

confounding

While variables are sometimes correlated because one does cause the other, it could also be that some other factor, a ______________________, is actually causing the systematic movement in our variables of interest.

confounding variable

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called______________.

construction, reconstruction

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called ____________________________.

continuous reinforcement

The value of ____________________ is usually represented by the letter r.

correlation

______________________________ is a discipline that focuses on emotional, social, vocational, and health related outcomes in individuals who are considered psychologically healthy.

counseling psychology

In ______________________, a researcher compares multiple segments of the population at the same time.

cross-sectional research

A researcher interested in what factors make an employee best suited for a given job would most likely identify as a(n) ________ psychologist. a. personality b. clinical c. social d. I-O

d. I-O

Which of the following was mentioned as a skill to which psychology students would be exposed? a. critical thinking b. use of the scientific method c. critical evaluation of sources of information d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Using existing records to try to answer a research question is known as ________. a. naturalistic observation b. survey research c. longitudinal research d. archival research

d. archival research

Height and weight are positively correlated. This means that: a. There is no relationship between height and weight. b. Usually, the taller someone is, the thinner they are. c. Usually, the shorter someone is, the heavier they are. d. As height increases, typically weight increases.

d. as height increases, typically weight increases

Which of the following degrees would be the minimum required to teach psychology courses in high school? a. PhD b. PsyD c. master's degree d. bachelor's degree

d. bachelor's degree

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is also known as ________. a. persistence b. misattribution c. transience d. blocking

d. blocking

Sympathetic activation is associated with ________. a. pupil dilation b. storage of glucose in the liver c. increased heart rate d. both A and C

d. both A and C

The central nervous system is comprised of ________. a. sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems b. organs and glands c. somatic and autonomic nervous systems d. brain and spinal cord

d. brain and spinal cord

In ________ the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired with the behavior. a. associative learning b. observational learning c. operant conditioning d. classical conditioning

d. classical conditioning

The ________ receive(s) incoming signals from other neurons. a. soma b. terminal buttons c. myelin sheath d. dendrites

d. dendrites

The three functions of memory are ________. a. automatic processing, effortful processing, and storage b. encoding, processing, and storage c. automatic processing, effortful processing, and retrieval d. encoding, storage, and retrieval

d. encoding, storage, and retrieval

The storage capacity of long-term memory is ________. a. one or two bits of information b. seven bits, plus or minus two c. limited d. essentially limitless

d. essentially limitless

The two major hormones secreted from the pancreas are: a. estrogen and progesterone b. norepinephrine and epinephrine c. thyroxine and oxytocin d. glucagon and insulin

d. glucagon and insulin

In Bandura's Bobo doll study, when the children who watched the aggressive model were placed in a room with the doll and other toys, they ________. a. ignored the doll b. played nicely with the doll c. played with tinker toys d. kicked and threw the doll

d. kicked and threw the doll

A(n) ________ is a sudden, permanent change in a sequence of DNA. a. allele b. chromosome c. epigenetic d. mutation

d. mutation

________ is when you take away a pleasant stimulus to stop a behavior. a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. positive punishment d. negative punishment

d. negative punishment

In the scientific method, a hypothesis is a(n) ________. a. observation b. measurement c. test d. proposed explanation

d. proposed explanation

In Watson and Rayner's experiments, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, and then he began to be afraid of other furry white objects. This demonstrates ________. a. higher order conditioning b. acquisition c. stimulus discrimination d. stimulus generalization

d. stimulus generalization

Which statement best illustrates a negative correlation between the number of hours spent watching TV the week before an exam and the grade on that exam? a. Watching too much television leads to poor exam performance. b. Smart students watch less television. c. Viewing television interferes with a student's ability to prepare for the upcoming exam. d. Students who watch more television perform more poorly on their exams.

d. students who watch more television perform more poorly on their exams

Which of the following is not a structure of the forebrain? a. thalamus b. hippocampus c. amygdala d. substantia nigra

d. substantia nigra

A(n) ________ is a list of questions developed by a researcher that can be administered in paper form. a. archive b. case Study c. naturalistic observation d. survey

d. survey

Scientific hypotheses are ________ and falsifiable. a. observable b. original c. provable d. testable

d. testable

The ________ is a sensory relay station where all sensory information, except for smell, goes before being sent to other areas of the brain for further processing. a. amygdala b. hippocampus c. hypothalamus d. thalamus

d. thalamus

Rogers believed that providing genuineness, empathy, and ________ in the therapeutic environment for his clients was critical to their being able to deal with their problems. a. structuralism b. functionalism c. Gestalt d. unconditional positive regard

d. unconditional positive regard

A major criticism of Freud's early theories involves the fact that his theories ________. a. were too limited in scope b. were too outrageous c. were too broad d. were not testable

d. were not testable

____________________ has to do with the storage of facts and events we personally experienced.

declarative memory

A major advantage of case studies is ________.

detailed information

A _________________ is essentially a long research paper or bundled published articles describing research that was conducted as a part of the candidate's doctoral training.

dissertation

We get information into our brains through a process called ___________ which is the input of information into the memory system.

encoding

______________________ is when memory loss happens before the actual memory process begins.

encoding failure

Based on Karl Lashley's creation of lesions on the brains of animal and their reaction, he formulated the _______________________.

equipotentiality hypothesis

One drawback of _________________________ is that the traits that we possess now evolved under environmental and social conditions far back in human history, and we have a poor understanding of what these conditions were.

evolutionary psychology

I am trying to learn the names of all 50 states. While I am actively remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ________.

explicit memory

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of _______

extinction

When studying personality traits, someone who is quiet, reserved, and withdrawn will score low on the ___________ trait.

extroversion

A factory worker getting paid for every x number of items manufactured is an example of a _________________________schedule?

fixed ratio

Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed ratio

For many in the baby-boom generation, the Kennedy assassination represents a ________, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event.

flashbulb memory

What imaging techniques collect information about brain functioning?

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS).

As William James saw it, psychology's purpose was to study the function of behavior in the world, and as such, his perspective was known as ___________.

functionalism

In the scientific context, deductive reasoning begins with a ________________ that is then used to reach logical conclusions about the real world.

generalization (one hypothesis)

A difference in ___________ can explain why one person dies from a disease and another person survives.

genetics

German psychologists immigrated to the United States in the early 20th century to escape Nazi Germany. These men are credited with introducing psychologists in the United States to various __________ principles.

gestalt

When someone has two copies of the same allele, they are said to be ______________ for that allele.

homozygous

Specific _______________________ such as epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, and acetylcholine are involved with the process of memory.

hormones

_____________ is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans.

humanism

The scientific study of any aspect of the world uses the scientific method to acquire knowledge. To apply the scientific method, a researcher with a question about how or why something happens will propose a tentative explanation, called a ___________, to explain the phenomenon.

hypothesis

The ________ is controlled by the experimenter.

independent variable

Unlike deductive reasoning, conclusions drawn from _______________________ may or may not be correct, regardless of the observations on which they are based.

inductive reasoning

What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons?

instincts

Wilhelm Wundt used ____________ (he called it "internal perception"), a process by which someone examines their own conscious experience as objectively as possible, making the human mind like any other aspect of nature that a scientist observed.

introspection

A negative correlation means that the experimental variables move in ______________. directions.

inverse (opposite)

The ___________ is the deep groove that separates the brain into two halves. What are the areas of the frontal lobe of the brain?

longitudinal fissure

The ___________ is the difference in charge between the intracellular and extracellular space of a neuron.

membrane potential

The difference in charge across the membrane is called the _______________________, and provides energy for the electrical signal in a neuron.

membrane potential

The___________ contains the medulla, pons, and cerebellum, and is located at the back of the head and looks like an extension of the spinal cord.

midbrain

When studying personality traits, someone who is calm, even-tempered, and secure will score low on the __________ trait.

neuroticism

The major downside of naturalistic observation is that they are often difficult to set up and control. Another potential problem in observational research is __________________.

observer bias

A negative correlation means ________.

one variable decreases as the other increases

In ________________________, organisms learn to associate a behavior and its consequence

operant conditioning

John wants to train his daughter to excuse herself before she leaves the table. Although he does not know how often he will reward her for excusing herself, he does know that he will not reward her every time she excuses herself. Which reinforcement schedule is John planning to use?

partial reinforcement

Correlational research can find a relationship between two variables, but the only way a researcher can claim that the relationship between the variables is cause and effect is to ____________________________.

perform an experiment

Edmund wants to identify relatively consistent patterns of thought and behavior, measure these traits, and determine how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation. Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of _____________.

personality

__________________ on the other hand, refers to the individual's inherited physical characteristics, which are a combination of genetic and environmental influences.

phenotype

The _________ gland is often referred to as the master gland of the endocrine system.

pituitary gland

The __________________ occurs when people's expectations or beliefs influence or determine their experience in a given situation. In other words, simply expecting something to happen can actually make it happen.

placebo effect

A sample is a subset of individuals selected from a _____________, which is the overall group of individuals that the researchers are interested in.

population

Bandura's aggression experiments showed that we watch and learn, and that this learning can have both _____________ and __________ effects.

positive, negative

Peter is interested in pursuing a ___________ training program with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention after he receives his PhD, which will allow him to further develop his research on adolescent suicide and broaden his research skills under the supervision of CDC researchers.

postdoctoral

___________________happens when information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information.

proactive interference

Recently, the study of personality has taken on a more _________________ approach.

quantitative

___________is what we most often think about when we talk about memory retrieval: it means you can access information without cues.

recall

_________________ are a motor or neural reaction to a specific stimulus in the environment.

reflexes

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________.

rehearsal

___________________ means you are increasing a behavior, and punishment means you are decreasing a behavior.

reinforcement

________________refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. In the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways.

reliability

When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information.

retrograde, anterograde

Once an electrical signal of a neuron is delivered, excess neurotransmitters in the synapse drift away, are broken down into inactive fragments, or are reabsorbed in a process known as __________________.

reuptake

Scientific knowledge is advanced through a process known as the _______________.

scientific method

A _________________ has no inherent value and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with a primary reinforcer.

secondary reinforcement

The encoding of words and their meaning is known as _____________________.

semantic

A neuron's outer surface is made up of a ____________________________.

semipermeable membrane

___________________ is a genetic condition in which red blood cells, which are normally round, take on a crescent-like shape.

sickle cell anemia

In order to assess whether viewpoints on decriminalization of marijuana for medical purposes change with age, four groups of participants, ages 20, 30, 40, and 50, are asked whether they support this issue. What is one flaw of this design?

social or cultural factors May influence the results not age

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________.

stimulus generalization

When an organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the condition stimulus, it is called ______________________.

stimulus generalization

Create an ordered list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first.

structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism

The auditory cortex is located in which lobe of the brain?

temporal lobe

We should strive to ______________ with the information we encounter by exercising a degree of healthy skepticism.

think critically

Devine et al. are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the control group. A scientific hypothesis is________________, or capable of being shown to be incorrect.

type of play, no play

Sigmund Freud theorized that many of his patients' problems arose from the ________________.

unconscious mind

Psychologists focus their attention on __________________________, as well as the cognitive (mental) and physiological (body) processes that underlie behavior.

understanding behavior

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

In a ______________________________, the number of responses needed for a reward varies.

variable ratio

If you observed a person being punished, you would be less motivated to copy their behavior. This is called ________________.

vicarious punishment

Some studies suggest that _____________television shows, movies, and video games may have antisocial effects on viewers.

violent

Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory.

your first day of school

The possible range for a correlation coefficient is ________.

−1≤r≤1